中英语言对比Chapter-3...ppt

Chapter 3 Primal words and secondary wordsgirlmountainincrediblemumble望望風風 鳥鳥 愛愛 苗苗一一馬馬 魚魚 biggerwaterteacherbitterAmong the words above,which are primal words,and which are secondary?English Primal wordsvvSimple,derivative and compound wordsgirl,teacher,handbaggirl,teacher,handbagvvIn English,simple words are primal words.They are almost all of Germanic origin(except for mountain).vvThere is generally no direct relation(other than onomatopoeias)between the primal words and the objects they signify.Chinese primal wordsvvPictographic characters,associative compounds,self-explanatory characters,and phonograms.人，采，本，踢人，采，本，踢人，采，本，踢人，采，本，踢vvIn Chinese,most primal words are pictographs developed from symbolic pictures,or with formal motivations.Intermedius summaryvvChinese primal words are of formal(image)motivation.vvAnd the creation of English primal words is arbitrary.Primal words and secondary wordsvvteach teach teacherteacherhand,bag hand,bag handbaghandbagvvNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATONATOvvcamera+phone camera+phone camphonecamphone(能摄像的手机能摄像的手机能摄像的手机能摄像的手机)vvpsychological+war psychological+war psywarpsywar(心理战心理战心理战心理战)vvtelephone telephone phone phonevv人：老人，好人，坏人，诗人人：老人，好人，坏人，诗人人：老人，好人，坏人，诗人人：老人，好人，坏人，诗人vv经济适用房：经适房经济适用房：经适房经济适用房：经适房经济适用房：经适房vv可爱可爱可爱可爱+娇媚娇媚娇媚娇媚爱娇爱娇爱娇爱娇vv佳士得佳士得佳士得佳士得 (CHRISTIES(CHRISTIES)露华浓露华浓露华浓露华浓 (Revlon)(Revlon)Formation of secondary wordsvvCombining vvShortening vvConversion vvBorrowing vvAnalogy CombiningvvAffixation vvCompounding Combining:AffixationvvAffixation means putting a root and an affix,or two Affixation means putting a root and an affix,or two roots together to form a new word.roots together to form a new word.vvThe Encyclopedia of English(1978):108 prefixes,181 The Encyclopedia of English(1978):108 prefixes,181 suffixes suffixes vv英文部首字典英文部首字典英文部首字典英文部首字典(1992)(1992)：156 prefixes,198 suffixes 156 prefixes,198 suffixes vv英文词缀字典英文词缀字典英文词缀字典英文词缀字典(2009)(2009)：174 prefixes,53 suffixes 174 prefixes,53 suffixes vv-erer:read:readerer,work,workerer,cook,cookerer,li,liarar,truthtrutherer,birthbirtherervv-istist:art artistist,scient,scientistist,econom,economististvv者：读者：读者：读者：读者者者者，作，作，作，作者者者者，笔，笔，笔，笔者者者者，学，学，学，学者者者者，使，使，使，使者者者者，目击，目击，目击，目击者者者者vv夫：农夫：农夫：农夫：农夫夫夫夫，伙，伙，伙，伙夫夫夫夫，马，马，马，马夫夫夫夫，挑，挑，挑，挑夫夫夫夫，脚，脚，脚，脚夫夫夫夫，贩，贩，贩，贩夫夫夫夫vv郎：货郎：货郎：货郎：货郎郎郎郎，伴，伴，伴，伴郎郎郎郎，放牛，放牛，放牛，放牛郎郎郎郎，读书，读书，读书，读书郎郎郎郎，女，女，女，女郎郎郎郎vv士；民；族；霸；粉；童；将；客；司；陪；同士；民；族；霸；粉；童；将；客；司；陪；同士；民；族；霸；粉；童；将；客；司；陪；同士；民；族；霸；粉；童；将；客；司；陪；同people who people who doubt the official doubt the official explanation of explanation of the 9.11 incidentthe 9.11 incidentpeople who hold that people who hold that ObamaObama was not born in US and so was not born in US and so was not a legitimate candidate was not a legitimate candidate for presidentfor presidentExamplesvv现在是新社会了，现在是新社会了，现在是新社会了，现在是新社会了，穷的穷的穷的穷的，弱的弱的弱的弱的都有活路！都有活路！都有活路！都有活路！vv你看那一个个你看那一个个你看那一个个你看那一个个有钱的有钱的有钱的有钱的，还不都积极参与慈善事业那！，还不都积极参与慈善事业那！，还不都积极参与慈善事业那！，还不都积极参与慈善事业那！vv没有药，没有药，没有药，没有药，受伤的受伤的受伤的受伤的就得等死。就得等死。就得等死。就得等死。vvthe sickthe sickvvthe poorthe poorvvthe richthe richvvthe woundedthe woundedCompoundingvvspeed-dial,speed-dial,greenwashgreenwash,spellbinder,win-win,zero-,spellbinder,win-win,zero-sum,sum,twitterversetwitterverse vvElectionspeakElectionspeak,bureauspeakbureauspeak,eurospeakeurospeak,netspeaknetspeak,educationspeakeducationspeakvv语言，里外，挑剔，光荣语言，里外，挑剔，光荣语言，里外，挑剔，光荣语言，里外，挑剔，光荣vv粉红，飞快，古代，冰凉粉红，飞快，古代，冰凉粉红，飞快，古代，冰凉粉红，飞快，古代，冰凉vv年轻，地震，国营，心虚年轻，地震，国营，心虚年轻，地震，国营，心虚年轻，地震，国营，心虚vv垫肩，枕木，说话，安心垫肩，枕木，说话，安心垫肩，枕木，说话，安心垫肩，枕木，说话，安心vv说服、落实、打倒，纠正说服、落实、打倒，纠正说服、落实、打倒，纠正说服、落实、打倒，纠正 Compound or parallel Compound or parallel Modifier+modified Modifier+modified Subject+predicate Subject+predicate Verb+objectVerb+objectVerb+complement Verb+complement ShorteningvvAcronym vvBlending vvClipping Acronymvv金砖四国：金砖四国：Brazil,Russia,India and China(BRIC,sounds like Brick).vv金猪四国：金猪四国：Portugal,Italy,Greece and Spain(PIGS)vv业主：物业的主人（业主：物业的主人（property owner）=野猪野猪Blendingvvmotel:motor+hotel汽车旅店汽车旅店vvBrunch:breakfast+lunch早午餐早午餐 vvmedicare:medical+care医疗医疗vvcineplex:vvcrunk:vvorature:vvsmilence:vvvegeteal:cinema+complex综合影院综合影院crazy+drunk发酒疯的发酒疯的oral+culture口头文化口头文化smile+silence笑而不语笑而不语vegetable+steal偷菜偷菜Clippingvvdoc:doctorauto:automobilevvdept:departmentlab:laboratory vvplane:airplanefridge:refrigerator vvfreshies:freshmenvv2day:todaygr8:great Shortening of Chinese wordsvv最牛钉子户最牛钉子户最牛钉子户最牛钉子户 牛钉牛钉牛钉牛钉vv申报世界文化遗产申报世界文化遗产申报世界文化遗产申报世界文化遗产申遗申遗申遗申遗vv特区首席行政长官特区首席行政长官特区首席行政长官特区首席行政长官特首特首特首特首vv师兄师兄师兄师兄+师弟师弟师弟师弟师兄弟师兄弟师兄弟师兄弟vv身体好身体好身体好身体好+工作好工作好工作好工作好+学习好学习好学习好学习好三好三好三好三好vv五官五官五官五官耳目喉鼻舌耳目喉鼻舌耳目喉鼻舌耳目喉鼻舌vv人艰不拆人艰不拆人艰不拆人艰不拆vv不明觉厉不明觉厉不明觉厉不明觉厉人生已经如此艰难，有些事情还是不要拆穿人生已经如此艰难，有些事情还是不要拆穿人生已经如此艰难，有些事情还是不要拆穿人生已经如此艰难，有些事情还是不要拆穿。虽然我不明白你在说什么，但是我觉得很厉害的虽然我不明白你在说什么，但是我觉得很厉害的虽然我不明白你在说什么，但是我觉得很厉害的虽然我不明白你在说什么，但是我觉得很厉害的样子。样子。样子。样子。Conversion in EnglishvvIn a strict sense,conversion is not a means of forming new words but an important way of extending the usage of exiting words.vvwait:v.n.He didnt get the job until after five years He didnt get the job until after five years waitwait.vvyahoo:n.v.Did you Did you yahooyahoo today?today?vvFrequent:adj.adj.n.n.He is a He is a frequentfrequent at this restaurant.at this restaurant.Conversion in Chinesevv狗不理，含笑，包打听，老来俏，勿忘我，热狗不理，含笑，包打听，老来俏，勿忘我，热得快，争上游，映山红，二人转，不求人，痰得快，争上游，映山红，二人转，不求人，痰咳净，自来熟。咳净，自来熟。Borrowing in EnglishvvFrench originpork,veal,beef,journey,mall,bargainpork,veal,beef,journey,mall,bargainvvLatin origin adjacent,continue,locate,apronadjacent,continue,locate,apronvvChinese originbonsai(bonsai(盆栽盆栽盆栽盆栽),litchi(),litchi(荔枝荔枝荔枝荔枝),tea(),tea(茶茶茶茶),typhoon),typhoon(台风台风台风台风),),tunkatunka(冬瓜冬瓜冬瓜冬瓜),),yangkoyangko(秧歌秧歌秧歌秧歌)vvJapanese originsoba(soba(荞面荞面荞面荞面),),sudokusudoku(数独数独数独数独)，edamameedamame （盐水（盐水（盐水（盐水毛豆毛豆毛豆毛豆)Borrowing in Chinese vv几何，浪漫，幽默，逻辑几何，浪漫，幽默，逻辑vv贝雷贝雷帽帽，三文，三文鱼鱼，香槟，香槟酒酒，比萨，比萨饼饼，艾滋，艾滋病病vv蛋黄蛋黄派派，草莓，草莓派派vv茶茶吧吧，咖啡，咖啡吧吧，氧，氧吧吧，餐，餐吧吧，健身，健身吧吧，陶，陶吧吧vv嘉年华（嘉年华（carnival）：）：first cantonese；比基尼；比基尼vv汤豪宅：汤豪宅：townhouse（联排别墅）（联排别墅）AnalogyvvGeneration gap culture gap,communication gap,information gapvv“我这去，但凭三寸不烂之舌，莫说是我这去，但凭三寸不烂之舌，莫说是猪八戒猪八戒，就是就是猪九戒猪九戒，也有本事叫他跟着我走。，也有本事叫他跟着我走。”vv五儿急得便说：五儿急得便说：“原是宝二爷屋里的原是宝二爷屋里的芳官芳官给我的。给我的。”林之孝家的说：林之孝家的说：“不管你不管你方官方官圆官圆官！现有了贼赃！我只管呈报了，凭你主子前辩去。现有了贼赃！我只管呈报了，凭你主子前辩去。”