高考英语一轮复习语法：for 宾语 不定式及be 不定式的结构用法 讲义.docx

高考英语语法：for+宾语+不定式及be+不定式的结构用法for+宾语+不定式结构用法详解 “for+宾语+不定式”是英语中一个十分有用的结构，不仅在阅读理解中经常出现，而且，如果同学们在书面表达中能巧妙地运用它，将会增添文章亮点，提高文章的档次。一、“for+宾语+不定式”的句法功能1. 用作主语For you to ask Joe would be a big mistake. 你要是去问乔，那将是一大错误。For Ann to go to France would make me very happy. 安要是到法国去将使我感到很高兴。注：这类结构通常会借助形式主语来表达，即在句首使用形式主语，而将真正用作主语的“for+宾语+不定式”结构移至句末。如：Its too expensive for me to buy. 太贵了，我买不起。Its impossible for me to leave my family. 我是不可能离开家的。Its impossible for the job to be finished in time. 这项任务要按时完成是不可能的。Its an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸被邀在这里讲话。Its a new experience for her to be travelling by plane. 坐飞机对她是次新经历。Itll take time for her to recover from the illness. 她的病要很长时间才能痊愈。It took twenty minutes for the smoke to clear. 过了20分钟烟才散完。2. 用作表语It is for you to decide. 该由你来决定。His idea is for us to travel in separate cars. 他的意思是我们不要同乘一辆汽车。Our aim is for students to learn as quickly as possible. 我们的目的是让学生尽快学到东西。All I want is for us to be together. 我希望的只是我们能在一起。The simplest thing is for him to resign. 最简单的办法是他辞职。3. 用作宾语She hates for people to feel sad. 她不愿看到人们忧心忡忡。They didnt mean for her to read the letter. 他们并未打算让她看那封信。I would like for you to stay as long as you want. 我希望你留下来，想留多久就留多久。注：这类结构用作宾语的情形主要见于非正式的美国英语中，且主要限于like, hate, mean, intend等少数动词。不过，当有形式宾语时，这类结构用作宾语的情况倒是很普遍(注意形式宾语的使用)。如：He made it very difficult for us to refuse. 他弄得我们很难拒绝。I thought it strange for her to be out so late. 她这么晚还不回来，我觉得有些奇怪。4用作定语Its time for everybody to go to bed. 是大家睡觉的时候了。Theres nothing for the cats to eat. 猫没有东西可吃了。Have you got something for me to do? 你给我找了什么事做吗?All that remains for me to do is to say goodbye. 剩下我所要做的就是告辞了。5. 用作同位语He gave orders for one million military personnel to demobilize. 他命令100万军人复员。6. 用作状语(1) 目的状语。如：I cant wait for them to finish talking. 我不能等到他们把话谈完。She opened the door for me to come in. 她开门让我进去。She looked up and nodded for me to come in. 她抬起头来，并点头让我进去。For sales to increase, we must lower our prices. 为了增加销量，我们必须降低价格。(2) 结果状语。如：The print is too small for me to read without glasses. 印刷字体太小，我不带眼镜就看不清。I wish youd write clearly enough for us to read it. 但愿你能写得清楚点，我们好能看明白。(3) 条件状语。如：How would it do for me to write to him? 我来给他写信如何?(4) 比较状语。如：There's nothing worse than for a person to ill-treat a child. 没有什么比虐待小孩更恶劣的了。二、“for+宾语+不定式”的用法注意1. 其中的不定式有时可以是进行式。如：Its a new experience for her to be travelling by plane. 坐飞机对她是次新经历。2. 其中的不定式有时可以是被动式。如：It is essential for him to be prepared for this. 有必要让他对此有所准备。3. 能用于its adj. for sb to do sth的形容词不多，主要的有bad, bold, clever, common, honest, necessary, nice, normal, pointless, rare, (all) right, rude, sensible, stupid, tactful, thoughtful, typical, unimportant, unusual, vital, wise, wrong等。但是请注意：likely和probable不这样用。如：她可能今晚到。正：Shes likely to arrive this evening.误：Its likely for her to arrive this evening.她很可能会发脾气。正：Its probable that shell be in a bad temper.正：Shell probably be in a bad temper.误：Its probable for her to be in a bad temper.4. 该结构中的介词for原则上不能换成to，但在某些特殊结构中可以换成to。如：The policeman signed for to me to stop. 警察打手势叫我停下。It will be convenient for to me to see you this evening. 今晚去见你，我很方便。注：能这样用to代替for的结构只限于sign to for, be convenient for to等少数情形。5. 在通常情况下，其中的不定式不能换成动名词。如：你能不能安排在周一把货送到?正：Can you arrange for the goods to be delivered on Monday?误：Can you arrange for the goods being delivered on Monday?“be+不定式”结构的意义与用法“be+不定式”是一个很有用的结构，它不仅在中学教材中经常出现，而且在高考题中也经常出现。结合中学生学习和考试的实际情况，我们将该结构的用法归纳如下。一、表示将来或预计I dont know what is to happen to us. 我不知道我们会发生什么事。I went to have a look at the room where I was to talk that afternoon. 我去看了一下地方，当天下午我要在那里讲话。It was 1491, Columbus was to reach America a year later. 那是1491年，一年后哥伦布到达了美洲。说明：当该结构中用了still或yet时，其将来意义更加突出。如：The worst is still to come. 还有最糟糕的事情要发生。The most severe weather is yet still to come. 最恶劣的天气还没有到。The best item on the programme is still to come. 最好看的节目还在后头。注意，该结构表示将来的用法是有限的，原则上，只有当表示的动作为人所控制时才可使用它来表示将来，否则就是错的。如可说 Im going to play tennis，也可说 Im to play tennis，因为其中的 play tennis是可以人为控制的。而在以下各例中，其中的动作均不能为人所限制，所以going不可省略：Hes going to be fat. 他要发胖了。There is going to be a storm. 要下暴风雨了。Youre going to break that chair. 你会把那把椅子弄坏的。二、表示计划或意图They are to be married. 他们打算结婚。We are to be married in June. 我们计划在6月结婚。说明：该结构也可用于条件状语从句。如：If Im to be there on time, I must leave at once. 如果我要想准时赶到那儿，我就必须马上动身。If we are to succeed in this enterprise, we shall need to plan everything very carefully. 如果我们想要在这项事业上取得成功，我们就需要把一切都仔细计划好。另外，若表示过去未曾实现的想法或意图，其中的不定式则用完成式。如：We were to have gone away last week, but I was ill. 我们本打算上周走的，但是我病了。I was to have started work last week, but I changed my mind. 我本该上周开始工作的，但我改变了主意。比较：He was to go. 当时他是要去的。(至于最后去没去，不得而知)He was to have gone. 他本来是要去的。(但实际上却没有去)三、表示责任或义务You are to report to the police. 你应该报警。I am to inform you that. 我有义务(我受人之托)通知你She is to be in class at 9 am. 她应该上午9点到课堂。四、表示命令或规定You are not to smoke here. 此处禁止吸烟。All staff is to wear uniforms. 全体工作人员必须穿制服。Visitors are to leave when the bell rings. 来访者必须在铃响时离开。You are to do your homework before you watch TV. 你得做完了作业才能看电视。She can go to the party, but shes not to be back late. 她可以去参加聚会，但不能晚回来。No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police. 未经警务人员允许，任何人不得擅自离开这座房子。五、表示目的或用途A knife is to cut with. 刀子是用来切东西的。The telegram was to say that she'd be late. 电报是说她可能晚到。六、表示推测或推断He is not to be blamed. 不该责备他。The book was not to be found. 那本书找不到了。The account of the event is to be found in todays papers. 关于这件事的报道可在今天的报上找到。七、表示命中注定He was never to see his wife again. 他从那以后就再也见不到他的妻子了。They were never to meet again. 他们注定以后永远不会再见面。They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again. 他们相互道别，一点也没有想到他们再也不能相见了。八、表示虚拟语气即用于与事实相反的虚拟条件句，表示虚拟语气。此时be通常要用were这一形式，但在非正式文体中也可用was。如：Id be sorry if you were to think that I disliked you. 若是你认为我不喜欢你，那我就太伤心了。If it were to rain, we would have to cancel the match tomorrow. 假如下雨, 我们只好取消明天的比赛。注意其省略倒装形式：If I were to tell you / Were I to tell you that I killed him, would you believe me? 假如我对你说是我杀死了他, 你相信吗?If I were to do that / Were I to do that, what would you say? 如果我做了那件事，你会说什么呢?说明：根据语意的需要，“be+不定式”结构中不定式可以用被动式。如：The cover is not to be removed. 这块盖布请勿揭开。This medicine is to be taken hourly. 这药每小时服一次。The cost of carriage is to be paid by the receiver. 运费由收货人支付。She will determine how it is to be done. 她会决定这件事的做法。A little tiredness after taking these drugs is to be expected. 服下这些药后会有些疲倦。学科网（北京）股份有限公司