气候变化与清洁发展机制精选PPT.ppt
气候变化与清洁发展机制第1页，此课件共30页哦1气候系统:Theclimatesystem大气圈、水圈、生物圈和地圈的整体及其相互作用。Thetotalityoftheatmosphere,hydrosphere,biosphereandgeosphereandtheirinteraction.第2页，此课件共30页哦2温室气体效应：GreenhouseGasEffect第3页，此课件共30页哦3气候变化：Climatechange指除在类似时期内所观测的气候的自然变迁之外，由于直接或间接的人类活动改变了地球大气的组成而造成的气候变化。Achangeofclimatewhichisattributeddirectlyorindirectlytohumanactivitythataltersthecompositionoftheglobalatmosphereandwhichisinadditiontonaturalclimatevariabilityobservedovercomparabletimeperiods.第4页，此课件共30页哦4全球气候变化：ChangeofGlobalTemperature根据新的证据以及考虑到不确定因素的情况下，在过去50年所观察到的全球变暖是由于温室气体浓度的增加而导致Inthelightofnewevidenceandtakingintoaccounttheremaininguncertainties,mostoftheobservedwarmingoverthelast50yearsislikelytohavebeenduetotheincreaseingreenhousegasconcentrationsSource:IPCCThirdAssessmentReport2001第5页，此课件共30页哦5气候变化的影响：ClimateChangeImpacts第6页，此课件共30页哦6公约目标：UNFCCCobjectives将大气中温室气体的浓度稳定在防止气候系统受到危险的人为干扰的水平上。这一水平应当在足以使生态系统能够自然地适应气候变化，确保粮食生产免受到威胁，并使经济发展能够可持续地进行之时间范围内实现。Stabilizationofgreenhousegasconcentrationsintheatmosphereatalevelthatwouldpreventdangerousanthropogenicinterferencewiththeclimatesystem.Suchalevelshouldbeachievedwithinatime-framesufficienttoallowecosystemstoadaptnaturallytoclimatechange,toensurethatfoodproductionisnotthreatenedandtoenableeconomicdevelopmenttoproceedinasustainablemanner.ARTICLE2第7页，此课件共30页哦7京都议定书：TheKyotoProtocolF附件一缔约方应该个别地或共同地确保附件A所列二氧化碳、甲烷等六种受控的温室气体排放总量，在2008年至2012年的承诺期内比1990年水平至少减少5.2，ThePartiesincludedinAnnexIshall,individuallyorjointly,ensurethattheiraggregateanthropogeniccarbondioxideequivalentemissionsofthegreenhousegaseslistedinAnnexAreducetheiroverallemissionsbyatleast5percentbelow1990levelsinthecommitmentperiod2008to2012.Article3 F到2005年12月31日前，附件一缔约方应在履行这些承诺方面做出可予证实的进展EachPartyincludedinAnnexIshall,by2005,havemadedemonstrableprogressinachievingitscommitmentsunderthisProtocol.第8页，此课件共30页哦8附件一国家：AnnexIcountries附件一（工业发达国家）承诺减排温室气体。AnnexIcountries(industrialisedcountries)commitedthemselvestoreducetheirGHGemissionsAnnex I非附件一国家（发展中国家）Non-AnnexIcountries(developingcountries)第9页，此课件共30页哦9对工业国家要求：TherequirementsforAnnexIcountriesF为发展中国家缔约方提供新的和额外的资金ProvidenewandadditionalfinancialresourcestomeettheagreedfullcostsincurredtodevelopingcountryPartiesincomplyingwiththeirobligationsF帮助特别易受气候变化不利影响的发展中国家缔约方AssistthedevelopingcountryPartiesthatareparticularlyvulnerabletotheadverseeffectsofclimatechangeF应采取一切实际可行的步骤，酌情促进、帮助和资助向其他缔约方特别是发展中国家缔约方转让或使他们有机会得到环境友好技术和专有技术Takeallpracticablestepstopromote,facilitateandfinance,asappropriate,thetransferof,oraccessto,environmentallysoundtechnologiesandknow-howtootherParties,particularlydevelopingcountryParties第10页，此课件共30页哦10京都议定书附录B：AnnexBoftheKyotoProtocol欧盟气泡第11页，此课件共30页哦11减排指标：Reductionobjectives1990200020102020246GtC-5%Kyoto-Protocol-24%Source:ABB Corporate Research第12页，此课件共30页哦12控制温室气体种类：KyotoProtocolGreenhouseGasesF二氧化碳Carbondioxide(CO2)F甲烷Methane(CH4)F氧化亚氮Nitrousoxide(N2O)F氢氟碳化物Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)F氟化碳Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)F六氟化硫Sulphurhexafluoride(SF6)第13页，此课件共30页哦13为实现长期可测量符合成本效益原则的减排目标，京都议定书提出三种机制TheKPidentifiesthreemechanismstosupplementnationalactionstoachievereal,long-term,measurableandcost-effectiveGHGreductions:三机制：ThreemechanismsFClean Development Mechanism清洁发展机制（CDM）FJoint Implementation 联合履行（JI）FEmissions Trading(ET)排放贸易（ET）第14页，此课件共30页哦14Annex I/B清洁发展机制（CDM）：CleanDevelopmentMechanism Annex I/B发起国发起国Sponsor东道国东道国Host发起CDM项目CDMProjectSponsoring获得经核证的减排CertifiedEmissionReductions发展中国家第15页，此课件共30页哦15CDM目的：CDMPurposeF并协助附件一所列缔约方遵守其依第三条规定的排放量限制和削减承诺。-toassistPartiesincludedinAnnexIinachievingcompliancewiththeirquantifiedemissionlimitationandreductioncommitmentsF协助未列入附件一的缔约方实现可持续发展并增进公约的最终目标，-toassistPartiesnotincludedinAnnexIinachievingsustainabledevelopmentandincontributingtotheultimateobjectiveoftheConventionArticleofKP12第16页，此课件共30页哦16清洁发展机制的管理：ManagementofCDMF清洁发展机制由作为本议定书缔约方会议的公约缔约方会议授权和指导，并由清洁发展机制的执行理事会监督。ThecleandevelopmentmechanismshallbesubjecttotheauthorityandguidanceoftheConferenceofthePartiesservingasthemeetingofthePartiestothisProtocolandbesupervisedbyanexecutiveboardofthecleandevelopmentmechanism.G缔约方会议（COP）是联合国气候框架公约的最高机构，每年召开一次会议评审公约的进程。Conference of the Parties(COP)TheCOPisthesupremebodyoftheConvention.ItcurrentlymeetsonceayeartoreviewtheConventionsprogress.G作为京都议定书缔约方会议的公约缔约方会议(议定书/公约缔约方会议)（COP/MOP）是京都条约最高机构，Meeting of the Parties(MOP)TheKyotoProtocolssupremebodywillbetheMOP,whichwillserveastheProtocolsmeetingoftheParties.第17页，此课件共30页哦17CDM管理架构：CDMBodies作为京都议定书缔约方会议的公约缔约方会议(议定书/公约缔约方会议)Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol(COP/MOP)CDM 执行理事会CDM Executive Board(CDM-EB)认可专家组Accreditation Panel 林业工作组Afforestation and Reforestation Working Group/Panel 方法学专家组Methodology Panel小项目专家组Small scale CDM Panel 第18页，此课件共30页哦18执行理事会组成：ExecutiveBoardF执行理事会（EB）是在COP/MOP领导下的负责CDM活动机构ExecutiveBoard(EB)TheExecutiveBoardoperatesundertheauthorityoftheParties.F执行理事会由十个专家构成，其中五个专家分别代表五个联合国官方区域(非洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲、加勒比海地区、中东欧、OECD国家)，一个专家来自小岛国组织，两个专家来自附件国家，两个专家来自非附件国家。TheExecutiveBoardconsistsof10members,includingonerepresentativefromeachofthefiveofficialUNregions(Africa,Asia,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,CentralEasternEurope,andOECD),onefromthesmallislanddevelopingstates,andtwoeachfromAnnexIandnon-AnnexIParties.The CDM-EB 2004MembersAlternatesMr.John W.Ashe 1Ms.Desna Solofa 1Mr.Jean-Jacques Becker 2Mr.Martin Enderlin 2Mr.John Shaibu Kilani 2(Chair)Mr.Ndiaye Cheikh Sylla 2Mr.Sozaburo Okamatsu 2Ms.Sushma Gera 2Ms.Marina Shvangiradze 1Ms.Anastasia Moskalenko1Mr.Georg Brsting 1(Vice-Chair)Mr.Hans Jrgen Stehr 1Mr.Fareed Al-Asaly 2 Mr.Chow Kok Kee 2Mr.Richard Muyungi 1 Mr.Hernn Carlino1Mr.Xuedu Lu 1Mr.Juan Pablo Bonilla 1Mr.Jos Miguez 2Mr.Eduardo Sanhueza 21Term:2 Years e.g.ending 20052Term:3 years e.g.ending 2004第19页，此课件共30页哦19执行理事会工作：EBtasksF批准建议的基准和监测方法ApprovalofproposedbaselineandmonitoringmethodologiesF执行理事会（EB）负责认证经营实体（DOE）AccreditationofdesignatedoperationalentitiesF执行理事会（EB）负责建立、维护并管理清洁发展机制项目的注册登记（CDMregistry），签发经核证减排证明（CERs）TheCDM-EBisresponsibleforthemaintenanceofaCDMregistry,whichwillissuenewCERs第20页，此课件共30页哦20经营实体的工作：taskofDOEF审定CDM项目ValidationofCDMprojectsF申请项目的登记PresentationofprojectsforregistrationF核查监测报告VerificationofmonitoringreportsF推荐签发CERsRecommendationforCERissuance.目前共有4个指定经营实体(DOEs)，20个申请实体(AEs)Atpresent4DOEs,approximately20ApplicantEntities.第21页，此课件共30页哦21CDM参与条件：Participationrequirements所有的缔约方都应满足三个基本要求：所有的缔约方都应满足三个基本要求：AllPartiesmustmeetthreebasicrequirements:自愿参与CDM项目活动i)voluntaryparticipation,建立一个CDM项目活动的管理机构ii)establishmentoftheNationalCDMAuthority,已经批准京都条约iii)ratificationoftheKyotoProtocol.第22页，此课件共30页哦22项目合格标准：ProjectEligibility京都议定书第12条规定温室气体的减排应是在没有经证明的项目活动的情况下产生任何减少排放而言是额外的，与减缓气候变化有关的真实的、可测量的和长期的效益Article12oftheProtocolstatesthatprojectsmustresultin“reductionsinemissionsthatareadditionaltoanythatwouldoccurintheabsenceoftheprojectactivity”.TheCDMprojectmustleadtoreal,measurable,andlong-termbenefitsrelatedtothemitigationofclimatechange.Kyotoarticle12G温室气体的排放应小于可信和可能的基准排放是否是真实的RealifactualGHGemissionsarelessthantheemissionsinacredibleandprobablebaselinescenarioG测定确定项目排放水平与基准排放水平方法的可行性应是在合理的范围内MeasurableiftheactuallevelofGHGemissionsoftheprojectcaseandthelevelofGHGemissioninthebaselinescenariocanbeestablishedwithareasonabledegreeofcertaintyG项目对温室气体的减排的收益应是长期的AvoidingGHGemissionsisperdefinitionalong-termbenefit第23页，此课件共30页哦23可持续发展标准：SustainabledevelopmentcriteriaF京都条约中规定清洁发展机制的目的是协助未列入附件一的缔约方实现可持续发展，可持续发展指标主要包括：TheprotocolspecifiesthatthepurposeoftheCDMistoassistnon-AnnexIPartiesinachievingsustainabledevelopment.G社会指标：项目可以提高生活质量、减少贫困、增进公平等SocialcriteriaTheprojectimprovesthequalityoflife,alleviatespoverty,andimprovesequity.G经济指标：项目可以为地方实体提供经济来源，对收支平衡及新技术转移起到积极作用EconomiccriteriaTheprojectprovidesfinancialreturnstolocalentities,resultsinapositiveimpactonbalanceofpayments,andtransfersnewtechnology.G环境指标：项目通过减少对石化燃料的使用导致温室气体的减排，可以降低对地方环境的压力，提供健康的生活环境等，实现能源环境政策EnvironmentalcriteriaTheprojectreducesgreenhousegasemissionsandtheuseoffossilfuels,conserveslocalresources,reducespressureonthelocalenvironments,provideshealthandotherenvironmentalbenefits,andmeetsenergyandenvironmentalpolicies.第24页，此课件共30页哦24Annex I/B联合履行（JI）:JointImplementationAnnex I/B发起联合履行项目JI Project SponsoringBoth Parties are Annex I Parties在附件I国家之间减排单位Emission Reduction Units发起国发起国Sponsor东道国东道国Host第25页，此课件共30页哦25199020002010202080100120Index排放贸易（ET）：InternationalEmissionTradingEmission target排放目标可以出售可以出售can sell credits国家Country A国家Country B必须购买必须购买must buy credits市场信用MARKET FOR CREDITStodays emission目前排放水平第26页，此课件共30页哦26京都机制总结：SummaryKP“Flexible”MechanismsF清洁发展机制：CleanDevelopmentMechanismG输出：经核证的减排(CERs)Output:CertifiedEmissionReductions(CERs)G在附件一和非附件一国家之间，开始时间为2000年BetweenAnnexIandnon-AnnexIcountries,startedyear2000F联合履行：JointImplementationG输出：减排单位(ERU)Output:EmissionReductionUnits(ERU)G在附件一国家之间，开始时间为2008年BetweenAnnexIcountries,startsfrom2008F排放国际贸易：InternationalEmissionsTradingG输出：分配的数量单位(AAU)Output:AssignedAmountUnits(AAU)G在附件一国家之间，开始时间为2008年BetweenAnnexIParties,startsfrom2008第27页，此课件共30页哦27马拉喀什协定：Marrakechaccords17/CP.7京都议定书第十二条确定的清洁发展机制的模式和程序Decision17/CP.7ModalitiesandproceduresforacleandevelopmentmechanismasdefinedinArticle12oftheKyotoProtocol附件:清洁发展机制的方式和程序ANNEX:ModalitiesandproceduresforacleandevelopmentmechanismGA.定义DefinitionsGB.作为京都议定书缔约方会议的公约缔约方会议的作用GRoleoftheConferenceofthePartiesservingasthemeetingofthePartiestotheKyotoProtocolGC.执行理事会ExecutiveboardGD.认证和指定经营实体AccreditationanddesignationofoperationalentitiesGE.指定经营实体DesignatedoperationalentitiesGF.参与要求ParticipationrequirementsGG.审定和登记ValidationandregistrationGH.监测MonitoringGI.核查和核证VerificationandcertificationGJ.核证的排减量的发放Issuanceofcertifiedemissionreductions第28页，此课件共30页哦28马拉喀什协定附录：MarrakechAccords:APPENDICESF附录A：经营实体认证标准APPENDIXA:StandardsfortheaccreditationofoperationalentitiesF附录B：项目设计书APPENDIXB:ProjectdesigndocumentF附录C：基准和监测方法学制订指南的职权范围APPENDIXC:TermsofreferenceforestablishingguidelinesonbaselinesandmonitoringmethodologiesF附录D：清洁发展机制注册要求APPENDIXD:Cleandevelopmentmechanismregistryrequirements第29页，此课件共30页哦29CDM项目流程：projectcycle设计审定/注册监测核查/认证签发CERsPP：项目参与方DOE：指定经营实体EB：执行理事会CER：经核证的减排第30页，此课件共30页哦30
