英语写作基础知识.ppt

英语句子英语句子（Sentences）英语段落（英语段落（Paragraphs）英语篇章（英语篇章（Essay）写作基础知识写作基础知识 (BasicWritingSkills)第一节 英语句子(Sentences)1.1.1.1.1.1.英语基本句型英语基本句型1.1.2.1.1.2.英语句子种类英语句子种类1.1.3.1.1.3.有效句子有效句子1.1.1.1.1.1.英语基本句型 （Basic Elements of a Sentence）英语句子的主要构成成份有：英语句子的主要构成成份有：S=Subject 主语主语V=Verb 动词动词 O=Object 宾语宾语 C=Complement 补语补语 A=Adverbial 状语状语英语的七种基本句型：英语的七种基本句型：SV:主谓主谓SVO:主谓宾主谓宾SVC:主谓补主谓补SVA:主谓状主谓状SVOO:主谓（间接）宾（直接）宾主谓（间接）宾（直接）宾SVOC:主谓宾补主谓宾补SVOA:主谓宾状主谓宾状 此外还有比较常用的此外还有比较常用的Therebe 句型，句型，表示表示“存在，有存在，有”1.SV:The sun is shining.2.SVO:You should also consider this.3.SVC:The apple tastes good.4.SVA:I was at college.5.SVOO:Living at college gives me a sense of responsibility.6.SVOC:That makes me responsible for my own life.7.SVOA:You can put the dish on the table.8.There be：There are friendly people around to talk with.Samples1.Yourdinnerseemsready.()2.ImustsendmyparentsaChristmascard.()3.Thatclassinterestedme.()4.Myschoolisonthenextstreet.()5.Manystudentsfindthatbookveryhelpful.()6.Youmayputyourumbrellaunderthetable.()7.Shewassmiling.()8.Wehavemadehertheheadofourgroup.()同步练习同步练习Now read the following sentences and tell which clause type they belong to.SVCSVOOSVOSVASVOCSVOASVSVOC1.1.2.1.1.2.英语句子种类（TypesofSentences）1.1.句子按其用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句2.2.句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句陈述句陈述句（Declarative Sentence):a declarative sentence makes a positive or negative statement Our warehouses have limited facilities.He is not the rival in negotiation.疑问句疑问句 (Interrogative Sentence):a interrogative sentence asks a question.Will you please pay your prompt attention to this matter?(General Question)Example我们的仓库设施很有限。我们的仓库设施很有限。他不是谈判对手他不是谈判对手。Example对此问题，请及时加以注意。对此问题，请及时加以注意。Example How old are you?(Special Question)Is the delegation leaving today or tomorrow?(Alternative Question)You didnt go to Shanghai,did you?(Tag Question)祈使句祈使句(Imperative Sentence):an imperative sentence expresses a command or a request.Please think over the local tax rate.Dont open the door.感叹句感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence):an exclamatory sentence shows a strong feeling or emotion.What a lever boy he is!How careless she is!ExampleExampleExample简单句简单句（Simple Sentence):a simple sentence is one that consists of a single independent clause.Wewouldappreciateapromptreply.并列句并列句（Compound Sentence):a compound sentence is one that contains two or more independent clauses.Ihavefinishedthework,butthereisstillmuchtodo.ExampleExample复合句复合句（Complex Sentence):a complex sentence is one that contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate or dependent clauses.Iwasreadingabookwhenhecame.并列复合句并列复合句（Compound-complex Sentence):a compound-complex sentence is one that contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause.In other words,it is a combination of a compound and a complex sentence Shewearsareddresswhensheisingoodmood,butshewearsablueonewhensheisinbadmood.ExampleExample1.1.3.1.1.3.有效句子有效句子(EffectiveSentences)什么是有效句子？有效句子就是好句子。好句子什么是有效句子？有效句子就是好句子。好句子除了语法结构正确外，必须思想完整，表达准确，除了语法结构正确外，必须思想完整，表达准确，生动形象，才能有效地表达作者的思想。那么如何生动形象，才能有效地表达作者的思想。那么如何写出好句子即有效句子呢？应遵循以下几点：写出好句子即有效句子呢？应遵循以下几点：1.1.完整的句子完整的句子 (Completeness)2.2.清晰的句子清晰的句子 (Clarity)3.3.简洁的句子简洁的句子 (Conciseness)4.4.平行结构的句子平行结构的句子（Parallelism)5.5.灵活多变的句子灵活多变的句子 (Variety)1.1.写完整的句子写完整的句子(Completeness)一个完整的句子既包括结构上的完整，也包括意义上的完整。(1)(1)结构上的完整结构上的完整SentenceCompleteness Wrong:MynameHelen.汉语句子可以不用动词，主语也可以省略，而汉语句子可以不用动词，主语也可以省略，而英语句子一般需要有主语和谓语动词才算完整。再英语句子一般需要有主语和谓语动词才算完整。再者，与汉语不同，英语句子中及物动词的宾语不能者，与汉语不同，英语句子中及物动词的宾语不能省略。我们还可以用省略。我们还可以用that、who或或because之类的词之类的词把小句子连在一起，组成大句子。例如：把小句子连在一起，组成大句子。例如：Wrong:Theyeatrice,andweeat,too.Correct:MynameisHelen.Correct:Theyeatrice,andweeatrice,too.ExampleWrong:Friendlypeople,anotherthingIlikeaboutcollege.Correct:Friendly people,thats another thing I likeaboutcollege.Wrong:Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguages quickly.Because they know howtolisten.Correct:Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguagesquicklybecausetheyknowhowtolisten.None of the following sentences are complete.Make necessary corrections to make them complete.1.Idislikedogsbecauseverysmelly(气味难闻气味难闻).2.ThedogsalwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisit.-Idislikedogsbecausetheyareverysmelly.-ThedogsarealwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisitthem.3.Waysofnamingnewbabiesdifferentaroundtheworld.-Ways of naming new babies are different around the world.同步练习同步练习4.In Guangzhou is hotter than in Beijing.5.Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,gotogetastickifyouthrowit.-In Guangzhou,it is hotter than in Beijing.-Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,theygotogetastickifyouthrowit.-Itstoocoldinthisroom.6.Istoocoldinthisroom.7.Becausewedonthaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet.8.Abookthatyoulike.-Thatisabookthatyoulike.-Becausewedonthaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet,wedontkeepone.简单陈述句的语序简单陈述句的语序（Word order in Simple Statements）boughtahatyesterdayThechildrenranhomeThedrivershoutedatmeangrilyThecarstoppedsuddenlyJackreadthebook quietlyinhisroomallafternoon名，代，数，名，代，数，短语，从句短语，从句谓语动词谓语动词名，代宾，数，名，代宾，数，短语，从句短语，从句副词，相当于副词，副词，相当于副词，短语和从句短语和从句ITheyaresittingbehindme1.The film I enjoyed yesterday2.A tree in the corner of the garden he planted.3.This morning a book I from the library borrowed4.A new school built they in our village last year.Ienjoyedthe filmyesterdayHeplanteda treeIn the cornerof the garden Iborroweda bookfrom the library this morning Theybuilta new schoolin our villagelast yearexercise这家公司去年非法在我们村建立了一家化学工厂。Thiscompanybuiltachemicalfactoryilleagellyinourvilliagelastyear.今天早上这个小男孩在厨房里贪婪地吃了一个苹果。Thelittleboyateanapplegreedilyinthekitchenthismorning午饭前他在办公室里很快读了信。HereadtheletterquicklyinhisofficeBeforelunch.我们耐心地在机场等候了整个下午就是为了能看到麦克本人.WewaitedpatientlyattheairportalltheafternooninordertohavealookatMike简出于她父母的意愿，来到中国探望她失散已久的舅。JanecametoChinatovisitherlong-lostunclebecauseofherparentswill.(2)(2)意义上的完整意义上的完整 意义上的完整指句意要完整。它至少是一个简单句，只能意义上的完整指句意要完整。它至少是一个简单句，只能有一个中心思想。有一个中心思想。请看下列句子：请看下列句子：a.WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,andsheisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.b.Jimisoneofthefastestrunners.c.ErnestHemingwaywasanAmericannovelist,andhewontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.Example以上三个句子都不符合句子只有一个中心思想这以上三个句子都不符合句子只有一个中心思想这一要求，句意不完整。可作如下修改：一要求，句意不完整。可作如下修改：a.WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,andsheisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.修改：修改：WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,whoisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.b.Jimisoneofthefastestrunners.修改：Jimisoneofthefastestrunnersofourschool.c.ErnestHemingwaywasanAmericannovelist,and he won the Nobel Prize forLiteraturein1954.修改：ErnestHemingway,anAmericannovelist,wontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.2.2.写清晰的句子写清晰的句子(Clarity)写作要注意句子的清晰度。以下几种情况妨写作要注意句子的清晰度。以下几种情况妨碍文章的清晰，影响读者的理解。碍文章的清晰，影响读者的理解。(1)(1)缺乏必要的细节。缺乏必要的细节。简洁尽管重要，但必要细节的缺乏也会使读简洁尽管重要，但必要细节的缺乏也会使读者产生误解甚至不知所云。例如：者产生误解甚至不知所云。例如：a.Helovessportsmuchmorethanhissister.b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.c.Thecityhasaboutonemillion.a句既可理解为句既可理解为“他比妹妹更喜欢运动他比妹妹更喜欢运动”，也，也可以理解为可以理解为“他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹妹他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹妹”。为了使意义清晰明了，应该在该句的。为了使意义清晰明了，应该在该句的后半部补上相应的谓语：后半部补上相应的谓语：修改修改：He loves sports much more than his sister does.或：He loves sports much more than he loves his sister.b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.b句中的aperson和you指代不明。应改为：Whenapersongetsmarried,hetakesonnewresponsibilities.(泛指)或：Whenyougetmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.(特指)c.Thecityhasaboutonemillion.c句中，“onemillion”究竟指什么，缺乏必要的细节说明，应改为：修改：Thecityhasapopulationofonemillion.(2)(2)缺乏连贯性。缺乏连贯性。一个完整的意思被不必要地切割成几个句子，这样一个完整的意思被不必要地切割成几个句子，这样一连串的短句由于未能体现出相互间的关系，读起来费一连串的短句由于未能体现出相互间的关系，读起来费解，妨碍思维解，妨碍思维。为了使句子连贯，应注意不要将联系密切的词分开；为了使句子连贯，应注意不要将联系密切的词分开；应围绕一个中心意思，多用修饰语（如分词短语、介词短应围绕一个中心意思，多用修饰语（如分词短语、介词短语、从句等）。例如：语、从句等）。例如：a.Somepeoplecannotdistinguishbetweencolors.theyaresaidtobecolor-blinded.此句将其中一句改成定语从句此句将其中一句改成定语从句应该为应该为：Somepeoplewhocannotdistinguishbetweencolorsaresaidtobecolor-blinded.b.Hefoundthekitchenwindowopen.Heputaladderagainstthewindow.Heclimbedin.此句子可改为：此句子可改为：Findingthekitchenwindowopen,heputaladderagainstitandclimbedin.(3)(3)随意转换。随意转换。英语句子的时态、语态、语气等在句中英语句子的时态、语态、语气等在句中必须保持一致，随意转换往往造成句子意思必须保持一致，随意转换往往造成句子意思模糊不清。模糊不清。时态的随意转换。a.TheydidnotknowwhentheywillgototheGreatWall.应改为：TheydidnotknowwhentheywouldgototheGreatWall.b.Heworkedlateintothenightyesterday butgetsupearlythismorning.应改为：应改为：b.Heworkedlateintothenightyesterdaybutgotupearlythismorning.语态和主语的随意转换。语态和主语的随意转换。a.Hewasrunningveryhardintheraceandhisanklewasbroken.应改为：Hewasrunningveryhardintheraceandbrokehisankle.b.Theteacherlefttheclassroomafterthelecturewasfinished.应改为：Theteacherlefttheclassroomafterhefinishedthelecture.或：Havingfinishedthelecture,theteacherlefttheclassroom.c.Shereviewedthelessonsandalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacherweredone.应改为应改为：Shereviewedthelessonsanddidalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacher.语气随意转换。a.First stop the noise and then you may start discussion.应改为：First stop the noise and then start discussion.b.Students should learn to solve problems independently.Dont rely on your parents help.应改为：b.Students should learn to solve problems independently.They should not rely on their parents help.人称和数的随意转换。人称和数的随意转换。a.Ifonehastalents,wewillbelikelytosucceed.应改为：应改为：Ifonehastalents,onewillbelikelytosucceed.或或:Ifwehavetalents,wewillbelikelytosucceed.b.If a person is selfish,they will have few friends.应改为：b.If a person is selfish,he will have few friends.代词指代不明。a.Thepollutioninthisareaisserious;theyshoulddosomethingaboutit.应改为：Thepollutioninthisareaisserious;thegovernmentshoulddosomethingaboutit.同步练习:Correct the following sentences if necessary1.There are always a lot of good news over the radio.2.Each of the plans has its advantage.3.Either you or I are to clean the room.4.All those who want to go on the trip should get his equipment ready immediately.is amtheir5.Paidlittleattentiontohistablemanners.6.Theteachergivingsuchahardexam.-Hepaidlittleattentiontohistablemanners.(addasubject)-Theteacherisgivingsuchahardexam.(addahelpingverb)7.When only five years old,my father took me to a circus(杂技团)._ When only five years old,I was taken to a circus by my father._ When I was only five years old,my father took me to a circus.8.A car drove down the street decked with ribbon.（用缎带装饰起来的）（用缎带装饰起来的）_ A car decked with ribbon drove down the street.(Misplacedmodifier误置修饰语）误置修饰语）3.3.写简洁的句子写简洁的句子(Conciseness)简洁就是用尽可能少的词表达尽可能充分简洁就是用尽可能少的词表达尽可能充分的意思。在不改变句子意义的情况下，在能用的意思。在不改变句子意义的情况下，在能用词的地方，不用短语；在能用短语的地方不用词的地方，不用短语；在能用短语的地方不用句子。句子。比较下列两个句子：a.Heexpressesanumberofcleverexpressionsmuchtotheaudiencesdelight.Hedelightedtheaudiencewithhiscleverexpressionsb.ThismorningIwenttotheclassroom,whenIgotthere,Isawmanypeopleintheclassroom.ThismorningIwenttotheclassroomandsawmanypeoplethere.要想使句子简洁应注意以下几点：要想使句子简洁应注意以下几点：(1)避免重复意义相同的词。避免重复意义相同的词。a.Itwasblueincolor.b.Itwassmallinsize.c.Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.d.Maryisaquietandcarefulwoman.以上划线部分都属于意义重复，应去掉。以上划线部分都属于意义重复，应去掉。又如：Hegavemanyreasonsforhisfailure,butthereasonshegavewerenotconvincing.应改为：Hegavemanyreasonsforhisfailure,butnoneofthemwasconvincing.Example(2)避免使用累赘的词避免使用累赘的词。累赘的词指的是拖泥带水，啰啰唆唆的词或累赘的词指的是拖泥带水，啰啰唆唆的词或词组。例如：词组。例如：a.She was told ofthefact that eating junk food might harm her health.b.Mrs.Smith likes to drink all kinds of wines thatare produced in France.c.Thereare some students who cheat in exams.以上划线部分都是累赘的词，应去掉。以上划线部分都是累赘的词，应去掉。同步练习1.Thechairmanwillgiveuphisjobnextyearbecauseofoldage.-Thechairmanwillretirenextyear.2.Thewomanwhoisdressedinblackoverthereisthepersonwhoisnowinchargeofoursalesdepartment.-Thewomaninblackoverthereisthemanagerofoursalesdepartment.4.4.写平行结构的句子（Parallelism)在一个句子中，有几个表达相近或相对意义的并列成分时，应该使用词性一致的排比结构，这就是写作中的平行结构原则。两三个词性相同的词连成一串，形成平行结构。这种结构能使句子显得严谨，层次分明，增强感染力。例如：Examplea.Thearticleisshort,informative,andreadingitwaseasy应该为：应该为：Thearticleisshort,informative,andeasytoread.(threeadjectives)b.Knowingwhattodoandtodoitwellwillbringyousuccess.应该为应该为Knowingwhattodoanddoingitwellwillbringyousuccess.(twogerundphrases)再看下例：In summary,I do like a lot of things aboutcollege,as I said beforebeing on my own,talkingwithfriendlypeople,havingFridaysoff.(这里是3个动名词短语并列。)同步练习1.Shespendsherfreetimereading,listeningtomusic,andsheworksinthegarden.Shespendsherfreetimereading,listeningtomusicandworkinginthegarden.2.Theteachertoldusthatweshouldreadourtextandtowriteashortreviewofit.Theteachertoldusthatweshouldreadourtextandwriteashortreviewofit.Or:Theteachertoldustoreadourtextandwriteashortreviewofit.3.Mr.Butlerisamanofwideexperienceandwhoisverypopularwithhisco-workers.Mr.Butlerisamanofwideexperienceandgreatpopularityamonghisco-workers.4.Wouldyouprefertogoforawalkoutsideorstayingindoors?Wouldyouprefertogoforawalkoutsideorstayindoors?5.Pleasecleanthekitchen,theheatmustturndown,andlockthedoors.Pleasecleanthekitchen,turndowntheheat,and lockthedoors.6.ThemanagertoldHenrythathehadonlytwochoices:toworkharderorleavingthecompany.ThemanagertoldHenrythathehadonlytwochoices:toworkharderortoleavethecompany.7.Mybestfriendishonest,clever,andworkshard.Mybestfriendishonest,clever,andhard-working.8.Afterthelongtrip,Iwastiredout,thirsty,andwantedtoeat.Afterthelongtrip,Iwastiredout,thirsty,andhungry.5.写灵活多变的句子写灵活多变的句子(Variety)要使文章生动吸引人，写作时要使文章生动吸引人，写作时要经常变换句型和句子结构。要经常变换句型和句子结构。(1)句子开头多样化句子开头多样化 分词或分词短语开头。a.Wereachedourdestinationexhausted.应该为：Exhausted,wereachedourdestination.b.Ifinishedmyhomeworkandbegantoreviewthelessons.应该为：Havingfinishedmyhomework,Ibegantoreviewthelessons.形容词开头。形容词开头。Hewasintelligentandhard-working,andhegraduatedwithhonors.应该为：应该为：Intelligentandhard-working,hegraduatedwithhonors.介词短语开头。a.Thegirlwasindespairandturnedtoherfriendsforhelp.应该为：Indespair,thegirlturnedtoherfriendsforhelp.不定式短语开头。不定式短语开头。a.Heworkedharddayandnighttopasstheexams.应该为：应该为：Topasstheexams,heworkedharddayandnight.b.Hespokeslowlyandemphaticallytomakeeverythingclear.应该为：应该为：Tomakeeverythingclear,hespokeslowlyandemphatically.(2)句型多样化。用排比句、修辞疑问句、倒装句等多样化的句型能增添语言的渲染力，增加文章的艺术色彩。例如：a.Themorewegettogether,thehappierwellbe.b.Whyisitthatthemoreconnectedweget,themoredisconnectedIfeel?Example再如再如:美国黑人美国黑人“民权运动民权运动”领袖马丁领袖马丁路德路德金金（MartinLutherKing）著名的演说我有一个梦想）著名的演说我有一个梦想（Ihaveadream）。这份演讲气势如虹，感情）。这份演讲气势如虹，感情充沛，鼓动性强。其中非常重要的原因是运用了一充沛，鼓动性强。其中非常重要的原因是运用了一些比喻、排比的修辞手法和句型，增添了语言的渲些比喻、排比的修辞手法和句型，增添了语言的渲染力及文章的艺术色彩。染力及文章的艺术色彩。例如“Ihaveadreamthatoneday”。Example Ihaveadreamthat oneday this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed:We hold these truths to be self-evident,that all men are created equal.I have a dream by Martin Luther King我梦想有一天，这个国家会站我梦想有一天，这个国家会站立起来，真正实现其信条的真立起来，真正实现其信条的真谛：谛：“我们认为这些真理是不我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的；人人生而平等。言而喻的；人人生而平等。”Ihaveadreamthat oneday on the red hills of Georgia,the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.我梦想有一天，在佐治亚的红山上，我梦想有一天，在佐治亚的红山上，昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起，共叙兄弟情谊。主的儿子坐在一起，共叙兄弟情谊。Ihaveadreamthat my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将在我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将在一个不是以他们的肤色，而是以他一个不是以他们的肤色，而是以他们的品格优劣来评判他们的国度里们的品格优劣来评判他们的国度里生活。生活。同步练习：同步练习：Usecoordinationorsubordinationtocombinethegroupsofsimplesentencesintolongersentences.Omitthewordswhereneces