虚拟语气讲解练习题含答案和解释11036.pdf

-虚拟语气讲解与练习 黄志刚 2021.10.一.简介 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。英语中的语气分为述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气 在什么情况下用虚拟语气?在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气，表示主观愿望或表示*种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气。二.虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法 1、真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句 真：eg.If he doesnt hurry up,he will miss the bus.如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。(真实条件状语)不是虚拟语气 If he is free,he will ask me to tell stories.如果他是空闲的，他会要求我讲故事。真实条件状语 不是虚拟语气 非真：eg.If I were you,I would go at once.如果我是你，我马上就会去。非真实条件状语从句 If there were no air,people would die.如果没有空气，人就会死亡。非真实条件状语从句 2、用法及动词形式 1、表示与现在事实相反的情况，例 1.If I were you,I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。事实：我不可能是你 2.If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.如果我知道他的，我就会告诉你。事实：不知道 3.If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth.如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水)4.If I had any money with me,I could lend you some.如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。事实：没带钱 5.If he studied harder,he might pass the e*am.如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。事实：没有努力 2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 例：1.If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her.如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。事实：去晚了 2.If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake.如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。事实：没有听我的话 3、表示对将来情况的主观推测 例：1.If he should e here tomorrow,I should/would talk to him.如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。事实：来的可能性很小 2.If there were a heavy snow ne*t Sunday,we would not go skating.如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。事实：不知能否下雪 3.If she were to be there ne*t Monday,I would tell her about the matter.如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。在表示建议、命令、要求等含义的宾语从句，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，should动词原形构成，should 可省略。-4、有时，主句和条件状语从句的谓语动作假设不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了 If they had informed us,we would not e here now.如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了，从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去了。If he knew her,he would have greeted her.要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：If it had not been raining too much,the crops would be growing much better.如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄稼会长得更好。If he had been working hard,he would be working in the office now.要是他一直努力工作的话，他现在已进了办公室了。5、当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有 were,should,had 时，if 可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即将 were,should,had 等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。如：Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.要是他容许去的话，我们就派他去。Were she here,she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Had he learnt about puters,we would have hired him to work here.如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如 without.,but for.等 But for his help,we would be working now.要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。We didnt know his telephone number;otherwise we would have telephoned him.我们不知道他的，否则我们就会给他打。7、有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。省略从句 He would have finished it.他本该完成了。You could have passed this e*am.你应该能通过这次考试了。省略主句 If I were at home now.要是我现在在家里该多好啊。If only I had got it.要是我得到它了该多好啊。、虚拟语气Subjunctive Mood)的其他用法 1、虚拟语气用在 wish 后的宾语从句 a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式 eg.I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实：我根本比不上你)b、表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+done(动词过去分词 eg:.I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。事实：原来不知道 c、表示将来难以实现的愿望 谓语动词：should/would+动词原形 eg.I wish I should have a chance again.我希望我还能有一次这样的时机。事实：很难再有这样的时机了 (注：if only 和 as if/as though 也有一样用法 2、虚拟语气用在目的状语从句中 1.在 for fear that,in case,lest 引导的，假设用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should+动词原形。并且 should 不能省略 She e*amined the door again for fear that a thief should e in.她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进-入。He started out earlier lest he should be late.他很早就出发了以防迟到。2、在 so that,in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can/may/could/might/will/would/should+动词原形。He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word.他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。3、虚拟语气的其他用法 1、一坚持(insist)二命令(order.mand)议(advice.suggest.propose)四要求(demand.require.request.desire.)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用：“should+动词原形或只用“动词原形。如 He suggested that we(should)take the teachers advice He insisted that we(should)take the teachers advice He demand that we(should)take the teacher s advice He ordered that we(should)take the teachers advice 注：insist 如果翻译成坚持*种动作才用虚拟语气翻译成坚持*种观点就不用虚拟语气。如：He insist he is a student.他坚持说他是个学生。这个语句表示的是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。suggest 意为“建议才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示则不用虚拟语气。如：His face suggests that he looks worried.他的表情暗含着他很担忧。这个句子本身是事实，因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。表情绪.观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气.如:necessary.important.impossible.natural.strange.surprising.funny.right.wrong.better.a pity 等。句型：It is.that 构造后的主语从句，从句的谓语动词都要用 should+原型 或只用动词原型。2、在 even if,even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的构造与 if 所引导的条件从句构造一样。如：Even if he were here himself,he should not know what to do.即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should e here.即使华佗在世也救不了他。3、在 whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever,wherever，however,no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气构造为：may+动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：We will finish it on time no matter what/whatever may happen.不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。We will find him wherever/no matter where he may be.无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。I will wait for him no matter how late he may e.不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。may+完成式(指过去)，主句构造不限。如：You mustnt be proud whatever/no matter what great progress you may have made.不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲 We must respect him no matter what/whatever mistakes he may have made.不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。4、一般 would rather,had rather,would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的构造为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气构造 过去 had+过去分词；现在 过去时(be 用 were)将来 过去时(be 用 were)如：I d rather you had seen the film yesterday.我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。Id rather you were here now.我倒想你现在在这儿。Wed rather you went here tomorrow.我们倒想你明天去那儿 5、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中，表示：“早该做*事了时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的构造为：It is(high/about)time that+主语+动词的过去式/should+动词原形，即从句用虚拟过去式。如 It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.我该去学校接我的女儿了。It is high time you should go to work.你早该上班了。-6、简单句中的虚拟语气 1 说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的构造形式常为：would/could/might/should+原形动词。如：Would you mind my shutting the door?我把门关起来你介意吗.You should always learn this lesson by heart.你要把这个教训牢记于心。I should agree with you.我应该同意你的观点。2 表示“祝愿时，常用“may+主语+动词原形+其他。如：May you have a good journey!祝你一路顺风。May your youth last for ever!祝你青春永驻。3表示强烈的“愿望、“祝愿时，常用动词原形。如：Long live the munist Party of China.中国共产党万岁。God bless us.上帝保佑。4 习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。(1)提出请求或邀请。如：Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗.Could I use your bike now?我可以用一下你的单车吗.(2)述自己的观点或看法。如：I should glad to meet you.见到你我会很快乐。I would try my best to help you.我会尽力帮助你。(3)提出劝告或建议。如：You d better ask your father first.你最好先问一问你的父亲。You should make a full investigation of it first.你应该先全面调查一番。(4)提出问题。如：Do you think he could get here on time?你认为他能按时来吗.Do you e*pect he would tell us the truth?你期望他会告诉我们真相吗.(5)表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的构造为：“情态动词+have+过去分词。如：You should have got here earlier.你应该早就到这里了。You should have returned it to him.你应该把它还给他了。练习以及解析 1.I enjoyed the movie very much.I wish I _ the book from which it was made.A.have read B.had read C.should have read D.are reading 2.You are late.If you _ a few minutes earlier,you _ him.A.e;would meet B.had e;would have met C.e;will meet D.had e;would meet 3.The two students talked as if they _ friends for years.A.should be B.would be C.have been D.had been 4.It is important that I _ with Mr.Williams immediately.A.speak B.spoke C.will speak D.to speak 5.He looked as if he _ ill for a long time.A.was B.were C.has been D.had been 6.If the doctor had e earlier,the poor child would not _.A.have laid there for two hours B.have been lied there for two hours C.have lied there for two hours D.have lain there for two hours 7.I wish that I _ with you last night.A.went B.could go C.have gone D.could have gone 8.Lets say you could go there again,how _ feel?A.will you B.should you C.would you D.do you-9.I cant stand him.He always talks as though he _ everything.A.knew B.knows C.has known D.had known 10._ the fog,we should have reached our school.A.Because of B.In spite of C.In case of D.But for 11.If you had told me in advance,I _ him at the airport.A.would meet B.would had met C.would have met D.would have meet 12.Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again.I certainly wish he_ me how.A.teaches B.will teach C.has taught D.would teach 13.I would have told him the answer had it been possible,but I _ so busy then.A.had been B.were C.was D.would be 14.Hes working hard for fear that he _.A.should fall behind B.fell behind C.may fall behind D.would fallen behind 15.If it _ another ten minutes,the game would have been called off.A.had rained B.would have rained C.have seen D.rained 16.He suggested that they _ use a trick instead of fighting.A.should B.would C.do D.had 17.My father did not go to New York;the doctor suggested that he _ there.A.not went B.wont go C.not go D.not to go 18.I would have gone to the meeting if I _ time.A.had had B.have had C.had D.would have had 19.Would you rather I _ buying a new bike?A.decided against B.will decide against C.have decided D.shall decide against 20.You look so tired tonight.It is time you _.A.go to sleep B.went to sleep C.go to bed D.went to bed 21.Why didnt you buy a new car?I would have bought one if I _ enough money.A.had B.have had C.would have D.had had -22.If she could sew,_.A.she make a dress B.she would have made a shirt C.she will make a shirt D.she would had made a coat 23._ today,he would get there by Friday.A.Would he leave B.Was he leaving C.Were he to leave D.If he leaves 24.His doctor suggested that he _ a short trip abroad.A.will take B.would take C.take D.took 25.The Bakers arrived last night.If theyd only let us know earlier,_ at the station.A.wed meet them B.well meet them C.wed have met them D.weve met them 26.If I _ you,I _ more attention to English idioms and phrases.A.was;shall pay B.am;will pay C.would be;would pay D.were;would pay 27.We might have failed if you _ us a helping hand.A.have not given B.would not give C.had not given D.did not give 28.The law requires that everyone _ his car checked at least once a year.A.has B.had C.have D.will have 29.It is strange that he _ so.A.would say B.would speak C.should say D.will speak 30.Had I known her name,_ A.or does she know mine?B.and where does she live?C.she would be beautiful.D.I would have invited her to lunch.31.He has just arrived,but he talks as if he _ all about that.A.know B.knows C.known D.knew 32.If I _ the money,I would have bought a much bigger car.A.possessed B.owned C.had D.had had 33.He was very busy yesterday;otherwise,he _ to the meeting.A.would e B.came C.would have e D.will e 34.The librarian insists that John _ no more books from the library before he returns all the books he has borrowed.A.will take B.took C.take D.takes 35.I left very early last night,but I wish I _ so early.-A.didnt leave B.hadnt left C.havent left D.couldnt leave 36.I do not have a job.I would find one but I _ no time.A.had B.didnt have C.had had D.have 37.I wish that you _ such a bad headache because Im sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.A.hadnt B.didnt have had C.hadnt had D.hadnt have 38.He insisted that we all _ in his office at one oclock.A.be B.to be C.would be D.shall be 39.Helen couldnt go to France after all.Thats too bad.Im sure she would have enjoyed it if _.A.shes gone B.shell go C.shed gone D.shed go 40.I must go there earlier.John has suggested that I _ an hour before the discussion begins.A.go B.shall go C.will go D.would go 15 BBDAD 610 DDCAD 1115 CDCAA 1620 ACAAD 2125 DBCCC 2630 DCCCD 3135 DDCCB 3640 DCACD 解析：1.wish 后面用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。2.条件句表示与过去事实相反，主句用过去将来完成时，从句用过去完成时。3.as if 后面如果表示真实情况就不用虚拟。4.It is important that 是主语从句的虚拟语气，从句用 sb.should do 的形式。5.as if 后面是真实情况，不虚拟。6.lain 是 lie 的过去分词，表示“躺。-7.could have done 表示“本来可以。8.与将来相反的虚拟语气，主句用过去将来时。9.as if 表示不可能发生的事情时用虚拟语气。10.but for 表示“要不是的话，通常与虚拟语气搭配使用。11.in advance 表示“事先，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。12.wish 的宾语从句表示发生在将来的愿望用过去将来时。13.but 的并列句表示真实情况，不用虚拟语气。14.for fear that 后面的状语从句用 sb.should do 的形式。15.表示与过去事实相反，主句用过去将来完成时，从句用过去完成时。16.suggest 后面的宾语从句用 sb.should do 的形式。17.suggest 后面的从句用 sb.should do 的形式，should 可以省略。18.表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。19.would rather 的宾语从句用 sb.did 的形式。20.It is time 后面的定语从句用 sb.did 的形式。21.第一个 had 是过去完成时，第二个 had 表示“有。22.would have done 是过去将来完成时，表示与过去相反的虚拟语气。23.这是虚拟语气的倒装形式，把 if 去掉，助动词提前。24.suggest 后面的从句用 sb.should do 的形式，should 可以省略。25.表示与过去事实相反，主句用过去将来完成时。-26.在虚拟语气中，不管什么人称，be 动词都要用 were 的形式。27.表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。28.require 后面的从句用 sb.should do 的形式，should 可以省略。29.It is strange that 是主语从句的虚拟语气，从句用 sb.should do 的形式。30.had I known 是与过去相反的虚拟语气的倒装形式。31.as if 表示不可能发生的事情时用虚拟语气。32.第一个 had 是过去完成时，第二个 had 表示“有。33.otherwise 经常可以搭配虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反。34.当 insist 表示“坚持认为时不用虚拟形式。35.wish 后面用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。36.but 的并列句表示真实情况，不用虚拟语气。37.wish 后面用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。38.当 insist 表示“坚持要求时从句用虚拟形式。39.表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。40.suggest 后面的从句用 sb.should do 的形式，should 可以省略。