初三英语名师金牌讲堂讲座系列(1-7).doc

初三英语名师金牌讲堂讲座系列(1-7)清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站： 清华大学英语教授研究组提供初三英语名师金牌讲堂 讲座系列（一） 一英语学习的两条主线：不定式 分词 动名词 就是 句型! 不定式一般表将来且常含情态意义；动名词常表一般性行为；现在分词一般表一个正在进行的行为；过去分词常表示被动意义和完成意义。不定式一般表将来且常含情态意义；动名词常表一般性行为；现在分词一般表一个正在进行的行为；过去分词常表示被动意义和完成意义。动词，主从复合句关系二英语动词的判断： 1. 是否是非谓语动词2. 动词的主谓关系的一致性（police）3. 虚拟语气的使用4. 动词主被动语态（rise）5. 考虑动词的正确时态三语法讲堂-不定式1.不定式的基本形态（以do为例）一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主动形态to doto have doneto be doingto have been doing被动语态to be doneto have been done将要发生的动作2. 不定式的一般式表示： 一种同步存在的状态例：Uncle Tom wants to fix the watch. （汤姆叔叔想要修这个表。）改为被动形态：The watch needs to be fixed.（这个表需要被修。） looks例：The actor appears （to be）young. <系表结构> seems3. 不定式的完成式表示相对于谓语动词而言已经完成的动作：例：The watch seems to have been fixed.（这块表似乎已经被修过。）例：The classroom seems to have been cleaned.（这间教室似乎已经打扫干净过。）4. 不定式的进行式表示相对于谓语动词而言正在进行的动作：例：The worker seems to be fixing the watch.（这个工人似乎正在修这块手表。）典型结构：pretend to be doing例：When Father walked into the room, Tom pretended to be reading.（当父亲走进房间时，汤姆假装在看书。）例：孩子们假装睡着了。（翻译） be asleep正解：Children pretends to have fallen asleep be sleeping5. 不定式的基本用法：（1）不定式作主语：句型：Its + adj. + for/of + sb. + to do sth.<1>用for的情况：importantimpossiblenecessaryconvenient for+ sb. + to do sth.naturalnormalessential例：Its very necessary for us to practice spoken English every day.（对于我们来说每天联系口语师非常需要的。）例：Its impossible for us to return here by three oclock.（对于我们来说要3点回到这里是不可能的。）<2>用of的情况：sillykindnice of+ sb. + to do sth.stupidfoolish例：Its foolish of me to make the same mistake again.（对于我来说再次犯同样的错误是很愚蠢的。）（2）不定式作表语： to do sth.seem, appear to be（3）不定式在名词后作后置定语：口诀：名词后方一根横线，十个for九个错，看到 to do选最长。例：Im looking for a chair to _. （D）A. for sitting B. for sitting on C. to sit D. to sit on例外：tickets for tonights game（今晚的比赛票子）例：Ill have sth. to say.（我有些东西要说。）例：There is nothing to worry about.（没有什么可以担心的。）例：The middle aged woman has six children to look after/take care of.（这个中年妇女要照顾6个孩子。）（4）不定式在句子中充当宾语：口诀：省略回答时，to do保留to。Would you like to?Yes, Id like/ love to. would like to 相近的词组 would love to would prefer to do rather than do sth.（与其还不如） would rather do sth. （宁愿做）初三英语名师金牌讲堂 讲座系列（二） （接上讲）wantneed to be done/doingrequire口诀：主语为物，后接to be done或者主动doing。例：The classroom needs cleaning/to be cleaned.（这间教室需要打扫一下。）例：The watch needs fixing/to be fixed.（这块手表需要修理一下。）（5）不定式作宾语补足语： hope：hope to do/ hope that 从句<1> 表示“希望”的三种形式： wish：虚拟语气结构 expect：跟that从句，expect to do，expect sb. to do口诀：看到hope绝不选。（没有hope sb. to do的结构）<2> v.+ sb.+ to do的结构： tell let ask + sb. + to do sth. 但是： make +sb. + do sth. order have <3> 感官动词（“七窍动词”）see, watch, notice, observe, smell, hear, feel+ sb. + do sth.例：I often hear a mad guy sing upstairs every midnight.（我经常听到一个疯子在楼上每天半夜唱歌。）例：I often see Toms father drive Tom to school every morning. （我经常看到汤姆的爸爸每天早上开车子送汤姆去学校。）（6）不定式作主语补足语：被动的概念：“反宾为主”。结构：“七窍动词”被动+ to do：sb. be seen/ heard/ noticed/ observed+ to do sth.例：The mad man is often heard to sing upstairs every midnight.（每天晚上那个疯子在楼上唱歌的歌声经常会被听到。）例：Robert is noticed to do the homework for Mary. （罗伯特被查出来替玛丽做作业。）练习：1. 汤姆被告知要及时订正他的错误。 Tom was told to correct the mistakes in time. 2. 所有的士兵被命令全体立正。 All the soldiers were ordered to stand attention. 3. 有人经常看到三班的学生经常照顾老年人。 The students in Class Three are often noticed/ seen to look after/ take care of the old.（7）不定式作状语：<1> 目的状语：in order to/ so as to，so as to 不能放在句首。否定形式：so as not to/ in order not to口诀：not位置最前方：not to do, not to be done<2> 结果状语：too to , enough to, only to do（i）tooto结构找介词，往往后方的动词是不及物动词。例：The chair is too dirty to sit on.（这个椅子太脏了，不能坐上去。）例：The room is too dirty to live in.（这间房间太脏了，人不能住进去。）听力考点：tooto结构除了表示否定，还表示“肯定的概念”。例：The fans are too anxious to know the result of the game.（球迷们急于知道比赛的结果。）例：They are too excited to jump.（他们激动地跳了起来。）（ii）enough to结构：放在形容词或副词后方。例：The children are too young to ride in the street.（改写成enough to结构）The children are not old enough to ride in the street.（iii）only to do 表示“出乎意料做某事” only doing 表示“某事在意料之中”例：Tom hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had already gone. （汤姆急匆匆的感到火车站，最终发现火车已经发走了。）【意料之外】例：Yesterday I went to visit my middle school teacher, only to be told he had gone to America. （昨天我去拜访我的中学老师，最终被告知他已经去美国了。）【意料之外】例：The police telephoned Tom that his home had been broken into. Tom hurried back home, only finding everything flying.（警方给汤姆打电话说他家里已经被盗，汤姆急忙回家，发现所有的东西都不见了。）【意料之中（有“警方告知家中被盗”的背景）】例：Tom rushed into the nearest supermarket, just to find a shelter from the rain.（汤姆冲进最近的超市，只是要找一个避雨的地方。）总结：only to do：不曾意料，出乎意外地 only doing：意料之中，不出所料 just to do：就是为了做（目的状语）初三英语名师金牌讲堂 讲座系列（三） （接上讲）<3> 比较状语：as if to do sth. 好像例：Mary opened her mouth, as if to say something/whisper a secret. （玛丽张开她的嘴，好像要说些什么、悄悄说个秘密。）类似结构：as though=as if（8）不定式作插入语to tell the truth 说实话 to be honest（老实说）to be+adj. 结构 to be frank （坦率说） to be strict （严格说）例：To be frank, he really cant finish the assignment.（坦率的说。他不能完成这个任务。）类似的插入语形式：believe it or not（信不信由你）considering（鉴于）例：Considering his age, he should retire.（考虑到/鉴于他的年龄，他应该退休了。）judging from/by （按判断，就而言）例：Judging from/by his skin color, he must be from Africa. （按照他的皮肤判断，他一定来自非洲。）-ly speaking结构（=to be adj.结构）to be honest=honestly speaking; to be frank=frankly speaking; to be strict=strictly speakingwholly speaking（总体而言）, generally speaking（一般而言）（9）不定式作合成谓语（和形容词连用）例：I'm sorry to hear that.（听到这我很难过。） worried surprised afraid类似结构：be frightened + to do sth. anxious eager excitedIm glad to meet you.和Im glad to have met you 的区别：前者是你和某人刚刚见面时打招呼说的话（因为你们刚刚见面），后者是你们将要道别时说的话（因为你们已经见过面）。在口语中Im glad/nice meeting you.也是可以的。（10）不定式和疑问词连用替代宾语从句（中考必考考点）句型转换：I wonder what I should do. I wonder what to do.（我想要知道我应该做什么。）区分下列结构：what to do with/how to deal with例：The class teacher didnt know what to do with/how to deal with the naughty boy. （班主任不知道怎么样处理这个淘气的男孩。）两者的区别：do是及物动词，后方必须有宾语（what代替）；deal是不及物动词，不及物动词后方要加介词才能构成短语结构（how to deal with sth.结构）。四动名词：基本概念：一般式完成式主动doinghaving done被动being donehaving been done动名词的一般式表示正在进行或者一个习惯性的动作。例：Swimming is my hobby.（游泳是我的爱好。）例：The driver drove away to avoid being punished.（这个驾驶员驾车逃逸，以避免被惩罚。）动名词的完成式表示状语从句中的现在完成时和过去完成时。例：As he has lived in Shanghai for so many years, he knows it very well.Having lived in Shanghai for so many years, he knows it very well.例：Having practiced spoken English for a long time, he can talk with foreigners.例：After he had finished his homework, he went outside to play basketball. Having finished his homework, he went outside to play basketball.用法：（1）动名词作主语比较：to do 结构作主语：动名词作主语直接置句首，to do常用it做形式主语。例：Its impossible to arrive here at three oclock.（在3点钟到达这里是不可能的。）例：Smoking is not allowed here.（这里禁止吸烟。）例：Its impolite to smoke in public.（在公共场合吸烟是不礼貌的。）结论：两者作主语，如果要表示抽象的概念，用动名词形式；如果要表达某一个具体动作，则用不定式结构。例：Being forced to use the left hand is unpleasant/（2）动名词作表语比较：to do作表语：往往是系动词的结构（be, seem, appear+ to do sth.）注意：系动词没有被动式。例：The sound is frightening.（这个声音很令人害怕。） exciting例：The news sounds depressing disappointing（3）动名词作定语口诀：名词后方不能出现：having done, having been done 只能出现：doing, being done例：The policeman standing at the street corner is Toms uncle. （那个站在街角的警察是汤姆的叔叔。）例：The girl listening to the music is Mary.（那个听音乐的女孩是玛丽。）例：The swimming pool being repaired is big.（那个正在修理的游泳池很大。）例：The old man being operated on is an engineer.（那个正在接受手术的老人是一个工程师。）例：The meeting being held now is very important.（这个正在进行的会议很重要。）初三英语名师金牌讲堂 讲座系列（四） （接上讲）（4）动名词作宾语常见动词：keep, mind, finish, enjoy, practice, advise.其他重要的动词：suggest：Jenny suggested leaving for Paris this afternoon.（珍妮建议今天下午动身去巴黎。） 只能跟ing形式 miss（What a miss doing sth.）：He missed winning the first prize. （他错过获得第一名的机会。）escape: escape being punished（逃避被惩罚）admit: The thief admitted stealing the purse.（小偷承认偷了钱包。）risk: risk travelling to the unknown（冒险去没开发地带旅行） 既可以跟ing形式，也可以跟to do形式的动词：<1> stop doing（停止做一件事）stop to do（停下来做另一件事）<2> remember/forget doing（记得/忘记做过某事）remember/forget to do（记得/忘记去做某事）例：She still remembers being in hospital the year before last. （她仍然记得前年住过医院。）例：Remember to turn off/switch off all the lights when you leave.（记得当你走的时候关掉所有的灯。）例：He forgot turning off all the lights. How forgetful he is! （他忘记关掉所有的灯。他多么健忘啊！）例：I ask him not forget to turn off the TV.（我要求他不要忘记关掉电视。）例：Dont forget to post the letters for me.（不要忘记给我寄信。）【结论：forget to do 常和否定句连用。】<3> try to do（竭尽全力做某事）try doing（尝试做某事）例：“I knocked at the front door, but no one answered.” “Why not try knocking at the back door?”（“我敲了前门但是没人开。” “为什么不试着敲后门呢？”）例：We students should try to study hard.（我们学生应该尽全力认真学习。） regret to say（遗憾的说）<4>regret to do regret to tell sb. sth. （遗憾去告诉某人某事） （遗憾去做某事） regret to inform sb.（遗憾去告知某人） regret doing（后悔做过某事）例：The girl looks sad. How I regret saying so!（这女孩看上去很难过，我真后悔说这啊！）a large sum of例：I regret spending a large amount of money buying you a computer.so much （我真后悔花了这么多的钱给你买这台电脑。）例：I regret to tell you that youve failed in the exam again. （我遗憾的告诉你你考试又没通过。）例：I regret to tell you that the ticket was yesterdays.（我遗憾的告诉你这张票是昨天的。）<5>mean to do（打算做某事），mean doing（意味着，意思是）结构：had meant/wanted/hoped to do（本打算做某事）例：He had meant to get up early, but there was something wrong with the alarm clock. （我本打算要早起，但是闹钟出了问题。）例：I had meant to help you, but I was kept very busy.（我本想帮你，但我总是很忙。）例：That you get up too late means missing the flight.（你晚起床意味着错过航班。）例：That you never study hard means failing in the test.（你从不努力学习意味着考试不及格。）（5）动名词作宾语补足语<1>keep sb. doing sth. （使某人不断做某事）<2>stop, prevent sb. doing sth. （阻止某人做某事）例：We must stop/prevent the rivers (from) being polluted.（我们必须阻止河流被污染。）例：We must stop/prevent the plan being carried out.（我们必须阻止这个计划被执行。）<3>remember sb. doing sth.（记得某人做过某事）例：Jenny still remembers John cheating in the test.（珍妮仍然记得约翰在考试中作弊。）例：The class teacher remembered students cleaning the classroom yesterday.<4>imagine sb. doing sth.（想像某人做某事）例：Tommy imagined himself flying in space.（汤米想像自己在太空飞翔。）<5>suggest sb. doing sth.（建议某人做某事）例：The English teacher suggested the students listening to the English programme over the radio. （英语老师建议学生从广播中听英语节目。）对比：“七窍动词”的宾语补足语动词要表示动作全过程或者经常发生的动作，用不带to的不定式。动词要表示动作正在进行，用动名词形式。例：We saw two boys playing basketball outside our house when we opened the door. （当我们开门的时候，我们看见两个男孩正在我们家门外打篮球。）例：He often sees the students play basketball on the playground after school. （他经常看见学生课后在操场上打篮球。）例：He saw the old man stand up and put on a green hat.（他看见这个老人站起来，并且带上了绿帽子。）比较下面的句子：He saw an old man wearing a green hat.（他看见一个老人正在戴上绿帽子。）例：He noticed himself being photographed.（他意识到自己被偷拍。）（6）动名词作主语补足语：反宾为主，宾语补足语变成主语补足语例：The singer was heard singing loudly alone in the room.（歌唱家被听到在房间里一个人唱歌。）例：The little boy was seen being beaten by some bad guys. （这个小男孩被看见被一些流氓殴打。）（7）动名词作状语：动名词作状语，句子前后的逻辑主语要一致。<1>动名词作原因状语例：Hearing the news, he began to cry.（=As he heard the news, he began to cry.） （听到这个消息，他开始哭了起来。）例：Being blind, he reads by feeling.（=As he is blind, he reads by feeling.） （由于它是瞎子，他通过感觉阅读。）<2>动名词作时间状语例：While sitting in the sofa, he was enjoying classical music. （=While he was sitting in the sofa, he was enjoying classical music.） （当他坐在沙发上的时候，他在享受古典音乐。）例：While doing the homework, he was singing. （=While he was doing the homework, he was singing.）（当他做家庭作业的时候，他在唱歌。）例：While riding the bike, he was singing.（=While he was riding the bike, he was singing.） （当他在骑自行车的时候，他在唱歌。）<3>动名词放于句末作伴随状语例：The old man/headmaster walked into the meeting room, wearing a green hat. （这个老人/校长戴着一顶绿帽子进了会议室。）例：The students went to school, wearing new school uniforms. （学生们穿着新校服去了学校。）初三英语名师金牌讲堂 讲座系列（五） （接上讲）非谓语动词第三部分：分词（过去分词和现在分词的比较）由于具有动词的特征，分词不能单独作主语和谓语。一分词作表语和定语：两种形式：ing和ed形式（分别对应现在分词和过去分词）ing形式表示正在进行、主动发生、令人.ed形式表示已经完成、被动承受、人感到的.例： a falling leaf（一片正在掉落的叶子） a fallen leaf（一片已经掉落的叶子）例： boiling water（沸腾中的水） boiled water（已经沸腾过的水）例： a freezing lake（一个正在结冰的湖） a frozen lake（一个已经结冰的湖）interesting, interested surprising, surprised类似的结构： exciting, excited boring, bored tiring, tired特殊的情况： pleasant, pleased satisfactory, satisfied过去分词的几个典型结构：（1）be interested to do/ be surprised to do【动词词组】（有兴趣/意外地做某事）区别于：be interested in sth./ doing sth.；be surprised at sth. 【介词词组】（对感兴趣/惊讶）（2）be tired of sth./ be bored with sth.（对感到厌倦）例：When the little girl was asked such a puzzling question, she stood there with a surprised look on her face.（当这个小女孩被问及如此一个令人迷惑的问题时，她面带感到惊讶的表情站在那里。）例：When the football fans heard the good news, they jumped in an excited mood. （当球迷听到这个好消息时，他们以感到激动的心情跳了起来。）（3）be pleased/satisfied with（对感到高兴/满意）常考结构：far from satisfactory（远不能让人满意）例：Your answer is far from satisfactory.（你的答案远不能让人满意。）二分词作宾语补足语和主语补足语：（1）作主语补足语：例：We heard the passage read in the next classroom.（我们听到这个文章在隔壁班被朗读。）例：Half an hour ago, we saw an old man knocked down at the street corner. （半小时以前，我们看见一个老人在街角被撞倒。）例：The teacher had all the students sit down/seated.（老师让全部学生坐下。）sit & seat的区别：sit (vi.) 主动坐下；seat (vt.) (=make sb. sit down) 结构：seat sb./ sb be seated 使某人坐下练习：1. I found the little girl missing/lost.（我发现小女孩失踪了。）2. The teacher raised his voice to make himself heard （老师提高自己的声音使自己被听见。）词组记诵：make oneself done（使自己被）3. 老教授解释得很慢使自己被听见。The professor explained slowly to make himself understood.4. 这个男生从后排站起来为了让别人看见。The boy student rose/stand up from the back seat to make himself seen.（2）作主语补足语：例：The vase was found broken. （这个花瓶被发现打碎了。）例：The car was found stolen. （这辆车被发现失窃了。）三分词作状语：例：Destroyed in the earthquake, the houses need repairi