高考英语语法知识精讲：现在分词及运用讲义.docx

高中英语语法知识精讲：现在分词及运用现在分词独立主格结构的理解与用法一、现在分词独立主格结构的理解根据英语语法要求，如果一个现在分词用作状语，那么它的逻辑主语应该与句子主语体质一致，但有时句子的语义需要现在分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，此时我们就需要使用现在分词的独立主格结构。现在分词的独立主格结构由“名词或代词(采用主格形式+现在分词”构成，其中采用主格形式的“名词或代词”就是其后现在分词的逻辑主语。如:He being absent,nothing couldn't be done.由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。Ashton being dead, there was nothing to be done now.阿希顿已经死了，现在没有什么办法可想了。Weather permitting.we'll have the match tomorrow.天气允许的话，我们将于明天进行比赛。She sat behind the table, her chin resting in her hands.她坐在桌子后面，双手托着下巴二、现在分词独立主格结构的正误分析请再看下面的正误句分析:误 : Being ill, we had to send the boy to hospital由于bemg i前没有自带的逻辑主语，所以从理论上说，它的逻辑主语就应该是句子主语，这样一来此句的意思就是:我们生病了.所以我们只好送这男孩去医院。显然这样的句子不合情理。但是，如果改为下面这样的句子就没问题了:正: Being ill,the boy was sent to hospital 由于生病了，这男孩被送到了医院。如果改为现在分词的独立主格结构，则可以这样改写:正: The boy being i, we had to send him to hospital. 这男孩病了，所以我们送他去医院。句中的the boy being l就是现在分词的独立主格结构，其中的the boy为现在分词being i的逻辑主语。三、现在分词独立主格结构的用法1.时间The question being settled,we went home.问题解决之后，我们就回家了2The day being fine,we decided to go swimming. 天气好，我们决定去游泳。The day being fine, they decided to go swimming.由于天气很好，我们决定去游泳。Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed. 因为再没有人有话要说，会议就结束了。3结The cart overturned,the horse plunging and rearing in its traces. 马车翻倒，马往前一冲，套着挽绳的上半身直立起来All this time, they were fast asleep, all of them knowing nothing about what had happened.那段时间，他们都很快就入睡，没有人知道发生了什么事。所以我们只好送这男孩去医院。显然这样的句子不合情理。但是，如果改为下面这样的句子就没问题了:正: Being il,the boy was sent to hospital 由于生病了，这男孩被送到了医院。如果改为现在分词的独立主格结构，则可以这样改写:正: The boy being i, we had to send him to hospital. 这男孩病了，所以我们送他去医院句中的the boy being i就是现在分词的独立主格结构，其中的the boy为现在分词being "的逻辑主语4.表条件Weather permitting, we'll have the match tomorrow.天气允许的话，我们将于明天进行比赛Im playing golf this afternoon一weather permitting.我今天下午打高尔夫球-一如果天气允许的话。Other things being equal,I would buy the black dress not the white one.其他方面若都相同，我将买那黑的衣服，不买那件白的。5.表伴随She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind.她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着We drove through red traffic lights, the horn blaring.我们鸣着喇，闯过红灯灯。She sat behind the table, her chin resting in her hands.她坐在桌子后面，双手托着下巴。现在分词的逻辑主语问题一、现在分词的逻辑主语的概念现在分词属于非谓语动词，不能单独用作谓语，所以从语法角度看，它没有真正意义上的主语。但是，现在分词也是一种动词，它所表示的动作自然有其相应的执行者一一这个动作的执行者既可能是句子的主语或宾语等，也可能是加在现在分词前的特定的人或物。这个具体表明动作执行者的主语，就叫现在分词的逻辑主语。如:He found a tree lying across the road.他发现一棵树横倒在马路上。I could feel the sweat trickling down my back.我能感觉到汗珠从我的后背淌下来She heard him clattering around downstairs.她听到他在楼下喀哒喀哒地走来走去。上面两句中的a tree, the sweat, him 分别是现在分词ying., tricking., clattering.的逻辑主语。二、关于现在分词作宾语补足语时的逻辑主语问题现在分词用作宾语补足语时的基本结构是“动词+宾语+现在分词用作宾语补足语”，很显然，该结构中现在分词的逻辑主语就是它前面的“宾语”。如:We listened to the band playing in the park.我们听着乐队在公园里演奏。We got him talking about his war experience.我们让他谈起了他战时的经历The police observed the man entering the bank.警方监视着那男子进入银行的情况。Eyewitnesses saw two men running away from the bank.目击者看见两名男子从银行逃走了。She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising.她闻到有东西着了，还看见烟在冒。At this moment she noticed Hallorsen coming in.这时她看见海洛森走了进来。Don't leave your money lying in the bank; spend it.别把你的钱存在银行里，花掉他。I stood at the foot of the collapsed tower and watched the rescue workers sifting through the debris.我在倒塌的高塔脚下，看看教援人员在瓦砾堆中搜寻。二、关于现在分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题根据英语语法，现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。如:Turning around,she saw an ambulance driving up.她转过身，看见一辆救护车开了过来。(相当于When she turned around.Putting down my newspaper,I walked over to the window.(-After I had put down my newspaper, .) 我放下报纸，走到窗前。He felt nervous standing up in front of the large audience. 站在大批观众面前他感到紧张。Having no children of their own they decided to adopt an orphan.他们因没有亲生儿女，所以决定领养一个孤儿。The teacher, not having heard the chimes, kept on teaching.老师没听到下课铃声，仍继续上课。注意，如果分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，就可能造成错误。四、现在分词的逻辑主语与向子主语不一致的情形原见说，当现在分词用作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与向子主语一致，但事实上也有少数例外的情况，它们的逻辑主语虽然与句子主语不一致，但它们却是合乎英语习惯的。这类特殊情况主要有以下几类:(1)表示观点的惯用表达:某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达，它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致。如:Generally speaking, men can run faster than women.一般说来，男人比女人跑得快一些。Broadly speaking,dogs are more faithful than cats.泛泛地说，狗比猫要更为忠实。Strictly speaking. you ought to sign the visitors book first. 严格讲，你应先在访客上签名。Taking everything into consideration, they ought to get another chance.考虑到各种因素，他们应该获得另一次机会。以上各句句首的分词短语的逻辑主语均与向子主语不一致，严格说来，它们的逻辑主语到底是谁都不是很明确，这类结构只是用于引出说话人希望表达的的一种观点或态度。(2) 含有先行主语i或tere时:当句子含有先行主语或there时，有时用作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致。如:Being French, it's surprising that she's such a terrible cook.她是法国人，但她做饭做得那么糟令人感到惊奇。Standing there in the house, it seemed that he had never been away 他站在屋子那儿，好像从未离开过。第一句中的分词短语being French的逻辑主语应是“她”，但中于句子语是，所以这是合乎习惯的。第二句的分词短语Standing there in the house的逻辑主语应该是“他”，但由于句子主语是there，所以这句话是可以接受的。(3)已转化成其他词类时:当分词转化为介词或连词，本身不再被视为分词时，我们就无需考虑主语的一致性了。如:Supposing there was a war, what would you do? 假如发生战争，你怎么办?Supposing she doesnt come, what shall we do? 假设她不来，我们该怎么办?句中的supposing在此已不是分词，而是用作连词，相当于if。(4)当逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时:当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的或you时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题如:Granting these differences. the service was a service.我们姑目承认这些区别，但礼拜还是礼拜The shaver can be charged up and used when traveling,这咱剃须可以充电供旅行中使用。现在分词作表语与进行时态的用法比较一、现在分词作表语现在分词作表语主要用于说明主语的性质或特征。如:Time is pressing.时间很紧迫。My memory is shocking.我的记忆力糟糕透了The news is quite amazing.这消息十分惊人。She is amusing to be with.和她在一起很有意思。It was astonishing to hear him say so.听他那样说，让人感到惊讶。I think his lecture is boring.我认为他的讲演令人厌烦。One of our aircraft is missing我们的一架飞机失踪了。His repeated absence (from school) is worrying.他一再缺课使人担忧I think his lecture is boring我认为他的讲演令人厌烦。Skiing is more exciting than skating.滑雪比滑冰更刺激I hope you will always remain so charming.我希望你会永远保持这样有魅力。The instructions on the box are very confusing.盒子上的使用说明含混不清。It was depressing to find the house empty 发现屋里没人，令人心里很郁闷。It is frightening even to think of the horrors of nuclear war. 核战争的恐怖状况连想都不敢想二、动词的进行时态动词的进行时态表示动作正在进行。如:The car engine is idling.汽车引警在空转A crane is flying above the lake.一只鹤在湖上飞旋He is having radium treatment.他在接受雷放射治疗The baby is sucking its thumb.这婴在吸拇指。The dog is barking at the stranger.狗正对着陌生人叫。The government is trying to keep prices down.政府正在设法降低物价。He is making an experiment and designing to test the new drug.他正进行试验，打算试验这种新药The boy is looking at him in astonishment and says nothing. 这男孩惊奇地望着他，什么也没说。She left her baby in the room and now it is crying.她把婴儿放在房间里，那婴儿正在哭。学科网（北京）股份有限公司