最新-常见化学官能团【典藏版】.docx

含氧官能团不同的碳氧键会因其中原子杂化程度的不同而有性质上的差异。sp2杂化的氧原子有吸电子效应，而sp3则有给电子效应。分类官能团名称化学式结构式英文前缀英文后缀例子酰卤卤代甲酰基RCOXhaloformyl-oyl halide乙酰氯醇羟基ROHhydroxy-ol甲醇酮羰基RCOR'keto-, oxo-one丁酮醛醛基RCHOaldo-al乙醛碳酸酯碳酸酯ROCOORalkyl carbonate羧酸盐羧酸根RCOOcarboxy-oate乙酸钠羧酸羧基RCOOHcarboxy-oic acid乙酸醚醚ROR'alkoxy-alkyl alkyl ether乙醚酯酯RCOOR'alkyl alkanoate丁酸乙酯氢过氧化物氢过氧基ROOHhydroperoxy-alkyl hydroperoxide过氧化甲乙酮过氧化物过氧基ROORperoxy-alkyl peroxide二叔丁基过氧化物编辑 含氮官能团分类官能团名称化学式结构式英文前缀英文后缀例子酰胺酰胺RCONR2carboxamido-amide乙酰胺胺伯胺RNH2amino-amine甲胺仲胺R2NHamino-amine二甲胺叔胺R3Namino-amine三甲胺季铵盐季铵阳离子R4N+ammonio-ammonium胆碱亚胺一级酮亚胺RC(=NH)R'imino-imine二级酮亚胺RC(=NR)R'imino-imine一级醛亚胺RC(=NH)Himino-imine二级醛亚胺RC(=NR')Himino-imine酰亚胺酰亚胺RC(=O)NC(=O)R'imido-imide叠氮化物叠氮根RN3azido-alkyl azide叠氮苯偶氮化合物偶氮基RN2R'azo-diazene甲基黄氰酸酯氰酸酯ROCNcyanato-alkyl cyanate异腈RNCisocyano-alkyl isocyanide异氰酸酯异氰酸酯RNCOisocyanato-alkyl isocyanate异氰酸甲酯异硫氰酸酯RNCSisothiocyanato-alkyl isothiocyanate异硫氰酸烯丙酯硝酸酯硝酸酯RONO2nitrooxy-, nitroxy-alkyl nitrate硝酸正戊酯腈氰基RCNcyano-alkanenitrilealkyl cyanide苯甲腈亚硝酸酯亚硝酸酯RONOnitrosooxy-alkyl nitrite亚硝酸异戊酯硝基化合物硝基RNO2nitro-硝基甲烷亚硝基化合物亚硝基RNOnitroso-亚硝基苯吡啶及衍生物吡啶基RC5H4N4-pyridyl(pyridin-4-yl)3-pyridyl(pyridin-3-yl)2-pyridyl(pyridin-2-yl)-pyridine尼古丁编辑 含磷、硫官能团与同族的氮和氧相比，有机磷化合物和有机硫化合物中的杂原子倾向于成更多的键。分类官能团名称化学式结构式英文前缀英文后缀例子膦膦R3Pphosphino-phosphane甲基丙基膦磷酸二酯磷酸酯HOPO(OR)2phosphoric acid di(substituent) esterdi(substituent) hydrogenphosphateDNA亚磷酸酯亚磷酸酯RP(=O)(OH)2phosphono-substituent phosphonic acid亚磷酸苄酯磷酸酯磷酸酯ROP(=O)(OH)2phospho-3-磷酸甘油醛硫醚硫醚RSR'di(substituent) sulfide二甲基硫醚砜磺酰基RSO2R'sulfonyl-di(substituent) sulfone二甲基砜磺酸磺酸基RSO3Hsulfo-substituent sulfonic acid苯磺酸亚砜亚磺酰基RSOR'sulfinyl-di(substituent) sulfoxide二苯基亚砜硫醇巯基RSHmercapto-, sulfanyl-thiol乙硫醇硫氰酸酯硫氰酸酯RSCNthiocyanato-alkyl thiocyanate二硫化物二硫键RSSR'alkyl alkyl disulfide二苯基二硫化物烃基根据所含键的不同，不同的烃基官能团具有不同的性质。注意：烷烃基（如甲基、亚甲基）不算官能团，而苯基是官能团。分类官能团名称化学式结构式英文前缀英文后缀例子烷烃烷基RHalkyl-ane甲烷烯烃烯基R2C=CR2alkenyl-ene乙烯炔烃炔基RCCR'alkynyl-yne乙炔苯及衍生物苯基RC6H5RPhphenyl-benzene异丙苯甲苯及衍生物苄基RCH2C6H5RBnbenzyl-1-(substituent)toluene溴甲苯编辑 含卤素取代基卤代烃中含有碳-卤素键，键能随卤素不同而有变化。一般除氟代烃外，卤代烃都可发生亲核取代反应和消去反应。分类取代基名称化学式结构式英文前缀英文后缀例子卤代烷卤代RXhalo-alkyl halide氯乙烷氟代烷氟代RFfluoro-alkyl fluoride一氟甲烷氯代烷氯代RClchloro-alkyl chloride一氯甲烷溴代烷溴代RBrbromo-alkyl bromide一溴甲烷碘代烷碘代RIiodo-alkyl iodide一碘甲烷10