四级作文四大类型ppt课件.ppt

四级作文四级作文四级写作简介四级写作简介1.1.四级考试写作的评分原则四级考试写作的评分原则 1作文采用作文采用总体评分法总体评分法（Global Scoring），就总），就总的印象给出奖励分（的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores），而不是），而不是按语按语言点错误数目扣分。言点错误数目扣分。2从从内容和语言内容和语言两方面对作文进行两方面对作文进行综合评判综合评判。内容。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应该表达题目所规定的内和语言是一个统一体。作文应该表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。既要考虑作文是否切容，而内容要通过语言来表达。既要考虑作文是否切题，是否用英语清楚而明确地表达了主题思想，也要题，是否用英语清楚而明确地表达了主题思想，也要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。3.避免趋中倾向避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分，该。该给高分的给高分，包括满分，该给低分的给低分，包括给低分的给低分，包括0分，一名阅卷人员在所评阅分，一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。2、写作评分标准、写作评分标准写作满分写作满分=奖励分奖励分+基本分基本分 奖励分：字迹，卷面，闪光点奖励分：字迹，卷面，闪光点 基本分：语言，结构，内容基本分：语言，结构，内容写作分数档次：写作分数档次：0,2,5,7,11,14具体评分标准如下具体评分标准如下0分分 白卷白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而思想无法表达。2分分条理不清，思路紊乱条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多为严重错误。5分分基本切题基本切题。表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。7分分基本切题基本切题。表达思想比较清楚，文章尚连贯，但语言错误比较多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分分切题切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分分切题切题。表达思想清楚，内容丰富，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误。另外，字数不足，也酌情扣分字数不足，也酌情扣分，如累计字数为110119扣1分，100109扣2分，9099扣3分，7079扣5分，5059扣7分，少于49扣9分。累计字数不包括题目中给出的主题句、起始句和结尾句中的字数。如果字数不少，但段落数不够，也酌情扣分段落数不够，也酌情扣分。比如在要求写三段的作文中只写了一段，只能得04分；只写两段，只能得09分。1、结构、结构三大段：三大段：引出话题引出话题 topic分析话题分析话题 analysis总结话题总结话题 conclusion1、结构段落结构层次清晰：段落结构层次清晰：Firstly,secondly,finallyTo begin with,in addition,last but not leastFor one thing,for another2、内容、内容主题段落论证：主题段落论证：议论文：各方观点议论文：各方观点说明文：前因后果说明文：前因后果记叙文：举例论证记叙文：举例论证3、语言、语言准确是第一要务准确是第一要务E.g.错误表达错误表达 “I is students.”出彩是锦上添花出彩是锦上添花语言句型多样化语言句型多样化语言：语言：think,in my opinion,as far as I can see句型：倒装句，从句句型：倒装句，从句考考 试试 题题 型型议论文文（Argument）书信信类(Letter)看看图说话（Picture）图表表类（Chart）议论文（议论文（ArgumentArgument）话题：1）校园生活类话题：E.g 2009.12：Creating a Green Campus 2）社会热点类话题：E.g 2010.12:How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent?如何写好一篇议论文？如何写好一篇议论文？A Good Outline A Good OutlineGeneral Outline of Arguments1.1.一篇议论文基本可以分为一篇议论文基本可以分为3 3大部分大部分1).1).引入话题（通过一个日常现象，最好不要照抄题目，引入话题（通过一个日常现象，最好不要照抄题目，可以进行同义词替换）可以进行同义词替换）2).2).议论部分（阐述不同的论点，注意题目中给出的中文议论部分（阐述不同的论点，注意题目中给出的中文提纲）提纲）3).3).总结（再次点题；再次强调自己的立场）总结（再次点题；再次强调自己的立场）2.2.段落数：段落数：2+N 2+N 一般为一般为4 4段段例题例题Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Is A Test of Spoken English Necessary?You should write at least 100 words,and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:1很多人很多人认为有必要有必要举行英行英语口口语考考试，理由是，理由是 2也有人持不同意也有人持不同意见，3我的看法和打算我的看法和打算如何引入？如何引入？一个现象一个现象 Is A Test of Spoken English Necessary?With the development of English education in China,nowadays,many attentions have been paid to spoken English skills.The question,whether students can actually use English as a communication tool after years of study,has caused hot debate.As a result,test of spoken English is becoming increasingly common in English education.But does it really necessary to set such a test?如何议论？如何议论？根据提纲，各个击破根据提纲，各个击破1很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是2也有人持不同意见，也有人持不同意见，3我的看法和打算我的看法和打算(结论结论)议论段落基本段落基本结构：构：Topic Sentences+Supportive Details/ExamplesTopic:AgreeDetails:1.Chinese students poor performance in spoken English;2.Bring awareness of the importance of oral English to students.Topic:DisagreeDetails:1.Students already have enough burden towards their study;2.To some extent,reading and writing skills is enough for students to get a good mark in exam.如何结尾？如何结尾？你的看法和打算你的看法和打算我的看法和打算我的看法和打算(结论结论)基本基本结构：构：Your thought+The meaning of your choice例：我例：我认为应该举办英英语口口试+这么做的意么做的意义何在何在In my opinion,a test of spoken English will do more good than harm.Since China will continue its policy of opening and reform,the ability to speak English fluently is a must for anyone who wants to surpass others in a highly competitive society.Whether I take the test or not,I shall spare no efforts to practice oral English in the remaining years of my college study.模板模板1 1 People hold different views about X./_ or _,which is better?Different people have diverse opinions upon this question(issue)./Peoples opinions are divided upon this issue.Some people think(believe,argue,recognize,)that 观点1.But other people take an opposite side.They firmly believe that 观点2.As for me,I agree to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.First of all,论据1.More importantly,论据2.Most important of all,论据3.In summary,总结观点.As a college student,I am supposed to 表决心.模板模板2 2（3 3段论段论）There is no consensus of opinions among people about X（争论的焦点）.Some people are of the view that 观点1,while others take an opposite side,firmly believing that 观点2.As far as I am concerned,the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses.The reasons are obvious.First of all,论据1.Furthermore,论据2.Among all of the supporting evidences,one is the strongest.That is,论据3.From the above discussion,we can come to the conclusion that 总 结 观 点.(可 加 谚 语 做 结 尾)高分策略：注重结构的逻辑性高分策略：注重结构的逻辑性关联词：一.Addition此外 inaddition,and，similarly，besides，furthermore，also，moreover，notonly.but，二.Sequence顺序 In the first place,initially，tobeginwith，in the second place,moreover in the third place,at last,finally三.Consequence结果 asaresult,thus，therefore，consequently，itfollowsthat，thereby，eventually，tothatcase，admittedly 高分策略：注重结构的逻辑性高分策略：注重结构的逻辑性四.Contrast对比(转折)however,onthe otherhand，despite，inspite of,though，although，but，onthecontrary，otherwise,yet，insteadof，rather,whereas，nonetheless comparedwith，incontrast 五.Certainty确定 obviously,certainly，plainly，ofcourse，undoubtedly 六.Condition条件 if,unless，whether，providedthat，sothat，whether，dependingon，In case that高分策略：注重结构的逻辑性高分策略：注重结构的逻辑性七.Summary总结 in conclusion,in summary，to sum up，toconclude，in short，all in all八.Example举例 for example，for instance，just as，in particular，such as，namely 九.Reason原因 since，as,so,because(of)，due to，owing to，the reason why，in other words,leads to，cause 图表类（图表类（ChartChart）解题思路：1）审题：认真阅读写作提示2）作文提纲：第一段：转述文章题目，仔细描述图表内容，并阐述数据显示出的问题/现象/趋势第二段：分析这种问题/现象/趋势出现的原因第三段：做出评价，这种问题/现象/趋势可能引发的结果与对策。例题例题Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to start a short essay entitled The Reduction of Students Extracurricular Activities based on the statistics provided in the chart below(weekly hours).Please give a brief description of the chart first and then make your comments on it.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.hoursyear According to the figures shown in the graph,we can see that great changes have taken place in the extracurricular activities hours among student in the university.The hours students spent on extracurricular activities per week has been decreasing at a steady rate from the year of 2002 to 2012.This decrease proves that students are far away from the extracurricular activities.第一段：描述图表内容：数据显示学生课外活动时间越来越少。第一段：描述图表内容：数据显示学生课外活动时间越来越少。第二段：分析这种现象出现的原因第二段：分析这种现象出现的原因。To account for this phenomenon,people have come up with various reasons.In the first place,now students spend much more time on computer games.So they cant have enough time to take regular physical exercises.In the second place,the universities dont pay as much attention on the extracurricular activities as on the students study.第三段：做出评价：这种现象会引发健康问题，并给出对策。第三段：做出评价：这种现象会引发健康问题，并给出对策。Whatever the reason is,this trend will definitely cause some health problems in the students.so in order to avoid such problems students must keep in mind that they should take more extracurricular activities and have a proper attitude toward it.图表题图表题常用单词，结构及句型：单词：上升 increase rise soar go upward下降 decrease reduce go downward decline drop图表题图表题占%：account for例：目前养狗的人数占这个小区总人数的30%。这个数字在两年后还要翻倍。The number of people raising dogs today accounts for thirty percent of all the people in the district.In two years this amount is expected to double.图表题图表题句型：It is obvious in the picture thatThe picture indicates/makes it clear thatAs(can be)seen from the.,As is shown in the picture,.描写图片或数据的常用句型描写图片或数据的常用句型1.In 1990,it increased/decreased from.to.2.By comparison with 1998,it decreased/increased by3.The figure has nearly doubled,compared with that of last year.描写图片或数据的常用句型描写图片或数据的常用句型4.It has increased/decreased almost 倍数,compared with.5.The number is 倍数 as much as that of 1990.6.It takes up.percent of the total.7.The number was more/less than.,a half/third/quarter of the 1990 total.看图说话(Picture)解题思路：1.仔细阅读题干，确定写作主题2.简要描述漫画（who,what,when,where）3.揭示主题（观点）并加以解释和说明论证；揭示现象(问题)并阐述现象（问题）产生的原因 4.给出自己的看法：(a)提出建议，重申观点 (b)对如何解决漫画中所反映的问题提出合理建议或总结观点。Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay.You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the importance of doing small things before undertaking something big.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.看图作文2013.06 真题看图作文的解题思路应用看图作文的解题思路应用1.审题（认真阅读写作审题（认真阅读写作提示）提示）：漫画信息“express your views on the importance of doing small things before undertaking something big”确定写作主题：确定写作主题：做任何大事前做任何大事前都应该从小事都应该从小事做起做起（一屋（一屋不扫，何以扫不扫，何以扫天下。）天下。）作文提纲作文提纲 （结构）（结构）第一段：简要描写图画内容（第一段：简要描写图画内容（who,what,when,where）:父子之间的对话，儿子关注核废料处理（disposal of nuclear wastes）,父亲认为要从小事做起（empty the dustbin first）；Doing Big Things Starts from Doing Small Ones As is vividly revealed in the picture above,the boy expresses his worries about the disposal of nuclear wastes,while the father tells him to empty the dustbin in the room first.The picture reminds us of an old Chinese sayingIf you dont like to do trivial things like cleaning your room,its impossible for you to undertake any important task.作文提纲作文提纲 （结构）（结构）第二段：解释图画深刻含义第二段：解释图画深刻含义（揭示主题）（揭示主题）并加以解释和说明论证。并加以解释和说明论证。努力做好小事可以培养做大事所需要的优努力做好小事可以培养做大事所需要的优良品质（良品质（develop good qualities needed undertaking important tasks）;Undoubtedly,the symbolic meaning subtly conveyed in the picture should be that it is vital and necessary to deal with trivial things.Doing small things well may help us develop the good qualities needed in undertaking important tasks,which lays a solid foundation for our future development.Small things would often make the difference between success and failure.We surely know that the want of a horse shoe nail may cause a kingdom to be lost.Therefore,when it comes to the key to success,the most important thing lies in doing every trivial thing well.解释图画深刻含义（揭示主题）并加以解释和说明论证解释图画深刻含义（揭示主题）并加以解释和说明论证作文提纲作文提纲 （结构）（结构）第三段：给出自己的看法（总结全文，强第三段：给出自己的看法（总结全文，强调正确的做法）。调正确的做法）。实现做大事的目标，不仅需要有雄心壮志实现做大事的目标，不仅需要有雄心壮志（the great ambition）,还需要有从小事还需要有从小事踏踏实实做起的实践精神（踏踏实实做起的实践精神（the practical spirit）.给出自己的看法（总结全文，强调正确的做法）给出自己的看法（总结全文，强调正确的做法）In one word,to achieve goals needs not merely the great ambition,but the practical spirit of dealing with trivial things.Only in this way can we make the highest eminence.1.awareness:漫画是新的，但阐述的道理或反映的问题应是熟悉的。2.preparation看看别人是怎么评价社会问题的。3.practice熟能生巧；记住一些常用的句型和短语，然后才能创新。4.learning多看英文范文；参考小学生看图作文也行。5.ease相信自己；相信常识；无须紧张和过度解读。看图作文的应试策略看图作文的应试策略书书 信信(Letter)(Letter)收信人姓名和地址（给熟人可省）收信人姓名和地址（给熟人可省）姓名前要加称号姓名前要加称号 对已婚男子用什么？对已婚男子用什么？未婚呢？未婚呢？对已婚女子用什么？对已婚女子用什么？未婚呢？未婚呢？不知结婚没结婚呢不知结婚没结婚呢?对教授对教授 Professor 对博士对博士 Doctor(简写是什么简写是什么)称呼：称呼：Dear XXX，是不是什么情况下都可以用是不是什么情况下都可以用dear来称呼？来称呼？Dear guy/madam？1）称呼：（1）写给机构：A.不认识负责人：Dear Sir or Madam,Dear Sir/Madam,To whom it may concern,B.认识负责人：Dear Mr./Ms.President/Professor/Manager/Editor(Michael)Wang,（2）写给个人：A.关系不亲密：Dear Mr./Ms.President/Professor/Manager/Editor(Michael)Wang,B.关系亲密：Dear Michael,正文开头句：请求某事：I am a/an freshman/sophomore/junior/senior/undergraduate/graduate from the School of Business in Ankang University.I boldly write this letter to.告知/反映某事：I am writing the letter in the purpose of expressing dissatisfaction/disappointment/concern regarding/concerning the service of our canteen.尾段写法：1）表示感谢：（1）My thanks to you.your generous help are beyond words.（2）Words cannot express my sincere gratitude to you.（3）I take this opportunity to show my heartist appreciation for the kind assistance you rendered me.2）期待回信：（1）I am looking forward to your reply/hearing from you soon.（2）I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.（3）Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.信件写作框架信件写作框架称谓，称谓，开头段：表明身份开头段：表明身份+写作目的写作目的 中间段：总分结构，分层描述中间段：总分结构，分层描述 结尾段：表示感谢结尾段：表示感谢+期待回信期待回信+保持联保持联系系 礼貌语，礼貌语，署名署名1、结构、结构三大段：三大段：引出话题引出话题 topic topic 写作目的写作目的分析话题分析话题 analysis analysis 写信理由写信理由总结话题总结话题 conclusion conclusion 总结总结目的目的一、四级写作题目预览一、四级写作题目预览Directions:for this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to express your thanks to one of your friends who helped you most when you were in difficulty.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.感谢信格式模板：Dear_:I am writing to extend my sincere gratitude for _（感谢的原因）。If it had not been for your assistance in _（对方给你的具体帮助），I fear that I would have been _.（没有对方帮助的后果）No one would disagree that it was you who_.（给出细节）Again,I would like to express my warm thanks to you!Please accept my gratitude.Best wishes.Yours sincerely,Li MingDear Walt,I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude for your help.I am referring to that unfortunate accident the other day,when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi.Most importantly,if it had not been for your timely assistance in giving me first aid,I fear that the consequences might have been much serious.Everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome.Although nowadays people in mounting numbers talk about the need to be unselfish,we see very few people practice what they preach.If there were more people like you,this world would be a much nicer place.My thanks to you for the help you render me are beyond words.Yours faithfully,XXXXDear Tom,I am writing to extend my sincere gratitude for your great help when I failed that vital English interview.If it had not been for your assistance in giving me those brilliant suggestions and warm encouragement,I fear that I would have lost my way.No one would disagree that it was you who stayed with me and pulled me through the hard time.First and foremost,you told me it is the priority for me to calm down.This is due to the fact that the ability to stay sober and positive made me come up with quite a few ideas to cope with the consequence that failure triggered.Furthermore,you made me learn to analyze my lack of interview skills and find solutions.Plenty of evidence has shown that this work played an indispensable role in my success the next year.Last but not the least,you helped to build my confidence.Again,I would like to express my warm thanks to you!Please accept my gratitude.Best wishes.Yours sincerely,Li Ming2015年12月真题作文第一篇：第一篇：Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying“Never go out there to see what happens,go out there to make something happen”.You can cite examples to illustrate the importance of being creative rather than mere onlookers in life.You should write at least 120 words,no more than 180 words.参考范文参考范文There is a saying which goes that“Never go out there to see what happens,go out there to make things happen.”Those who did something great and go down in history,ancient and modern,Chinese and foreign,are all doers rather than onlookers.A telling example is Thomas Edison.Without his continuous experiments,he would not have invented so many devices