《系统解剖学》PPT课件.ppt

内脏学内脏学 splanchnologysplanchnology福建医科大学福建医科大学福建医科大学福建医科大学人体解剖学与组织胚胎学人体解剖学与组织胚胎学人体解剖学与组织胚胎学人体解剖学与组织胚胎学王王王王 玮玮玮玮教授教授教授教授splanchno-splanchno-内脏内脏内脏内脏 splanchnodynia splanchnodynia 内脏痛内脏痛内脏痛内脏痛内脏学内脏学splanchnologysplanchnology概述概述内脏内脏viscera包括消化系统、呼吸系统、包括消化系统、呼吸系统、泌尿系统、生殖系统泌尿系统、生殖系统内脏一般结构内脏一般结构中空性器官、实质性器官中空性器官、实质性器官胸部标志线和腹部分区胸部标志线和腹部分区胸部标志线胸部标志线腹部分区腹部分区胸部标志线胸部标志线前正中线前正中线 胸骨线胸骨线锁骨中线锁骨中线胸骨旁线胸骨旁线 腋前线腋前线 腋后线腋后线 腋中线腋中线 肩胛线肩胛线后正中线后正中线 腹部标志线和分区腹部标志线和分区两横线两垂线分九区两横线两垂线分九区左季肋区、腹上区、左季肋区、腹上区、左季肋区、腹上区、左季肋区、腹上区、右季右季右季右季肋区肋区肋区肋区左腹外侧区、脐区、右腹外左腹外侧区、脐区、右腹外左腹外侧区、脐区、右腹外左腹外侧区、脐区、右腹外侧区侧区侧区侧区左髂区、左髂区、左髂区、左髂区、腹下区、右髂区腹下区、右髂区腹下区、右髂区腹下区、右髂区一横线一垂线分四区一横线一垂线分四区左上腹、右上腹左上腹、右上腹左上腹、右上腹左上腹、右上腹左下腹、右下腹左下腹、右下腹左下腹、右下腹左下腹、右下腹消化系统消化系统 Alimentary SystemAlimentary System Alimentary canal Digestive glandsInternal Structures of the mouth Internal Structures of the mouth 淡红舌黄糙苔：舌质淡淡红舌黄糙苔：舌质淡淡红舌黄糙苔：舌质淡淡红舌黄糙苔：舌质淡红，舌苔黄燥。红，舌苔黄燥。红，舌苔黄燥。红，舌苔黄燥。舌苔舌苔 fur of tonguefur of tonguefur of tonguefur of tongue 正常人的舌背上有一层薄白而润的苔状物，叫舌苔。正常人的舌背上有一层薄白而润的苔状物，叫舌苔。正常人的舌背上有一层薄白而润的苔状物，叫舌苔。正常人的舌背上有一层薄白而润的苔状物，叫舌苔。由脱落的角化上皮唾液细菌食物碎屑及渗出的由脱落的角化上皮唾液细菌食物碎屑及渗出的由脱落的角化上皮唾液细菌食物碎屑及渗出的由脱落的角化上皮唾液细菌食物碎屑及渗出的白血细胞等组成。白血细胞等组成。白血细胞等组成。白血细胞等组成。齿痕舌：舌质略红，舌体胖大而齿痕，齿痕舌：舌质略红，舌体胖大而齿痕，齿痕舌：舌质略红，舌体胖大而齿痕，齿痕舌：舌质略红，舌体胖大而齿痕，舌中间有纵裂，苔薄白而颗粒粗松。舌中间有纵裂，苔薄白而颗粒粗松。舌中间有纵裂，苔薄白而颗粒粗松。舌中间有纵裂，苔薄白而颗粒粗松。Salivary Glands and their Associated Ductsparotitisparotitis Number and types of Adult TeethNumber and types of Adult TeethLocation and Types of Deciduous TeethLocation and Types of Deciduous TeethGI Tract FunctionsMouth:IngestionTeeth:MasticationSalivary Glands:1.Water:Moistens Food2.Mucus:Lubricates and3.binds food into bolus3.Amylase:Starts break-4.down of Starch and 5.GlycogenLingual lipase:Startsbreakdown of lipidsBicarbonate(HCO3):Buffering action neutralizes acidic foodin the mouthpharynxpharynxl位置和形态位置和形态（1 1）位置）位置）位置）位置（2 2）形态）形态）形态）形态l分部分部（1 1）鼻咽鼻咽鼻咽鼻咽nasopharynxnasopharynx （2 2）口咽）口咽）口咽）口咽OropharynxOropharynx（3 3）喉咽）喉咽）喉咽）喉咽LaryngopharynxLaryngopharynxl 咽壁肌咽壁肌esophagusesophagus位置和分部位置和分部（1 1）位置）位置）位置）位置（2 2）分部）分部）分部）分部颈部、胸部、腹部颈部、胸部、腹部颈部、胸部、腹部颈部、胸部、腹部三个狭窄部：三个狭窄部：第一、食管起始处第一、食管起始处第一、食管起始处第一、食管起始处第二、与左主支气管第二、与左主支气管第二、与左主支气管第二、与左主支气管交叉处交叉处交叉处交叉处第三、通过膈的食管第三、通过膈的食管第三、通过膈的食管第三、通过膈的食管裂孔处裂孔处裂孔处裂孔处small intestinesmall intestine分部分部 十二指肠；空肠；回肠十二指肠；空肠；回肠十二指肠；空肠；回肠十二指肠；空肠；回肠Large IntestineLarge IntestineRectum+Anal CanalRectum+Anal Canal RectumRectum descends into pelvisdescends into pelvis no teniae colino teniae coli longitudinal muscle layer longitudinal muscle layer completecomplete rectal valvesrectal valves Anal CanalAnal Canal passes through levator ani passes through levator ani musclemuscle releases mucus to lubricate releases mucus to lubricate feces feces Internal anal sphincterInternal anal sphincter involuntary,smooth m.involuntary,smooth m.External anal sphincterExternal anal sphincter voluntary,skeletal m.voluntary,skeletal m.Stratified squamosal Stratified squamosal epithelium at lower halfepithelium at lower halfLiverLivern nLargest gland (3 lbs)Largest gland (3 lbs)n nLocationLocationn nUpper Right Upper Right QuadrantQuadrantn nMostly under ribcageMostly under ribcagen nHighly vascularHighly vascularn nSome functionsSome functionsn nproduce bileproduce bilen npick up glucosepick up glucosen ndetoxify poison,drugsdetoxify poison,drugsn nmake blood proteinsmake blood proteinsn nmany othersmany othersGall BladderGall BladderPancreasPancreasNames give hints!Names give hints!n nHepato=liverHepato=livern nPancreatico=Pancreatico=pancreaspancreasn nCystic=gallbladderCystic=gallbladdern nGastro=stomachGastro=stomachn nSplenic=spleenSplenic=spleenn nAdreno=adrenal glAdreno=adrenal gln nLumbar=lumbar Lumbar=lumbar regionregionn nEpiploic=Epiploic=membrane-coveredmembrane-coveredn nMesenteric=Mesenteric=mesenterymesenteryn nDuodenal=Duodenal=duodenumduodenumn nIleo=ileumIleo=ileumn nColic=colonColic=colonn nRectal=rectumRectal=rectum呼吸系统呼吸系统 Respiratory SystemRespiratory SystemRespiratory SystemRespiratory SystemNoseNoseOnly externally visible part of the respiratory system.Functions include:Providing an airway for respirationProviding an airway for respirationMoistening and warming airMoistening and warming airFiltering inspired airFiltering inspired airServing as a resonating center for speechServing as a resonating center for speechHousing the olfactory receptors.Housing the olfactory receptors.Skeletal Framework of External NoseSkeletal Framework of External NoseFashioned by the:Fashioned by the:Nasal and frontal Nasal and frontal bones superiorlybones superiorly Maxillary bones Maxillary bones laterallylaterally Plates of hyaline Plates of hyaline cartilage(lateral,cartilage(lateral,septal,and alar septal,and alar cartilages)cartilages)inferiorly.inferiorly.Nasal CavityNasal Cavity Floor is formed by the Floor is formed by the palate.palate.Hard palateHard palate contains contains portions of the portions of the maxillary and palatine maxillary and palatine bones.bones.Soft palateSoft palate lacks lacks bone.bone.Lined by 2 types of Lined by 2 types of epithelium.epithelium.Slit-like superior Slit-like superior region is lined by region is lined by olfactory epithelium.olfactory epithelium.What does it do?What does it do?The rest is line by The rest is line by respiratory epitheliumrespiratory epithelium (pseudostratified(pseudostratified ciliated columnar with ciliated columnar with goblet cells)goblet cells)It rests on a CT layer It rests on a CT layer richly supplied with richly supplied with mucous and serous mucous and serous glands.glands.Pulmonary ventilationPulmonary ventilationmechanical flow of air into mechanical flow of air into and out of the lungsand out of the lungsExternal RespirationExternal Respirationexchange of gases between exchange of gases between the pulmonary air spaces the pulmonary air spaces and the bloodand the bloodInternal RespirationInternal Respirationexchange of gases between exchange of gases between blood and tissuesblood and tissuesProcesses of the Respiratory SystemProcesses of the Respiratory SystemLarynxLarynxLarynxLarynxTracheaTrachea Descends from the larynx to Descends from the larynx to the mediastinum.the mediastinum.Ends by dividing into the 2 Ends by dividing into the 2 primary bronchi at midthorax.primary bronchi at midthorax.Contains 3 layers:Contains 3 layers:mucosamucosa,submucosasubmucosa,and,and adventitiaadventitia Tracheal mucosa contains Tracheal mucosa contains pseudostratified ciliated pseudostratified ciliated epithelium w/goblet cells.epithelium w/goblet cells.Smoking destroys respiratory Smoking destroys respiratory cilia necessitates coughing cilia necessitates coughing for mucus propulsionfor mucus propulsion Submucosa contains Submucosa contains seromucous glands produce seromucous glands produce the mucus that lines the the mucus that lines the tracheatracheaPleuraePleurae泌尿系统泌尿系统Urinary SystemUrinary SystemPelvic cavity in the female and malePelvic cavity in the female and male生殖系统生殖系统 Reproductive SystemReproductive SystemReproductive SystemReproductive SystemMale Reproductive DuctsMale Reproductive DuctsFemale Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive System腹腹 膜膜 peritoneum壁腹膜壁腹膜parietal peritoneum脏腹膜脏腹膜visceral peritoneum腹膜腔腹膜腔peritoneal cavity腹膜的功能腹膜的功能v概概 述述v腹膜与腹盆腔脏器的关系腹膜与腹盆腔脏器的关系腹膜内位器官腹膜内位器官腹膜间位器官腹膜间位器官腹膜外位器官腹膜外位器官网膜网膜 omentum小网膜小网膜 lesser omentum大网膜大网膜 greater omentum网膜囊网膜囊网膜孔网膜孔 omental foramenomental bursav腹膜形成的结构腹膜形成的结构系系 膜膜肠系膜肠系膜 mesentery阑尾系膜阑尾系膜 mesoappendix横结肠系膜横结肠系膜 transverse mesocolon乙状结肠系膜乙状结肠系膜 sigmoid mesocolon 韧韧 带带 ligament肝的韧带肝的韧带胃的韧带胃的韧带脾的韧带脾的韧带内分泌系统内分泌系统 Endocrine SystemEndocrine SystemEndocrine SystemEndocrine SystemHemorrhoidsHemorrhoids:(A),(A),internal;internal;(B),(B),external;external;(C),(C),mixed;mixed;(D),(D),thrombosed thrombosed Endoscopic image of internal hemorrhoidsEndoscopic image of internal hemorrhoids正常胆囊正常胆囊正常胆囊正常胆囊B B超解剖超解剖超解剖超解剖 CholecystolithiasisCholecystolithiasis NephrolithNephrolithkidney stonekidney stone 根据结石成分的不同，肾结石可分草酸钙结石、磷酸钙结石、根据结石成分的不同，肾结石可分草酸钙结石、磷酸钙结石、根据结石成分的不同，肾结石可分草酸钙结石、磷酸钙结石、根据结石成分的不同，肾结石可分草酸钙结石、磷酸钙结石、尿酸尿酸尿酸尿酸(尿酸盐尿酸盐尿酸盐尿酸盐)结石、磷酸铵镁结石、胱氨酸结石及嘌呤结石六类结石、磷酸铵镁结石、胱氨酸结石及嘌呤结石六类结石、磷酸铵镁结石、胱氨酸结石及嘌呤结石六类结石、磷酸铵镁结石、胱氨酸结石及嘌呤结石六类