词的构成方式优秀PPT.ppt

词的构成方式现在学习的是第1页，共63页 1.Morpheme1.1 Definition of morphemeMorpheme)=Greek morph(form)+-eme(unit)It denotes the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.Q:How many morphemes does the word have?E.g.mono-morphemic:sky double-morphemic:chill+y,boy+ish triple-morphemic:un+dress+ed,care+less+ness four-morphemic:un+fruit+ful+ness over-four-morphemic:un+gentle+man+li+ness transportationUncarefulnessdenationalization现在学习的是第2页，共63页1.2 AllomorphA morpheme may take various shapes or forms.E.g.s in books,pigs,horses has the same meaning“more than one”,yet it has three different sounds.The three forms are variants of the same morphemes s.They are called allomorphs.An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morph as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.e.g.ion,-tion,-sion,-ation.They do not differ in meaning and function,but show a slight difference in sound.现在学习的是第3页，共63页More examples:In-,il,ir,im-edCon-,com,col现在学习的是第4页，共63页 2.classification of morphemesA:Free morphemes&bound morphemesFree morpheme is the one that can be uttered alone with meaning.It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme.It is a word in traditional sense.E.g.man,book,read,eye,sky现在学习的是第5页，共63页A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance,it must appear with at least one other morpheme,free or bound.E.g.reread,unkind,happilyInflectional elements are affixes are bound morphemes.现在学习的是第6页，共63页B:Roots and affixesRoot is the basic unchangeable part of a word,and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.E.g.work,worker,working,worked,workableRoots are either free or bound.现在学习的是第7页，共63页a:free roots can stand alone as words.E.g.book,pen,fan,hand,bodyb:bound roots belong to the class of bound morphemes.E.g.contain,detain,retain(to hold)conceive,Revive,vitamin,vital,vividInspect,expect,introspect,retrospect,Respect,suspect,prospect,perspect,Interpersonal,interaction,interplay,interlanguage,intercontinentInter-is a prefix.现在学习的是第8页，共63页2.AffixAffix is a collective form for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.They may be divided into inflectional;affixes and derivational affixes.现在学习的是第9页，共63页Inflectional affixes serve to express such meanings as plurality,tense,and the comparative degree or superlative degree 表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。They express the following meanings:现在学习的是第10页，共63页Plurality名词复数名词复数The genitive case 名词所有格名词所有格The comparative and superlative degrees 形容词形容词/副词比较级、最高级副词比较级、最高级The verbal endings 动词词尾变化动词词尾变化e.g.-s in chairs,pens;-es in boxes,tomatoes;-en in oxene.g.s in boys,childrense.g.-er in words like smaller;-est in words like smallest.a.-(e)s in words like eats,teaches shows the third person singular present tense.b.-ing in words like eating,shows the present participle or gerund.c.-(e)d in words like worked shows the past tense or past participle.现在学习的是第11页，共63页Derivational affixes（派生词缀）are so called because when they are added to another morpheme,they derive a new word.E.g.de-defrost -decentralization -detrain -decode -eer(人，蔑视)Profiteer,blackmarketeer现在学习的是第12页，共63页Whats the difference between them?InflectionalOnly have its grammatical meaning;Doesnt change meaning or part of speech of the stem.(workworks)Indicates syntactic relations between different words in a sentence.DerivationalChanges meaning or part of speech of the stem.(like-dislike,sleepasleep)Indicates semantic relations within the word.(specific lexical meaning，e.g.,un-)Having lexical meaning and affective meaning.Can be added to different word class.Productive ones and dead ones现在学习的是第13页，共63页In word-formation,morphemes are labeled root,stem,base and affix.在构词法中在构词法中,语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。缀。Root,stem,base词根、词干、词基现在学习的是第14页，共63页 A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.词词根根是是所所有有屈屈折折词词缀缀和和派派生生词词缀缀被被去去掉掉后后所所剩剩余的那部分。余的那部分。词根、词干、词基词根、词干、词基现在学习的是第15页，共63页A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind(both derivational and inflectional)can be added.It can be a root or a stem.词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。现在学习的是第16页，共63页词根、词干、词基词根、词干、词基词词根根（rootroot）是是所所有有屈屈折折词词缀缀和和派派生生词词缀缀被被去去掉掉后所剩余的那部分。后所剩余的那部分。词词干干(stem)(stem)是是所所有有屈屈折折词词缀缀被被去去掉掉后后所所剩剩余余的的那那部部分。分。词基词基(base)(base)是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。它它与与词词根根有有区区别别，因因为为它它是是可可以以从从派派生生角角度度进进行行分分析析的的形形式式，在在上上面面可可以以加加上上派派生生词词缀缀。但但是是词词根根则则不不容容许许做做进进一一步步的的分分析析。词词基基与与词词干干也也是是不不同同的的，因因为为派派生生词词缀缀和和屈屈折折词词缀缀都都可可以以加加在在词词基基上上，而而只只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。现在学习的是第17页，共63页Task:Analyze the word in terms of root,stem and basee.g.,(root/base)(derivational suffix)desire able (derivational prefix)(base)un desirable(a.)(stem/base)(inflectional suffix)undesirable(n.)s (root/stem/base)(inflectional suffix)desire(v.)d现在学习的是第18页，共63页 free-free rootMorpheme bound root bound affixes inflectional derivational prefix suffix (en-,be-,a-)现在学习的是第19页，共63页 Word-formationDerivationConversionCompositionAbbreviationBlendingBack-formation现在学习的是第20页，共63页1.CompositionCompounding复合法The way of putting two words together to form a new word is composition.The word is called compound.（free morpheme+free morpheme）现在学习的是第21页，共63页1.1 How to identify a compoundWritten form:3 typesSemantically:not simply semantically add together redcoat英国士兵,greenhouse温室,greenroom,greenhorn,greenfly蚜虫,greenback美钞,greenline,greentail心疼，胃疼；新鞋，破鞋Grammatically:Blackbird画眉，not“a black night bird”special structurePhonetically:stress syllable always on the first汉语第二个音节：轻声东西，运气现在学习的是第22页，共63页1.2 semantic analysisMostly the part of speech is decided by the second part.(except breakthrough)Mostly,modifier+center:fifteen,Sunday,reading-roomBut maybe the same structure with different meaningE.g.homeletterhomevoyagehomelifehomebirdhomesicknesshomegamesEven some of them are very hard to analyze.E.g.womannostril=nosu(nose)+yrel(hole)现在学习的是第23页，共63页l1.3 Compound nounslAdj+n.harddisk,easychair,deadline,lN+p.p.machine-building ,handwritingl N.+n.information highway,barcode lipservice,spaceship,weekend,she-wolflAdv+n.aftereffect,overburden,upgrade,lAdv+v.upstart，downfall,onflow,lV+adv put-off,show-off gentlemanlV+n.breakfast,swearword,jumpsuitlN+v.toothpick,snowfall,watersupply现在学习的是第24页，共63页Syntactic relation between the morphemes in compound1.modifier+center2.sub.+verb3.verb+obj.4.sub.+obj.5.parallel structure6.apposition现在学习的是第25页，共63页1.4 compound adj.分为五种:（1）由状语转化而成的复合形容词：an off-the-cuff opinion（临时想起的一点意见），round-the-clock discussion（连续二十四小时的讨论会），the ahead-of-schedule general election（提前举行的大选），an off-camera announcer（影屏外的播音员），first on-scene attempt to detect life on Mars（第一次对火星上有无生命的实景考察）（2）由短语动词转化而成的复合形容词：a back-up generator（备用发电机），a stand-up collar（竖领），a walk-in closet（人可以走进去的大壁橱），a break-in period（草创时期），a walk-on appearance（跑龙套角色的演出），a seethrough shirt（薄得透明的衬衫）现在学习的是第26页，共63页（3）由动词不定式转化而成的复合形容词）由动词不定式转化而成的复合形容词：take-home pay（扣除捐税后的实得工资）（扣除捐税后的实得工资），a cross-border raid（越界袭击），（越界袭击），a keep-fit class（保健班）。（保健班）。the talk-talk，fight-fight strategy可译成可译成“停停打打停停打打的战略的战略”；divide-and-rule policy可译可译成成“分而治之的政策分而治之的政策”hit-and-run tactics可译成可译成“打了就跑的战术打了就跑的战术”。现在学习的是第27页，共63页（4）由带有介词的后置定语构成的复合形容词：）由带有介词的后置定语构成的复合形容词：这种结这种结构的形态标志是形容词构的形态标志是形容词+名词或名词名词或名词+名词。名词。Foreign-policy discussions（外交政策的讨论）（外交政策的讨论）=discussions on foreign policy,national-security matters（国家安全事（国家安全事物）物）=matters concerning national security,flood-retreat cultivation（洪水退去后的耕种）（洪水退去后的耕种）=cultivation after the retreat of a flood,weather modification ideas（改变气候的设想）（改变气候的设想）=ideas about modification of the weather,a troop withdrawal proposal（撤军的建议）（撤军的建议）=a proposal for withdrawal of troops,a coffee-price brake（煞住咖啡价格的涨风）（煞住咖啡价格的涨风）=a brake on the rise of the price of coffee，the election-eve situation（大选（大选前夕的形势）前夕的形势）=the situation on the eve of an election.现在学习的是第28页，共63页(5)由定语从句压缩而成的复合形容词：由定语从句压缩而成的复合形容词：an easy-to-paint portrait（一幅容易绘画的（一幅容易绘画的像）像）,a difficult-to-operate machine（一（一部难于操纵的机器）部难于操纵的机器）=a machine which is difficult to operate,hard-to-get-at volumes（难以借到的图书）。类似的结（难以借到的图书）。类似的结构还有：构还有：a not-so-strong football team（一个实力不太强的足球队），（一个实力不太强的足球队），the too-eager-not-to-lose old champions（那些求胜心切的老冠军），（那些求胜心切的老冠军），the still-to-be-made announcement（有待宣布的声（有待宣布的声明）。明）。现在学习的是第29页，共63页Syntactic relation between the morphemes in adj.Adj+adverdialVerb+adverbialSub.+verbVerb+objAttribute+noun.parallel现在学习的是第30页，共63页1.5 Compound verbMainly formed by conversion and backformation.By conversion:machine-gun,spotlight（使突出）,nickname,honeymoon,By backformation:massproduction,sight-seeing,chainsmoker,proofreading(校对)现在学习的是第31页，共63页2.Conversion转化法A word is used as another word-class with new meaning and function but without any change in form.The method is conversion functional shiftzero-derivation.现在学习的是第32页，共63页2.1Convert into verbNoun into verbR.Quirk 把转成动词与原名词的语义关系分成7种：To put inon 把放入（地方、容器、建筑物等）To give n.to provide with n.给予，提供To deprive of 去除Towith n.用做（人体部位或工具）To beact as n.with respect to 像那样To change into,使成为To sendgo by n.用寄送；乘前往According to the context deal with the conversion flexibly.Eg.To dust现在学习的是第33页，共63页Adj into verbTo dry,to blind,to narrow,to empty,to freeAdv into verbTo yes,to better,to further,to up,to outPrep.Into verbTo round,crossExclamation into verbTo shoo(“嘘嘘”地赶),to shush（to be quiet）现在学习的是第34页，共63页2.2 into n.Verb into n.The nouns from verb mostly indicate the original action and state,so they always collocate with to have,to take,to make and to give.Eg.Have a look，have a try,a rest.现在学习的是第35页，共63页Semantically,nouns from verb may refer to:Doer of the action:cook,cheat,sneakResult of verb:import,find,refuseTool:catch,cover,wrapPlace:dump,turn,divide,pass现在学习的是第36页，共63页e.英语中有不少短语动词转化为名词，构成名词化短语动词。名词化短语动词从其成分之间的组合关系来看可分成两大类：右分枝结构(right branching)和左分枝结构(left branching)。E.g.break-up，fallout,cut-back outlay,upstart,outcome现在学习的是第37页，共63页同源对似词(cognates/etymological doublets)Eg.repeat重奏，重演/repetition重复:command（指挥；指令）/commandment（戒律；圣训）combine（联合企业；联合收割机）/combination(联合；结合体)exhaust（排出的气；排气装置）/exhaustion（筋疲力尽；耗尽）现在学习的是第38页，共63页Adj into n.Fullcomplete conversion and partial conversionFull conversion refers to the converted nouns have all the grammatical features of the noun.(-s,s,theaan n.)Eg.native现在学习的是第39页，共63页Partial conversion refers to the converted nouns only have some features of the noun.The poor,the very unfortunate,the poorer than oneself,the most corrupt of them.这一类词大致可分成以下五种：a.表示一种类的概念，指具有某种特点的一类人，不指个别人。例如：These books are intended for the deaf and mute.b.以-s,-se,-sh,-ch结尾表示民族概念的形容词转化为名词，与定冠词连用，指整个民族。例如：The Danish are a seafaring nation.现在学习的是第40页，共63页c.表示抽象概念，指具有某种特点的东西。例如：It is highly important to distinguish between the false and the true.d.最高级形容词转化为名词，其中有一些词用在固定词组或习语词组中。例如：He was at his best when talking about music.e.由过去分词构成的形容词转化为名词。这类词如果前面加定冠词，则不指一般人，而指特定的人，如the deceased（死者），the accused（被告），the deserted（被遗弃的人），the betrothed（订婚者），the bereaved（死难者的家属），the condemned（被定罪的人）等。现在学习的是第41页，共63页上述名词化形容词前均加上定冠词，但也有例外的情况。在表示两个相对概念的词并列时，定冠词可以省略。例如：Both old and young took part in the run.Well stand by you through thick and thin.有些名词化形容词出现在固定词组中，也不用定冠词。例如：He hoped that the repairs would stop the leak for good.现在学习的是第42页，共63页Others into n.The haves and havenots,ins and outs,pros and cons,ups and downs,ifs and buts,whys and hows,a must现在学习的是第43页，共63页2.3 converted into adj.(nounce words)Over-the-counterOut-of-the-wayOut-of-the-controlOut-of-the-shapeOut-of-the-conditionOut-of-the-powerOut-of-action现在学习的是第44页，共63页3.Abbreviation 缩略法The abbreviated words are made by omitting or shortening the word syllables.The word-formation is called abbreviation or shortening.现在学习的是第45页，共63页Why?A.The trend of simplificationmonosyllabism(Chinese-doublesyllabism)B.to save time and space,past only in political and military areas,now nearly every field.汉语中6万，英语中45万现在学习的是第46页，共63页Side-effects:过分求简，影响准确，造成混乱。南大，三等公民，省长，白领，你永别了,前夫现在学习的是第47页，共63页3.1 Clipped word 截短词The word is made by cutting out the original words one or more syllables.3.1.1 out the head 掐头型Buscellocyclephonequakevanwigscopeplane3.1.2 out the end 去尾型Adautobikegaslavmemophotomiketele3.1.3 out the head and end 掐头去尾型Flutecdeptscriptfridge3.1.4contractions 缩约形式It refers to the abbreviated words with suspension points.GovtRecdeerneercant现在学习的是第48页，共63页3.2Initialism 首字母缩略词It refers to the abbreviated word made by the first letter of each word of a phrase,it would be read by its letter sound.BBCEECWTOMTVIOCV-DayOPEC=Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesGATT=General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeCEO=chief executive officierDIY=do it yourselfIOU=I own youKiss=keep it simple stupid(保持简单笨拙)co,p.s现在学习的是第49页，共63页Acronyms 首字母拼音词The word is formed by the first letter of each word of a phrase,read as a word.NilkdinkyNATOUNESCOSOHO=Small office,Home OfficeRadar=radio detection and rangingLaser=lightwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiationSALTWASPBASICPENS现在学习的是第50页，共63页Number compact expressions:双赢，三包，四季，和平共处五项原则，六书，三大纪律八项注意The three Ps(中东三大问题：peace,petroleum,Palestine)The three Rs(三种基本能力：reading,writing,arithmetic)The three Cs(商誉三要素：character,capacity,capital)Four-H(美农业部提出的四健：head,heart,hands,health)Five senses(sight,hearing,touch,smell,taste)“地域性强，时间性强，专业性强”（汪榕培，2000）现在学习的是第51页，共63页4.Blending拼缀法、混成法The blend is formed by two parts with each of them cutting out part of the syllables.The blend is also called portmanteau word.行囊词Typical in Alice in Wonderland written by Lewis Carroll,galumph得意洋洋昂首阔步=gallop+triumph,chortle满心喜悦的哈哈大笑=chuckle+snortN.-telex=teleprinter+exchange 电传Geep=goat+sheepSlurb=slum+suburbcamcordercomsatautomebrunchsmogmotelpsywarvideophonemedicaredawkmoped现在学习的是第52页，共63页V.-guestimatebreathalyzeliealyzerA.-programmatic=program+automatic能自动编程的Electromechanical=electric+mechanical 电机的Electrochemical=electric+chemical电化学的现在学习的是第53页，共63页5.Backformation 逆生法Automate,donate,televise,negate,beg,appreciate,diagnose,enthuse,edit,Pup(puppy),greed(greedy),difficult(difficulty)现在学习的是第54页，共63页现在学习的是第55页，共63页现在学习的是第56页，共63页现在学习的是第57页，共63页现在学习的是第58页，共63页现在学习的是第59页，共63页现在学习的是第60页，共63页现在学习的是第61页，共63页现在学习的是第62页，共63页现在学习的是第63页，共63页