法律英语的奥秘与法律英语学习(PPT-79页).ppt

来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载法律英语的奥秘与法律英语学习来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载1.法律英语的奥秘l1.1法律英语的词汇构成繁杂另类，其中蕴含的概念体系层层相扣、密切相关l1.2法律英语典型句型的运用l1.3法律英语语篇组织模式的专业性强来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载Lexical Features of Legal Languagel0.Introductionl1.Frequent use of common words with uncommon meaningsl2.Frequent use of Old and Middle English words once common,now rarel3.Frequent use of Latin words and phrasesl4.Use of French words not in the general vocabularyl5.Use of terms of artl6.Use of argotl7.Frequent use of formal words l8.Use of doublets and triplets and synonyms l9.Use of absolutes l10.Deliberate use of words and expressions with flexible meanings l11.SummaryOutline来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lWORDS LEGAL MEANINGlaction law suitlalien转让 transferlavoid废止 cancellconsideration补偿/对价/约因 benefit to promisor or detriment to promiseelcounterpart副本 duplicate of a documentlcovenant契约 sealed contractldemise遗赠/出租to leaseldemur抗辩/异议 to file a demurrerlexecuted签名使契据生效 signed and deliveredlhand签字 signaturelinstrument文件 legal documentlletters许可证 document authorizing one to actlmaster employer1.Use of common words with uncommon meaning Words that mean one thing to non-lawyers may mean something completely different to lawyers.来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lWORDS LEGAL MEANING lmotion动议/提案 formal request for action by a courtlparty person contracting or litigatinglplead辩护/抗辩 file pleadingslPrayer诉讼请求 request of a complainantlpresents本文件 this legal documentlprovided限制性条款/附带条件word of introduction to a provisolpurchase置得/购置to acquire realty by means other than descentlsaid mentioned beforelsave exceptlserve送达 deliver legal paperslspecialty盖印合同 sealed contractltenement保有物/住宅(一个人拥有的租借给他人的财产)estate in land来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载2.Frequent use of Old and Middle English words once common,now rare lThe general English of today leans heavily on Old and Middle English.But the language of the law retains numerous Old and Middle English words and meanings which have long since passed out of general usage.lExample 2 lProvided further that this Policy shall be subject to the Conditions herein contained and to any Memoranda endorsed hereon and such Conditions and Memoranda are to be taken as part of the Policy and the observance and performance by the Insured of the times and terms therein contained so far as they relate to anything to be done by the Insured are of the essence of this contract and shall be conditions precedent to any liability on the part of the Insured under this Policy.来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载laforesaidlforthwith立刻lhere words:hereafter,hereby,herein,hereinafter,hereinbefore,hereof,hereto,heretofore,hereunder,herewith llet(as in the phrase“without let or hindrance”无阻碍地,自由地,不受干涉地,通行无阻地,为所欲为地)lsaid(used as an adjective)lSuch上述的来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lthence从那时起,thenceforth从那时起/其后lthere words:thereabout,thereafter,thereat,thereby,therefor,therefore,therein,thereon,thereto,theretofore,thereupon,therewithlwhere words:whereas(meaning given the fact that),whereat,wherebylwitness(used in the sense of testimony by signature,oath,etc.as“In witness whereof,I have set my hand,.”签字盖章,特此为证lwitnesseth鉴于(meaning to provide formal evidence of something,the Old English present indicative,third person singular verb form.)来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载3.Frequent use of Latin words and phrases lMany of the English words are taken directly from Latin or indirectly through French.Some of the Latin found in the standard law dictionaries have become an accepted part of the English language.For example:laffidavit书面证词/宣誓书lalias别名,化名lAlibi不在犯罪现场的证明/不在犯罪现场一种辩护形式lbona fide善意/真诚的lprovisolquorum法定人数lhabeas corpus人身保护令lprima facielversus来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lBut a large part of law Latin is not in active use:lex parte片面的lex post facto有追溯效力的地(an ex post facto law有追溯效力的法律)lguardian ad litem专为某一诉讼指定lin flagrante delicto在作案现场lin locum parentis代替父母linter alia和其他的事物(=among other things)linter partes(made between two parties;between/among parties)lper stirpes(按家系继承，也指一种从被继承人那里接受遗产的方式=by roots/by(right of)representation;The term is commonly used in wills and trusts to describe the distribution when a beneficiary dies before the person whose estate is being divided.Example:I leave$100,000 to my daughter,Eleanor,and if she shall predecease me,to her children,per stirpes.)lres ipsa loquitur(英美侵权法中的)事实自证 lin pari materia(=Of like kind;relating to/upon/on the same matter/subject)同一事情lin rem(=against a thing)律对物(指判决的对象是物或财产)诉讼地(的)来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载4.Use of French words not in the general vocabulary lA vast section of the language of the law stems from French sources.The following is a list of some French words basic to the law vocabulary(even apart from the land law):lactionlagreementlappeallarrestlarsonlassaultlattorneyslbattery lbilllclaimlConditionlconstableslcontractlcounsellcountlcourtlcovenantlcrimeldamageldebtldeclarationldefendantlDemand v.传讯出庭/n.正式请求/合法要求ldescent继承ldevise遗赠leasement在他人土地上的通行权(或类似的权力)levidencelexecutionlfelonylgoals(jails)lgrant财产让渡通lguarantee担保物/抵押品lguardianlheirlindictmentlinfant未成年人ljudgesljudgmentljurorsljustice来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载llarcenyllien留置权lmarriagelmisdemeanourlmoneylnotelobligationlpardonlpartieslpartnerlpaymentlplaintifflpleadings诉状lpledge质押(a loan that required a pledge of property)lpolicelpossessionlprisonslpropertylpurchaselReprieve 缓刑(令)/缓期执行lrobberylsentencelservantlslanderlsuitlTort民事侵权行为ltreasonlTrespass侵害(用明显或隐蔽的武力或暴力对人、财产或他人的权利实施非法伤害，尤指错误地侵入另一个人的土地)lverdict 来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lThere is still a substantial group of Old French and Anglo-Norman words which have not been taken into the general vocabulary.This is law French.E.g.:lalien(in the sense of to transfer)lchose in action无形动产(可依法获得但尚未实际占有)/权利财产/经诉讼取得但尚未实际占有的动产ldemurrer抗辩(一种表示反对的方法即：同意对方论据中的事实，但是否定对方基于这些事实的辩护)lestoppel禁止翻供/禁止反言(Promissory Estoppel不得自食其言)lestoppel in pais行为禁反言 lesquire先生lfee simple and fee tail(retaining the French word order)继承者有绝对处理权处理地产/限制继承者的地产/祖传土地lfee absolute无条件继承权lqualified fee有条件继承来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lattorney general(retaining the French word order)检查总长/首席检察官/司法部长llaches用作单(行使法律权利或履行法律义务的)疏忽,怠慢lmetes and bounds(房地产的)四至/界线/边界loyez肃静(连续叫三次以示法庭的开庭)lQuash=annul取消/废止(尤指通过司法行为)lroll(as in judgment roll)法院案卷/存卷/记录/目录(存卷法官(Master of Roll)lsave(in the sense of except)lspecialty (in the sense of sealed contract)lstyle(as in name and style)名称lvoire dire一切照实陈述(见证人或陪审员在接受审核时的誓语)来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载5.Use of terms of art lA term of art is a technical word with a specific meaning and irreplaceable.Not everything that has the sound of the law is a term of art.A term of art must be specific.There are numerous words which operate as a kind of shorthand among lawyers.Here are some law terms of art:lagencylalias summons另外的传票lalibilappeal来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lbail lcommon countsldefendantldemurrerldry trust=被动信托 The term dry trust refers to a trust wherein the trustee has no actual responsibilities and no active duties to perform.lfee simplelfee taillfictitious defendantlguaranteelhabeas corpus lguarantorljudicial notice司法认知 llachesllandlord/lessorltenant/lessee 来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lletters patentlmaster and servantlmonth-to-month tenancylnegotiable instrument票据lplaintifflprincipal and surety主事人和担保人lSurrender 归还（例如地产权）,尤指在期限未满之前放弃（租赁）ltortlvoir dire 来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lTerms of art are useful legal words that,over time,have come to refer to recognizable legal concepts.They may be Latin terms,e.g.res ipsa loquitur事实自证(meaning thing speaks for itself)or they may be ordinary English words with a specialized meaning,e.g.proximate cause 近因(保险用语)/remote cause远因,negligence,and foreseeability.Terms of art are useful simply because they provide a short way to refer to a long concept.来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载6.Use of argot lArgot(=cant or jargon)is specialized vocabulary that is common within a group,whether or not deliberately designed to exclude the non-member of the group.lThe language of the law,sometimes even a particular word,has a dual aspect.Lawyers use language that is intended to speak to lawyers and laymen,as in contracts,jury instructions,notices,and even laws.Lawyers also use language that is intended to speak primarily to each other,as in pleadings,opinions,argument and in the day-to-day negotiation and discussion that is the lawyers life.In this aspect,a portion of the language of the law is ARGOT,a professional language.E.g.:来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lalleged有嫌疑的lalter ego另一个我/个性中的另一面；知己largumentativelat issuelbail exonerated开脱/免除 lBlackacre 是一个虚构的概念，代表财产权的一种标的物：某一块土地或某一栋房屋lbreaking and enteringlcame on for hearinglfour corners of the instrument:the term for studying an entire document to understand its meaning,without reference to anything outside of the document(extrinsic evidence),such as the circumstances surrounding its writing or the history of the party signing it.Unless examination cannot resolve an ambiguity in the documents language,it should be construed based upon what lies within its four corners.lcaselcause of actionldamagesldue care linferior court lissue of fact关于事实的争论点 lissue of law关于引用法律的争论点 lpierce the corporate veillpurported传说的；假设的 lpursuant to stipulationlrecordlreversed and remanded发回重审lsuperior courtlwell settledlwithout prejudice来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载7.Frequent use of formal words lThe style of using formal words in legal language has been described as solemn,mystical,and dignified,e.g.the polite expression of former days,approach the bench instead of come here,euphemisms like the deceased and the decedent and undomesticated Latin and French arrested in flagrante delicto instead of caught in the act,etc.More examples:来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载ladjudgelcame on for hearingldecreelprior to(instead of before)lsat down for hearinglstrangers to the bloodlsubsequent(instead of after)ltoll the statute:To remove the effect of(the court did not toll the statute of repose after the statutory period had expired)lwhereas(meaning given the fact that)lwithout prejudice 来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载8.Deliberate use of words and expressions with flexible meanings lIt is generally agreed that precision is one of the major characteristics of the language of the law.Legal writers are advised to avoid any words or expressions which are likely to cause ambiguity or vagueness.That is why lawyers customarily choose their words more carefully than non-lawyers.But sometimes they deliberately choose words with flexible meanings.Here is a fair sample of law words and phrases which are often used because they are flexible or despite their flexibility:来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载laboutlabuse of discretionladequate(as adequate cause/compensation/consideration/remedy,etc.)land/orlapparentlylapproximatelylas soon as possiblelavailablelaveragelcarelclean and neat conditionlclear and convincing来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lcomparablelconvenientldesireldoubtlessldue(as due care/process)lexcessivelexistinglexpenseslextraordinary(as extraordinary service)lextreme crueltylfair divisionlfewlFixture 附属物lgross(as gross profit)lhabituallimproperlin regard to linadequate lintentionlintoxicatedllargellatelylmalicelmerelmore or lesslnearlnet profitlobviouslpossiblelpromptlylproperlreasonable(as reasonable care/man/speed/time,etc.)lregularlsatisfaction来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lsatisfylserious(as serious illness/misconduct,crime,circumstances,etc.)lsimilarlsound mindlsufficientlsuitableltemporarilylthingsltransactionltrylunder the influence of lunderstandlundue (as undue influence/interference/restraint,etc.)lunreasonablelunsafelunsoundlunusuallusuallvaluablelvoluntarylworthless来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lIn translating words with flexible meanings,translators do not have to worry about the vagueness that might arise.What they can do is to keep faithful to the original and leave the problem of vagueness for the judges,because Judges make law.来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载l 9.Use of doublets and triplets and synonymsl在各种法律条文中,我们可以常见到以下的类似用法:lrights and interests权益,terms and conditions条款,complete and final understanding全部和最终的理解,customs fees and duties关税,losses and damages损坏,null and void无效,sign and issue签发,这些词表示固定的意义,使用和翻译时不能随意拆开。lMore examples of doublets and triplets：来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载l moneys,obligations and liabilitieslmake payment,performancelin the funds and currencylwithholding,deduction扣除lunless and until=untillconstitution or partnerslamount due or owinglincurred or arising out or in connection therewithlincurred,created,assumedlagree and declarelcredit or facilitiesldeed or covenantlguarantee,indemnity,assurance,pledgelbill,note来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lmortgage,chargelright,power or remedylvalid or enforceablelinvalid or unenforceableldefect,or insufficiency or wantlirregular or improperltaking or raising any pointlindulgence or concessionlterms or conditions lby this act and deedlall and singularlafter or change来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lcease and desistlconfessed and acknowledgedlcovenants and agreesldo and perform leach and everylfixtures or fittingslfree and completelfull and completelgood and effectuallgood and sufficientlgoods and chattelslhad and receivedlin connection withllast will and testament 来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载lany matter,fact or thinglnominate,constitute and appointlloans or advances made or to be madelcompromise,arrangement or settlementlby virtue of or in connection withlpaid,discharged and satisfiedlrelease,discharge or settlementlprovisions or enactmentlin full force and effectlcombine or consolidate all or any of sbs accounts of any nature or description whatsoeverlcoming into your possession or controllunder or pursuant to lin your sole and absolute discretion来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载l valid or effectivelbe cumulative and in additionlto do or cause to be donelagrees and consentslbe declared or adjudgedlillegal,invalid or unenforceablelillegality,invalidity or unenforceabilitylremain in full force,validity and effectlgood and validljudgment,award and/or orderlsigned,sealed and delivered 来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载l made and entered intolmeans and includesltotally null and voidlorder and directlperform and dischargelrepair and make goodlsave and exceptlsettle and compromiselsuffer or permitlterms and conditionsltried and tested来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载l true and correctlunless and untillwell and sufficientlylany matter,fact or thingslconvey,transfer and set over lgive,devise and bequeath lrest,residue and remainder 来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载l重言词/同义词的使用labsolutely uniquelascend uplblend togetherlcondense downlcontinue onlcooperate togetherlforward planninglimportant essentialslmutually agreelpast historyltotally unanimous 来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载10.Use of absolutes lIn addition of the use of terms of art,there is a recurrent choice of absolutes like the following:lalllimpossiblelirrevocablellast clear chancelneverlnoneloutright lperpetuitylunavoidable lunbrokenluniformlwhereverlwhoever来自来自 中国最大的资料库下载中国最大的资料库下载l There are phrases designed to keep the restricted restricted:land no moreland no other purposelshall not constitute a waiverlshall not be deem