电子信息科学专业英语ppt课件.ppt

严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。电子信息科学专业英语严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Unit1 Microelectronics and electronic circuits 1-1 Introduction to MicroelectronicsKeywordsTranslationExercisesNotes严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。keywordsmicroelectronics 微电子学amplifier 放大器bipolar双极的bias偏差；偏置capacitor 电容dissipation 损耗dispense 分配extract抽出；释放出fabrication 制造，装配，加工FET（Field Effect Transistors）场效应管hybrid 混合的，混合物Operational amplifier 运算放大器运算放大器feedback amplifier反馈放大器反馈放大器 bipolar or unique polar transistors双极性或者单极性晶体管双极性或者单极性晶体管power dissipation 功率损耗功率损耗严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。integrate综合；使完全impedance 阻抗inductive 电感lumped element集总组件monolithic独立的；完全统一的silicon 硅substrate 基质，底质transistor 晶体管high-impedance 高阻抗高阻抗impedance matching 阻抗匹配阻抗匹配 monolithic integrated circuit 单片集成电路单片集成电路严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Other wordsinterconnection互相联络互相联络insulating material 绝缘材料绝缘材料ceramic 陶瓷陶瓷active device有源器件有源器件coupling ac signals耦合交流信号耦合交流信号external lumped element外部集总器件外部集总器件interconnection network互连网络互连网络interconnection and connection in electronic equipment电子设备互连与连接电子设备互连与连接 严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。The exploring of space and the development of earth satellites has increased the importance of reducing the size and weight of electronic circuits.空间探索和地球卫星技术的发展越来越强调减小电路的空间探索和地球卫星技术的发展越来越强调减小电路的体积和重量。体积和重量。Also,even though electricity flows quite rapidly in computers the time delay of the signal in the interconnections between electronic components is an important consideration.即使电流在计算机电路中流动的非常快，在电子器件互即使电流在计算机电路中流动的非常快，在电子器件互连中的信号时间延迟也是一个非常重要的考虑因素。连中的信号时间延迟也是一个非常重要的考虑因素。If the interconnections are reduced in size,a computer can perform operations at a faster speed.如果器件间互连的尺寸减小，电脑可以以更快的速度完如果器件间互连的尺寸减小，电脑可以以更快的速度完成操作。成操作。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Microelectronics involves the miniaturization of regular electronic circuits.微电子技术包括常规电子电路的微型化问题。微电子技术包括常规电子电路的微型化问题。A complete electronic circuit,an operational amplifier for example,which contains large numbers of individual interconnected components,such as diodes,resistors,transistors,etc.may be formed on a very small single substrate.一个完整的电子线路，例如，一个运算放大器，其中包一个完整的电子线路，例如，一个运算放大器，其中包括大量的相互连接的独立器件，象二极管、电阻、晶体括大量的相互连接的独立器件，象二极管、电阻、晶体管等，可被制造在一个很小的基底（片）上。管等，可被制造在一个很小的基底（片）上。The complete miniaturized circuit is then called an integrated circuit(IC).这种被小型化的成块电路便称为集成电路（这种被小型化的成块电路便称为集成电路（IC）。）。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Integrated circuits are small,light,rugged,and reliable.集成电路体积小、重量轻、耐用且稳定可靠。集成电路体积小、重量轻、耐用且稳定可靠。They require less power and lower voltages than equivalent macroscopic circuits;consequently they operate at lower temperatures,and individual components may be close together without exceeding the operating temperature limit.与相当的宏观电路相比，与相当的宏观电路相比，IC电路需要更小的功率和更电路需要更小的功率和更低的电压，因而工作温度较低，这样各独立元件便可低的电压，因而工作温度较低，这样各独立元件便可集成在一起而不会超过工作温度极限集成在一起而不会超过工作温度极限.Relatively little stray capacitance and short time delays are produced because of the short interconnections between the individual components in IC.由于在由于在IC中各独立器件互连距离短，则产生较少的寄中各独立器件互连距离短，则产生较少的寄生电容和较短的时延。生电容和较短的时延。寄生电容寄生电容严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Maintenance is simplified because if a component of the IC fails the complete IC is usually replaced.由于当一个集成电路器件发生故障时，通常该电路就由于当一个集成电路器件发生故障时，通常该电路就会被整个替换，因此维护（维修）工作简单化了。会被整个替换，因此维护（维修）工作简单化了。Mass production techniques of plane technology have reduced the cost of many IC so that they are almost as inexpensive as a single transistor.平面技术的大规模生产工艺已经降低了许多集成电路平面技术的大规模生产工艺已经降低了许多集成电路的生产成本，导致的生产成本，导致IC电路与单个晶体管的价格一样便电路与单个晶体管的价格一样便宜。宜。Eventually most conventional circuits will be replaced by IC.大多数的常规电路最终将被集成电路所取代。大多数的常规电路最终将被集成电路所取代。维护维护大规大规模生模生产产严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。There are two types of basic integrated circuit:monolithic integrated circuit and the thin or thick film.集成电路有两种基本类型：单晶片集成电路和薄膜或集成电路有两种基本类型：单晶片集成电路和薄膜或厚膜电路。厚膜电路。Monolithic IC are constructed in a single substrate of single crystal semiconductor,usually silicon.单晶片单晶片IC电路是以单晶体半导体（一般是硅）为单一电路是以单晶体半导体（一般是硅）为单一基底制成的。基底制成的。Thin or thick films IC are formed on the surface of an insulating material such as glass or a ceramic.薄膜或厚膜薄膜或厚膜IC电路是在像玻璃、陶瓷这样的绝缘体材电路是在像玻璃、陶瓷这样的绝缘体材料表面形成的。料表面形成的。Hybrid IC contains more than a single substrate,the term hybrid is also applied to combinations of monolithic and thin or thick film IC.而混合而混合IC电路包括不止一种基底，这里电路包括不止一种基底，这里“混合混合”一词一词含义是也用于单晶片电路和薄膜或厚膜电路的组合。含义是也用于单晶片电路和薄膜或厚膜电路的组合。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Integrated circuits are also classified according to their functions.集成电路也可以根据它们的功能来分类。集成电路也可以根据它们的功能来分类。Digital or logical IC are used as switches,they are either on or off.In computers the on and off states correspond to 0 or 1.Other IC is called linear or analog IC.1数字数字IC（也称为逻辑（也称为逻辑IC）通常用作开关，即接通）通常用作开关，即接通或关断。在计算机中接通和断开状态分别对应或关断。在计算机中接通和断开状态分别对应“0”和和“1”。另一种。另一种IC称为线性或模拟称为线性或模拟IC。Integrated circuits can be produced using either bipolar or unique polar transistors.集成电路可采用双极性或单极性晶体管来生产集成电路可采用双极性或单极性晶体管来生产。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Field effect transistors(FET)have advantages over bipolar transistors in many cases however.They are relatively high-impedance devices,with a corresponding reduction in current and power dissipation,and yet have high power gain.而场效应晶体管在许多方面比双极性晶体管更优越，他而场效应晶体管在许多方面比双极性晶体管更优越，他们是高阻抗器件，其电流和功率损耗都相应降低，但具们是高阻抗器件，其电流和功率损耗都相应降低，但具有高的功率增益。有高的功率增益。The reduction in power dissipation is particularly important where a complex circuit is to be concentrated into a small space.在需要将一个复杂的电子线路集成到一小块的问题中，在需要将一个复杂的电子线路集成到一小块的问题中，减小功率损耗是非常重要的。减小功率损耗是非常重要的。场效应晶体管场效应晶体管功率功率增益增益功功率率损损耗耗严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。The problem of extracting the heat generated in the circuit may then be a difficult one.2要释放集成电路工作时产生的热量是一难解决的问题。要释放集成电路工作时产生的热量是一难解决的问题。The form of construction of the FET,and particularly the MOSFET,also lends itself well to integrated circuit fabrication,and enables resistors and capacitors to be included readily in the integrated circuit.FET电路的结构形式，特别是电路的结构形式，特别是MOSFET（金属氧化物半（金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管）电路结构，使它们便于导体场效应晶体管）电路结构，使它们便于IC的生产制的生产制造，并使电阻和电容这类器件容易集成到造，并使电阻和电容这类器件容易集成到IC中。中。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Most electronic circuits are composed of active devices,e.g.transistors and diodes,together with resistors(for bias,collector load,impedance transformation,etc.)and capacitors(e.g.for coupling ac signals while blocking dc supplies).大多数电子线路都是由有源器件，如晶体管和二极管大多数电子线路都是由有源器件，如晶体管和二极管加上一些电阻（用于偏置，集电极加负载，阻抗变换加上一些电阻（用于偏置，集电极加负载，阻抗变换等）和电容（如耦合交流信号隔断直流电源）一起组等）和电容（如耦合交流信号隔断直流电源）一起组成。成。Each of these elements can be produced in a form suitable for integrated circuit inclusion within limitations,e.g.capacitance values must not be too large.每一种器件都能在一定限制条件下（例如，电容器容每一种器件都能在一定限制条件下（例如，电容器容值不能太大）以适合值不能太大）以适合IC电路的形式来制造。电路的形式来制造。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Some elements are difficult to produce in a suitable form,e.g.inductive elements,or large capacitors.有些器件是很难以合适的形式出现在有些器件是很难以合适的形式出现在IC电路中电路中的，例如，感应元件或大的电容。的，例如，感应元件或大的电容。Usually some alternative circuit form can be devised that dispenses with the requirement.Otherwise they must be included as an external lumped element.通常采用备选电路形式供设计时选用，以分配通常采用备选电路形式供设计时选用，以分配满足这些限制要求。若没有满足要求的可选电满足这些限制要求。若没有满足要求的可选电路，那么它们则作为一个外部集总器件被包含路，那么它们则作为一个外部集总器件被包含在电路中。在电路中。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。EXERCISESBecause electricity flows quite rapidly in computers the time delay of the signal in the interconnections between electronic components can be ignored.Integrated circuits require less power and lower voltages than equivalent macroscopic circuits;consequently they operate at lower temperatures,and individual components may be close together without exceeding the operating temperature limit.Thin or thick films IC are constructed in a single substrate of single crystal semiconductor.Monolithic IC are formed on the surface of an insulating material such as glass or a ceramic.FTF严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Because Digital or logical IC are either on or off,they can are used as switches.Capacitance values must not be too large in order to be suitable for integrated circuit inclusion within limitations.TT严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2.Please choose the best answer for the question.(1)If the interconnections are reduced in(),a computer can perform operations at a faster speed.A.weight B.size C.number of components D.attenuation(2)Which of the followings is not the characteristic of IC?A.small B.light C.rugged D.unreliable (3)Monolithic IC is constructed in a single substrate of single crystal semiconductor,usually().A.silicon B.glass C.ceramic D.plasticBDA严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。(4)()can be used as switches.A.linear IC B.Analog IC C.Digital or logical IC D.nonlinear IC(5)Which of the followings is not the application of resistors?A.bias B.collector load C.impedance transformation D.coupling ac signals while blocking dc suppliesCD严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。1-2 How does a logic gate in a microchip work?CMOS(complementary mental-oxide semiconductor)互补金属氧化物半导体MOSFET(mental-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor)金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管ubiquitous 无处不在的wafer 晶片，圆片；严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。NOTESThe overwhelming computing power of logic gates stems from the fact that the output of any particular gate is a voltage，which can in turn be used to control another gate逻辑门电路的强大计算能力源于这样一个事实；逻辑门电路的强大计算能力源于这样一个事实；任何特定门电路的输出都是一个电压信号，这任何特定门电路的输出都是一个电压信号，这个电压又可以用来控制另外的门电路。个电压又可以用来控制另外的门电路。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。In a logic-gate arrangement，each of the MOSFETs works like a switchThe switch is closed，or the MOSFET is turned on，if electric current can flow readily from the source to the drainThe switch is open，or the MOSFET is turned off,if electric current cannot flow from the source to the drain 在逻辑门电路的排列中，每一个金属氧化物半导体场效在逻辑门电路的排列中，每一个金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管就像一个开关一样工作。如果电流可以容易地应晶体管就像一个开关一样工作。如果电流可以容易地从源极流向漏极，则开关处于闭合状态，或场效应晶体从源极流向漏极，则开关处于闭合状态，或场效应晶体管处于开启状态。如果电流不能从源极流向漏极，则开管处于开启状态。如果电流不能从源极流向漏极，则开关处于断开状态，或场效应晶体管处于关闭状态。关处于断开状态，或场效应晶体管处于关闭状态。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。In summary,a MOSFET in a microchip is turned on by applying a voltage to the gate to attract electrons to the channel region，and turned off by applying a voltage to the gate to repel electrons away from the channel region.There is movement of charges in the silicon,but there are no mechanical moving parts involved总之，微芯片上的一个金属氧化物半导体场效应晶总之，微芯片上的一个金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管通过给门电路（漏极）加载一个电压把电荷吸体管通过给门电路（漏极）加载一个电压把电荷吸引到沟道区域，使场效应晶体管处于开启状态；如引到沟道区域，使场效应晶体管处于开启状态；如果给门电路（栅极）加载一个电压来阻止电荷，使果给门电路（栅极）加载一个电压来阻止电荷，使之远离沟道区域，则场效应晶体管处于关闭状态。之远离沟道区域，则场效应晶体管处于关闭状态。硅片中有电荷的运动，但并没有涉及任何可移动的硅片中有电荷的运动，但并没有涉及任何可移动的机械部件。机械部件。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。1-3 General electronics circuitsadder 加法器audio amplifier音频放大器Boolean algebra 布尔代数comparator 比较器citizens band 民用无线电频带counter 计数器DC-coupled 直流耦合的,直接耦合的definition 清晰度,分辨率distortion 扭曲,变形,失真emitter coupled logic(ECL)发射极耦合逻辑(电路)filter 滤波:过滤器,滤波器flip-flop 触发器严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。inverter 反相器mixer 混合器,混频器modulator 调制器oscillator 振荡器radio frequency amplifier射频放大器regulator调节器,稳压器resistor-transistor logic(RTL)电阻-晶体管逻辑(电路)superconducting 超导电的transistor-transistor logic(TTL)晶体管-晶体管逻辑(电路)tune 为调谐,对准频率very-large-scale integrated(VLSI)circuit超大规模集成电路video amplifier 视频放大器zener diode齐纳二极管,稳压二极管严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Reading:Nanotechnology-Getting Us Over the Brick Wall nanotechnology纳米技术纳米技术pervasive普遍的，到处渗透的普遍的，到处渗透的 geometry 几何图形，几何体，几何尺寸几何图形，几何体，几何尺寸transistor-based 基于电晶体的基于电晶体的node 节点，结节点节点，结节点self-assembly 自组装自组装subtractive减去的，负的，有负号的减去的，负的，有负号的fabrication 制造，建造，伪造物制造，建造，伪造物cross-disciplinary 跨学科的，交叉学科的跨学科的，交叉学科的严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。the International Engineering Consortium 国际工程协会国际工程协会quantum computing 量子计算量子计算spin state 自旋态自旋态quantum state量子态量子态International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors(ITRS)国际半导体发展路线图国际半导体发展路线图严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Technology has progressed to the point that materials can be manipulated at the level of their individual atoms.In the coming decades,this nanoscale technology will have pervasive and profound effects on the electronics industry.As electronic devices become much smaller and denser,new architectures and mechanisms for information transport must emerge to meet the challenges of increasing complexity and power dissipation.Just as the electronics industry will change significantly with the introduction and evolution of nanotechnology,so too will the work of electronic engineers.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Science is about the discovery and observation of things as they exist in nature.Technology is in the realm of the engineer,involved in the process of taking these scientifically discovered things and manipulating,shaping,and applying them.We have been doing nanoscience for decades,through work at the molecular level at the scale of nanometers.But when an engineer starts manipulating materials at the atomic level,its nanotechnology.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。EDA toolmakers now have solutions that work at the 90 nanometer node,but as devices become ever smaller and more transistors can be etched into a given area,the complexity of designs becomes prohibitive.If we continue on the current track,in five years the amount of heat dissipated on a chip will be equivalent to the surface temperature of the sun.Clearly,complexity and power dissipation are big parts of the brick wall.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Nanotechnology offers an approach that could get us over the brick wall.Here were talking about doing things in a very different way.Today,integrated circuits are created by basically carving away at a piece of silicon to remove layers and etch out the desired structures.Nanoelectronics,however,could bring us the ability to organically grow these devices molecule by molecule,through a self-assembly process that is additive rather than subtractive.