中考英语客观型阅读理解3602.pdf

1 考点归纳 就具体命题而言，阅读理解题的考查内容应主要集中在以下几个方面：1.理解主旨和要义 2.理解文章的具体细节 3.进行简单的判断和推理 4.根据上下文推测生词的意义 5.理解文章中具体信息（包括图文转换的信息）一.细节理解题 细节理解题是中考阅读理解中主要考查的类型，通常占 50%以上的分值。其宗旨是考查学生对文章中的细节和具体事实的把握能力，内容涉及询问事实，原因，结果和目的等，属于浅层次的理解题，难度较低。同学们往往需要在有限的时间内运用略读，扫读，跳读等技巧快速阅读，发现文章中的细节信息，然后遵循由整体到细节的原则，把握作者的思路，按全文-段落-词语的步骤来解题。主要考法有：1.列举信息处常考 文中 first,second,to begin with,in addition,on one hand,on the other hand等出现的地方，常会要求学生从所列举的内容中选择符合题干要求的选项 2.举例和打比方处常考 要注意那些引出例子或比喻的标志词，如：as,such as,for example,for instance 等，因为这些词是作者为了使自己的观点更具有说服力而引用的具体事实的，这些事例就是常考的细节之处.3.指示代词出现处常考 常用来考查学生是否真正的了解上下文句子之间的逻辑关系 4.引用人物论断处常考 作者为了正确表达自己的观点或使论点更有依据，常会引用某些权威人士的论断或其重要发现。5.特殊标点符号后的内容常考 标点符号后的内容往往是对前面内容的进一步说明或解释，因此注意到这些标点也就注意到 2 了细节，这些标点符号有：破折号，括号，冒号，引号等 另外，细节理解题的选项也有特点：通常正确答案不是照搬原文，而干扰选项正好相反。有的来自原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。有的符合常识，但不符合原文内容。有的与原句内容很相似，只是在程度上有些变动，有的与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反，也有的是部分正确或部分错误的。二.推理判断题 推理判断题是根据材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知信息。推理不是凭空推测，是在已知信息的基础上对未知的内容作出的推测。选项的特点是：1.正确选项的特点 正确答案一般含义比较丰富，具有一定的综合性和概括性 正确答案的表述一般不会太绝对，而会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如：often,usually,sometimes,some,any,can,possibly,probably 等。正确答案有时与通过常识判断得出的结论相反，要特别注意。2.干扰选项的特点 只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当成间接推理 看似从原文推断出来的结论，实际上与原文不符 根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推论而得出的观点 虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据，但推理过头，概括过度 三.主旨大意题 主旨大意题是阅读理解中的重点和难点，是中考的必考题型之一。它主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文章深层理解的程度及在速读中把握文章主旨大意的能力。主旨大意题往往针对段落或短文的 subject 主题,main idea 中心思想,title 题目,或 purpose 目的来命题。这类题目要求学生能把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题句，要求能较好的运用概括，判断，归纳等逻辑思维方法。常见的提问方式有：大意类：1.What s the passage main about 2.The main idea of the passage is _ 3 3.The passage is mainly about _ 标题类 1.What is the best title for the passage 2.The best title for this passage might be_ 3.The best headline for this passage could be _ 目的类：1.The authors main purpose is to _ 2.The passage is meant to _ 3.The purpose of this article is to _ 四.猜测词义题 英语阅读理解题中，常出现一定数量的生词，并且每年中考总会有猜测词义的题目，其特点是对生词，短语，指示代词和句子的意思进行猜测。目的是在考查学生根据上下文推测生词，短语含义的能力，突出考查对语境的分析和把握能力，猜测词意的提问方式：1.The underlined word“.”refer to/means _ 2.According to the passage,the phrase“.”suggests_ 3.By saying“.”,the author means _ 4.The expression“.”is closest to _ 方法指导 解题思路点拨 一.细节理解题解题方法 1.跳读查找法 这种方法的要点在于先看题干，然后带问题读文章。以 what,who,where,when,why,how等提问的问题，可以从文章中直接找到答案。同学们做这类题目可以边读边做记号，能加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确性，节省宝贵时间。同时特别注意试题以及选项与原文之间的转换。根据近几年的中考情况来看，很少有直接能用原文中的句子进行考查和测试的，通常是要进行语义转换，包括同义变换，概念解析，归纳事实等 例：A city without cars would be very strange,right But Venice is such a city.Venice is in the northeast of Italy.It wasnt built on land,like Beijing or 4 Shanghai,but on more than 110 islands.Seawater is everywhere around the city.Even so,travel isnt difficult.The waterways have always been the best way to get around.There are 117 waterways and more than 400 bridges that can guide you where you want to go.People in Venice move from place to place by boat.They like to enjoy the scenery(风光）and cool summer nights while taking boat trips.They can talk to other people as they go along.Venice grew out of small islands in saltwater lakes when some Italians escaped from a war over 1500 years ago,and built home there.Venice _ small islands in saltwater lakes more than 1500 years ago.A.change into B.Used to be C.Became D.Developed from 2.排除法 排除法常用于排序题型中，也属于事实细节题的一种题型，它通常出现在说明文中。这类文章有明显的信息词，如：first,to begin with,after that,afterwards,later,next,second,third,then,finally 等词。在做细节排序题的时候，首先要确定首尾的答案，通常的四个选项中会有两个选项的顺序类似，正确的答案往往在这两个选项中选择，找到两者的不同之处，回到原文，进行核对。Born in Ghana,West Africa,in 1989,Freddy Adu has become one of the most promising young soccer players in the world.Soccer fans have been crazy about him since 2003,when he became the youngest player to join a professional sports team in the United States.As a child,Adu did what many children in Ghana love to do-play soccer.His mother recognized her sons talent and encouraged it by providing soccer balls,which were expensive for them.Education was very important to Adus mother,and she wasnt sure that her son could receive a good education in Ghana.So she tried hard and moved to Maryland,US in 1997 when he was 8 years old.His new school friends soon noticed his talent for soccer,and the parents of one friend encouraged him to join a soccer club.5 Adu did finish high school at the age of 14.Nowadays,he is playing professional soccer and living with his mother in a house he bought for her.His salary with.United team is$500000 a year,and Adu is also paid to advertise such as sports shoes and drinks.Which is the correct order of the following events A.Adu became the youngest professional soccer player in the USA.B.Adus family moved to the United States.C.Adus mother noticed his special ability to play soccer.D.Adu is paid to advertise sports and shoes.A.b-c-d-a B.a-c-b-d C.d-c-a-b D.c-b-a-d 3.简单计算法 解答这类题目时，首先要弄清楚题干的要求是什么，然后再找到相关的数字，在对他们进行分析，整合，最后得到正确答案。If Li Ying and her parents take K471 back to Xiangtan,how much will they have to pay for the tickets A.570 yuan,B.594 yuan,C.540 yuan 细节题阅读时要特别注意：阅读时利用这类关键词和词组 that is to say,above all,especially,mainly 等，把握文章的思路和脉络。另外，在问题的选项中表示绝对意义的词 least,always,never,all,none,any 和表示唯一性的词汇 only,just，往往是命题的陷阱。必须以原文提供的事实，细节和逻辑关系为依据，切记把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点，看法混为一谈。文章中的文字，日期，时间都是设题的重点，此类提问很少是文章中表层出现的文字和日期，通常是要做简单的计算 二.推理判断题的提问方式和解题方法 1.推测隐含含义（1）常见的设问方式 the writer suggests that_ the story implies that _ 6 we can infer from the passage that _ according to the story,what will probably happen next（2）技巧点拨 全面分析 忠实原文 不要选择表层信息 We seem to believe that people with similar habits or hobbies will share similar attitude and we are more likely to be accepted by people like ourselves or even,we think we may be safer with people who look like us.Sometimes thats true but its a pity if we always stick to the same people,the same group.The danger in always staying in our comfort zone(舒适区）is that we just recycle the same opinions,the same tastes and the same ideas.We lose the chance to learn something new,find out about interesting things,hear funny stories and discover difference.People like staying in their comfort zone because they may _ A.Remain comfortable and special B.Be accepted easily and feel safe C.Find out more interesting things D.Discover differences among themselves 2.推测作者的观点和态度（1）常见的设问方式 what is the authors attitude towards the authors aim is in the authors eyes,the author believes/suggests that（2）技巧点拨 注意作者表达感情色彩的形容词，副词，动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之意。1.Ive been working as a professional clown(小丑）for nearly two years.I changed 7 jobs because I wanted to do more in life than make people laugh.What if I could help people,too As a clown,I try to encourage sick people in hospital to laugh and smile.I dont earn much money as a clown,but I feel very lucky to work with such brave,wonderful patients.2.I became a laughter yoga teacher more than two years ago.Now I still improve peoples health,but everything else is completely different.Everyone has fun in a laughter yoga class,including the teacher!.But did you know that its an excellent kind of exercise You move your whole body when you laugh!Sometimes I worked with famous people.Its true that being rich can be stressful!Some famous people can be unpleasant at times,but I try to change their bad feelings.It can be learned from the passage that both writers think of their jobs as _.A.Happy moments to learn from other people B.Great chances to make themselves well-known C.Rich experiences of acting on the stage D.Good ways of making people happy and healthy 3.推断写作目的（1）常见的设问方式 考查整篇文章的写作目的 The writers purpose of writing the passage is to _.考查某处细节或某段的写作意图 The writer uses the example of to show that _.（2）技巧点拨 不同的文章有不同的写作目的，但写作目的通常有以下三种：to entertain readers,to make people laugh,to tell an interesting experience（娱乐读者，让人发笑），常见于故事类文章 8 to persuade readers,to sell a product or a service,to attract more visitors/readers/audience（说服读者接受某种观点），常见于广告类文章 to inform readers（告知读者某些信息），常见于科普类，新闻报道类，文化类或社会类文章 Here is a case that shows the benefits of animals.John was a six-year-old mute.He had no physical problems.He just refused to talk.His old cousin,Ned,had a parrot called Sally,and John used to visit it.When he arrived,Ned used to say,“Hi,John!”We all know parrots copy what they hear.After a few visits,Sally began saying“Hi,John!”when John came into the room.Then,one day,John turned to the parrot and replied“hi sally”.Staying with the parrot encouraged John to begin talking.The purpose of Paragraph 3 is to _.A.Show how animals can help with illness B.Discuss the problems of keeping pets C.Describes how to train animal helpers D.Introduce some new medical research 4.推断文章出处（1）常见的设问方式 the passage is most likely to be taken from _.where would this passage most probably appear the passage is most likely a part of _.（2）技巧点拨 有 survey 等字眼的文章，一般体裁都是新闻报道（news report）,多数出现在 newspaper中 广告也多出现在 newspaper 或 magazine 中 科普类文章多出现在 science book 或 science magazine 中 9 一些说明书或有关 tips 的文章大量出现在 guide book 中 文章中带有“www com，click here,update”等词，暗示这是个网站 其他经常出现的文章出处还包括 TV/Radio program,a story book,a menu 等等。例 1，2014 年天津卷（主题句在开头）How green are you Do you know how to be green.Here are some ideas for you.Reduce Reduce means use less.Reuse Reuse means use again.Recycle Recycle means change things into something else.So please remember these three words:reduce,reuse and recycle.The passage may come from _.A.Menu B.A dictionary C.A storybook D.A magazine 三.主旨大意题解题方法 每篇文章都有它的写作结构，如果我们能够找到主题句，就能轻而易举的把握文章的中心大意了。1.寻找主题句，一般来说，文章的主题句有以下几种位置，at the beginning,at the end,at the beginning and at the end,in the middle of the passage,no clear topic sentence 2.排除干扰项，一般来说，干扰项有以下特点，主观臆测，并非作者的观点，范围过大，过于笼统，范围过小，以偏概全，文中未提及，仍找不到出处 例 1，2014 年天津卷（主题句在开头）How green are you Do you know how to be green We all need a healthy environment,but we produce waste very day and it does harm to our environment.Though we are 10 young,we can still do something to help.In fact,even the simplest everyday activities can make a real difference to the environment.Here are some ideas for you.Reduce Reduce means use less.Reuse Reuse means use again.Recycle Recycle means change things into something else.So please remember these three words:reduce,reuse and recycle.The passage may come from _.A.Menu B.A dictionary C.A storybook D.A magazine 例 2：2014 年北京卷（主题句在结尾）Have you ever wondered what goes through your mind when you choose where to sit in a new classroom Or in a waiting room full of strangers Or on a bus Researchers have found out some interesting facts.Perhaps unsurprisingly,we prefer to sit closer to people like ourselves.We seem to believe that people with similar habits or hobbies will share similar attitude and we are more likely to be accepted by people like ourselves or even,we think we may be safer with people who look like us.When we always stick to the same people,how can we ever break down the barriers which prevent us from getting to know people with different ideas.Move out of your comfort zone.Go and sit next to someone different.And dont just sit there in silence.Say hello.Ask a question.Start a conversation.Thats how we make friends.Thats how we learn about people.Thats how we open our minds to new ideas.Thats how we live an exciting life.11 What is the purpose of the passage A.To tell us just to be ourselves in social life B.To introduce ways to learn about the world C.To explain how people communicate with others D.To encourage us to meet people of different kinds 例 3：2014 年北京卷（主题句在开头和结尾）Teens want structure in their lives,which means they want their lives well-planned.To begin building structure,teens need love and trust.They need to know their parents are there to give them needed love and support.Teens want to be sure that nothing can prevent parents from shouldering their responsibility for them-not their growing maturity,misbehavior,not anger at something they have done.Teens want parents to keep control while allowing them to make some decisions.They are some ways you can help your teens create reasonable structure and remain close.The most important things to remember are:talk with your teens,listen to their worries and offer suggestions when needed.This will help your teens to live a well-organized life.What is the best title of the passage A.Training teens to become responsible adults B.Helping teens to build reasonable structure C.Improving the relationship with your teens D.Stepping into your teens secret world 例 4：2014 年山东烟台卷（无明显主题句）Thomas Edison lit up the world with his invention of the electric light.Without him,the world might still be in the dark.However,the electric light was not his 12 only invention.He also invented the motion picture camera and over 1200 other things.About every two weeks he created something new.Thomas Edison was born in 1847.He attended school for only three months.His mother taught him at home,but Thomas was mostly self-educated.He started experimenting at a young age.When he was 12 years old,he got his first job.He became a newsboy on a train.He did experiments on the train in his spare time.Unluckily,his first work experience did not end well.They fired him when he accidentally set fire to the floor of the train.Then Edison worked for five years as a telegraph operator,but he continued to spend much of his time in experimenting his first patent in 1868 for a vote recorder run by electricity.Thomas Edison was totally deaf in one ear and hard of hearing in the other,but he thought of his deafness as a blessing in many ways.It kept conversations short,so that he could have more time for work.He always worked 16 out of every 24 hours.Sometimes his wife had to remind him to sleep and eat.Thomas Edison died at the age of 84.He left a great many inventions that greatly improved the quality of life all over the world.What does the passage mainly talk about A.The function of the electric light B.Edison and his experiments C.The importance of inventions D.The whole life of Edison.四.猜测词义解题方法 1.定义法 一般指通过理解分析定义，定语从句或同位语从句来确定词义，常见的谓语动词有：be,be called,be considered,deal with,define,mean,refer to,represent,signify,that 13 is,to be 等 例 1:2014 年四川宜宾卷 Sometimes westerners may take you out to dinner in a restaurant and it does not necessarily mean that he is going to pay the bill at the end of the meal.He might want you to“go Dutch”,which means each person pays his own bill.The underlined part “go Dutch”means“_”in Chinese.A.去荷兰 B.去 Dutch 这家餐厅 C.实行 AA 制 D.请客 2.复述推测法 根据复述内容来猜测生词的大致意义范围。复述部分可以是词，短语或从句。在复述中两部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等，常有：or,similarly,that is to say,in other words,namely,or other,say 等 例：2014 年山东泰安卷 Harish Chaturvedi,a lawyer,teaches people water yoga for free-even the poor people can learn from him.The underlined phrase“for free”in the passage means“_”A.快乐地 B.自由地 C.免费地 D.规律地 3.替代，说明，举例推测法 在阅读中，前后文中会对生词，短语和句子进行一定的解释说明，或者会用其他词汇代替，挥着举例进行阐述说明，可由此推断出其所指含义 例：2014 年黑龙江哈尔滨卷 It could be mostly transparent.That means light can pass it directly to reach the earth,with lands and oceans clearly in views.The underlined word“transparent”here probably means“_”A.透明的 B.透气的 C.透风的 4.相似法 根据同义，近义，并列等关系猜测词义，通常在词或短语之间有并列连词 and 或 or，这些词或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且有前后两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定 14 同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推知它的大致词义。例：2014 年浙江杭州卷 I became a laughter yoga teacher more than two yea