英语四级读美文【7】12825.pdf

Unit 7 Culture and Art 文化艺术 Text 1 Renaissance Renaissance(文艺复兴)as a period in western civilization may be explained in different ways.But generally speaking,it refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.The word“Renaissance”means revival,specifically in this period of history,revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture.Renaissance,therefore,in essence,was a historical period in which the European humanist(人文主义的)thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism(保守主义)in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed in the interests of the rising bourgeoisie(资产阶级),to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.During the period of Renaissance,old sciences revived and new sciences emerged,national languages and national cultures free from the absolute control of the Papal(罗马教皇的)authority in Rome took shape and art and literature flourished as never before.The absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church was shaken and people in Europe came to a new awareness which was to help shape what Europe is today.Renaissance started in Florence(佛罗伦萨)and Venice(威尼斯)with the flowering of paintings,sculpture and architecture.From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe.In different countries,however,the movement occurred in different periods with different emphasis.Where the impact on Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts,in France it was literature and in England it was philosophy and drama.A absolute B ancient C civilization D essence E embrace F flourished G impact H revived I restrictions J shaken 文艺复兴 在西方文明史中，对文艺复兴时期有着各种各样的解释。但一般来讲，它是指介于 14 世纪和 17 世纪中期的那段时期。“复兴”这个词的意思是复苏，在这段历史时期特指对古希腊和古罗马文化的兴趣的复苏。因此，从本质上讲，文艺复兴是欧洲人文主义思想家和学者试图摆脱封建制欧洲的保守主义，介绍代表上升的资产阶级利益的新思想，并解除罗马教廷在各个领域设置的禁锢的一个历史阶段。在文艺复兴时期，旧科学得以复兴，新学科不断涌现，摆脱罗马教廷绝对控制的民族语言和民族文化成形了，文学和艺术比以往任何时期都更加繁荣。罗马天主教会的绝对权威动摇了，欧洲人有了新的意识，这种新意识对形成今日的欧洲起到了很大作用。文艺复兴始于佛罗伦萨和威尼斯，绘画、雕塑和建筑的繁荣从意大利席卷到整个欧洲。不过，不同的国家复兴运动有不同的侧重点，出现的时期也不尽相同。意大利复兴运动的影响强烈地体现在美术方面，法国体现在文学方面，而英国则体现在哲学和戏剧方面。难 句 解 析 1.Renaissance,therefore,in essence,was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed in the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.【分析】多重复合句。in essence 作状语，which 引导定语从句修饰 a historical period,定语从句中 to get rid of，省略 to 的 introduce.bourgeoisie 和 to lift.authorities 为不定式短语，作宾语 补足语，其中 that 引导定语从句修饰 new ideas，过去分词短语 placed.authorities 作后置定语，修饰 restrictions。2.During the period of Renaissance,old sciences revived and new sciences emerged,national languages and national cultures free from the absolute control of the Papal(罗马教皇的)authority in Rome took shape and art and literature flourished as never before.【分析】并列复合句。含有四个简单句，其中 free from.为形容词作后置定语，修饰 national cultures。3.The absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church was shaken and people in Europe came to a new awareness which was to help shape what Europe is today.【分析】并列复合句。第一个分句为被动语态，第二个分句中 which 引导的定语从句修饰 a new awareness，shape 后为由 what 引导的宾语从句。下面我们学习文中标红的高频词#09#09 高频词汇 civilization 8sIvIlaI9zeISFn 【搭配】primary civilization 原始文明【写作例句】Automobiles,as the product of modern civilization have been playing a vital part in the daily activities of human society.汽车是现代文明的产物，在人类的日常生活中扮演着重要的角色。同根 civilize /9sIvIlaIz/【词根】来自 civil(文明的)ize(化)【活用例句】The African countries hoped to civilize all primitive tribes.非洲国家希望把非洲所有的原始部落都变成文明社会。ancient*/9eInS5nt/a.古代的，远古的，古老的【谐音】“安神的”那古老的旋律让人心安神【搭配】the ancient civilization 古代文明【引申】同义primitive a.原始的，远古的antique a.古时的，古老的反义modern a.近代的，现代的up-to-date a.现代化的，最新的相关ancestor n.祖先，祖宗【活用例句】In the ancient Olympics the winner got only a wreath of olive leaves(橄榄叶花环).在古代奥运会上，胜利者只会得到一个橄榄叶花环。essence /9esns/n.本质，精华【联想】ess(exist 存在)ence(名词后缀)存在才是实质【短语】in essence 本质上；of the essence 必不可少的，非常重要的【提示】各种护肤洗发用品的什么“精华素”、“天然草本精化”、“精华”就是 essence。【引申】同根essential a.必不可少的；实质的；基本的 n.要素，必需品【活用例句】The essence of his long speech was that we must all work harder.他那长篇大论的核心是我们大家必须更努力地工作。restriction /rI9strIkSFn/n.限制，限定【引申】同根restrict vt.限制，约束，限定同义limitation n.限制，局限【阅读例句】No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom(limits on electricity usage,driving and travel)that might cut back global warming.没有任何政府会严格限制其国家经济的增长和个人自由(限制个人的电力使用量、开车和旅行)，虽然这可能会减缓全球变暖。08.6 revive /rI9vaIv/vt.使复苏 vi.恢复【词根】re(再)vive(live 活)再次活过来使复苏【引申】同根vivid 鲜活的，活泼的survive 幸存，活下来派生revival n.苏醒,复活；再生效同义refresh v.振作精神【活用例句】They revived her by throwing some water on her face.他们往她脸上泼了些水使她苏醒过来。absolute*/9bs5lu:t/a.完全的，绝对的【搭配】absolute ignorance 完全无知【引申】派生absolutely ad.完全地，绝对地 同义thorough a.十分的，彻底的total a.全部的，整个的entire a.全部的，整个的【活用例句】The police have absolute proof of his guilt.警方有他犯罪的确凿证据。flourish /9fl(f6)rIS/vi.n.繁荣，茂盛 vt.挥动(以引起注意)【联想】flour(面粉)ish(使)使面粉增产，这样国家就能繁荣繁荣【搭配】flourishing business 兴隆的生意；flourish flags 挥舞旗帜【引申】同根flourishing a.繁茂的，繁荣的同义boom vi.繁荣，迅速发展prosper vi.兴旺，繁荣反义depress vt.使不景气，削弱【活用例句】They finished the season with a flourish,winning their last three matches.他赢得了最后三场比赛，从而完美地结束了该赛季。shake*/SeIk/n.&v.摇动，摇；颤抖，震动【短语】shake down(a club)彻底搜查(俱乐部)；敲诈，勒索；shake off(the pursuers)摆脱(追捕者)；抖落；shake up(the company)使(公司)改组，使重组【引申】同义quake vi.颤抖；震动；摇晃【活用例句】Shake the bottle before taking the medicine.服药之前把瓶子摇一摇。embrace*/Im9breIs/vt.拥抱，怀抱；包括；环绕 n.拥抱，怀抱【词源】“brace”来自古法语，表示“手臂”，那么“embrace”的基本含义表示“放在手臂里”，指“拥抱”这个动作。【搭配】embrace all aspects of urban planning 涉及城市规划各个方面【活用例句】In the past,Chinese lovers were too reserved to embrace or kiss each other in public.But it is not the case now.过去中国的情侣太过含蓄而不会当众拥抱或亲吻,但是现在不同了。impact*/9Impkt/#09 n.&；Im9pkt；v.影响，作用；冲击，碰撞【联想】im pact(条约)国与国之间的条约影响很大影响【搭配】have social impact 有社会影响；an impact of new ideas on sb 新观念对某人的影响；an impact of science upon society 科学对社会的影响；the tremendous impact of the shot 子弹的巨大冲击力【活用例句】The Food Safety Act will progressively impact on the way food businesses operate.食品安全法案对食品产业的经营运作产生的影响将日益增强。下面我们学习文中标黑的常用词#09#09 常用词汇 culture /9k(f6)ltS5(r)/n.文化；教养；培植，培养物【词根】cult(培养)ure(表状态)教养【引申】同义civilization/-isation n.文明，文化【活用例句】The laboratories in our university have extensive culture facilities for tissue cells.我们大学的实验室有大量的皮肤细胞培养设备。historical*/hI9st(e7)rIkl/a.历史(上)的，史学的【搭配】historical documents 史学文献；historical background 历史背景【引申】同根history n.历史【听力例句】It has newspapers,popular publications as well as letters of historical interest.它拥有报纸，公共出版物，也有历史上引人关注的信件。04.6 rid*/rId/vt.使摆脱，解除的负担；从中消除【短语】get rid of 摆脱，除去，处理掉【引申】同义eliminate.from.从中消除 【活用例句】The clerical(文书的，办公室的工作的)part of his job was tedious,and he was glad to be rid of it.他工作内容中包含乏味的文书工作，他很高兴能够摆脱这部分工作。national*/9nSFnFl/a.国家的；民族的；国有的 n.(某国的)公民【搭配】a national chain with spas 全国健身温泉连锁；the national consciousness 国民意识；national debts 国债【引申】同根nationwide a.全国性的 ad.在人国范围内：The chairmans speech will be broadcast nationwide.主席的讲话将向全国广播。【阅读例句】As never before in their long history,universities have become instruments of national competition as well as instruments of peace.大学变成了提升国家竞争力和维护世界和平的重要工具，这是史无前例的。07.12 literature /9lItFrItS5(r)/n.文学(作品)；文献，图书资料【词根】liter(文字)ature(表状态)文学【搭配】great works of literature 文学巨著；study French literature 研究法国文学【活用例句】Ive read all the available literature on keeping rabbits.我阅读了我能找到的养兔的全部资料。flowering /9flaU5rI(ce)/n.开花时节；繁荣时期，鼎盛时期【搭配】flowering of the Renaissance 文艺复兴鼎盛时期【引申】同根flower v.开花；繁荣，兴旺【活用例句】The kingdom saw a flowering of the arts,particularly ceramics(制陶业),and Buddhism and Confucianism were influential.该王朝时代艺术繁荣，尤其是陶瓷制品，佛教和儒家思想对它有很大影响。Text 2 The Enlightenment The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France,which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century.It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice,unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State.Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason.Although the Enlightenment was a movement that gained momentum(动力)in the second half of the 18th century,its intellectual origin could be traced back to the previous century.The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Isaac Newton.Lockes materialist theory attributed the origin of ideas to sensations inscribed on the blank slate(石板)of mind.Newtons theory gravitation further demonstrated to the world that the universe is governed by laws that could be understood by the human mind.Their theories fostered the belief in natural law and universal order and established confidence in human reason.The major force of the Enlightenment was,however,the French philosophers.Among them were such well-known men of letters as Montesquieu,Voltaire and Rousseau.Diederot,who edited the famous Encyclopdia,was also an important French Enlightenment figure.All these people popularized and propagated(传播)new ideas for the general reading public.A attracted B attributed C characterizes D confidence E demonstrated F edited G originating H popularized I prejudice J traced K force 启蒙运动 启蒙运动源于法国，是一场知识分子的运动。18 世纪后半叶启蒙运动得到了欧洲和北美的统治阶层和知识分子阶层的广泛支持。它以一些欧洲作家在采用批评式的理性将人的思想从偏见、教会或国家未 经审查的权威和压迫中解放出来等方面所做的努力为特征。因此启蒙运动有时也叫做理性时代。虽然启蒙运动在 18 世纪后半叶才获得长足发展，其来源于知识分子这点却可以追溯到上个世纪。启蒙运动最重要的先驱是17世纪的两个英国人：约翰洛克和艾萨克牛顿。洛克的唯物理论将思想的起源归结于刻在大脑白板上的知觉能力。牛顿的万有引力理论进一步向世界证明了宇宙能被人类掌握的规律所支配。他们的理论促使人们相信自然法则和普遍规律的存在，并树立起对人类理性的自信。但启蒙运动的主要力量是法国的哲学家。其中有众所周知的学者像孟德斯鸠、伏尔泰和卢梭。著名的百科全书的编者狄德罗也是法国启蒙运动的一位重要代表人物。这些人向广大民众普及和传播了新思想。难 句 解 析 1.The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France,which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century.【分析】复合句。现在分词短语 originating in France 后置作定语，修饰 intellectual movement，which 引导的非限制性定语 从句也修饰 intellectual movement，在该定语从句中 among 引导的介词短语做状语，in 引导时间状语。2.It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice,unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State.【分析】简单句。characterizes 后接带 to 的复合宾语，free minds from 后 prejudice，authortity，oppression 并列，free.from 意 思是“摆脱，脱离，获得自由”的意思。3.Newtons theory gravitation further demonstrated to the world that the universe is governed by laws that could be understood by the human mind.【分析】多重复合句。to the world 后为 that 引导的宾语从句，其中包含一个定语从句，由 that 引导，修饰 laws。下面我们学习文中标红的高频词#09#09 高频词汇 originate /59rIdZIneIt/vi.起源于，来自；产生 vt.创造，创始【词根】origin(起源，来源)ate(动词后缀)起源于【搭配】originate from 出自，源自；originate in the New World 原产于新大陆【引申】同根origin n.起源original a.原来的；独创的【活用例句】Love originates in mutual understanding,attraction and admiration.爱产生于互相理解、互相吸引和互相钦佩。attract*/59trkt/vt.吸引，引起的注意【词根】at(加强)tract(拉)拉过来吸引【搭配】attract sbs attention 吸引某人的注意力【引申】同根attractive a.有魅力的，吸引人的同义draw vt.吸引【阅读例句】After television,the medium attracting the next largest annual ad revenue is newspapers.报纸是继电视之后第二大广告年收益最高的媒体。08.6 同根 attraction /59trkSFn/n.吸引(力)；吸引人的人(或事物)【搭配】tourist attraction 旅游胜地【活用例句】Detective novels used to hold a special attraction for me.侦探小说过去对我特别有吸引力。characterize 9krIkt5raIz 【词根】来自 character(特性)ize(动词后缀)【引申】同根character n.(事物)特性；品质characteristic n.特征，特性同义picture vt.描绘describe vt.形容represent vt.代表，象征【活用例句】The giraffe is characterized by its very long neck.长颈鹿以其长颈为特征。/The author characterizes the central figure as a weakling.作者把书中的中心人物描绘成一个懦弱的人。prejudice*/9predZUdIs/n.偏见，成见 vt.使有偏见；对不利【词根】pre(=before)jud(judge 判断)ice 调查之前的判断偏见【搭配】have a prejudice against.对抱有成见【引申】同义bias n.偏见反义fairness n.公平【阅读例句】Most people,in fact,favor the lessening of prejudice.事实上，大多数人都赞同消除偏见。02.1 trace /treIs/vt.查出，追溯，找出根源 n.踪迹，痕迹；衡量【联想】trace(赛跑；跑道)沿着 T 形跑道寻找找到【搭配】trace back to.追溯到；find/lose trace of.找到；失去的踪迹、下落【活用例句】The style of these paintings can be traced back to early medieval influences.这些画的风格可以追溯到中世纪的影响上。同义 track /trk/n.小路；跑道；轨道；田径；车辙；踪迹 vt.跟踪，追踪【联想】成堆(stack)记者跟踪(track)报道明星遭袭击(attack)案件【引申】同义trail vt.跟踪 n.小路，痕迹【活用例句】However,man overcame these faults by learning to track his targets at a close range.然而，人类通过学习跟踪目标到射程范围之内，从而克服了这些缺点。attribute*/59trIbju:t/vt.把归因于，把(过错、责任等)归于#09；9trIbju:t；n.属性，特性【词根】at(表方向)tribute(给予)一再给予归于【短语】attribute.to 把归因于，归咎于【活用例句】She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck.她认为她的成功来自勤劳和一点点运气。/Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher.耐心是教师最重要的品质之一。demonstrate*/9dem5nstreIt/vt.论证，证明；显示【词根】de(完全)monstrate(展示)全部展示出来表明【搭配】demonstrate immense courage/wisdom 表现出极大的勇气/智慧【引申】同义explain v.解释，说明prove vt.证明，证实display vt.显示，表现【活用例句】The little boy demonstrated a remarkable numerical control ability；his skill with numbers surprised us all.小男孩显示了非凡的运用数字的能力;他使用数字的技能使我们大家很吃惊。confidence*/9k(e7)nfId5ns/n.信任；信心，自信【词根】con(加强)fid(相信)ence(名词后缀)自信【搭配】in confidence 私下地，秘密地；take into sbs confidence 把某人作为知己；radiate confidence 显示出信心【写作例句】When faced with troubles and difficulties in life,we should build up our hopes and confidence to fight a battle against them rather than surrender to them.当遇到问题和困难的时候，我们应该逐步建立起希望和信心同它们作斗争而不是向它们屈服。force*/fO:s/n.pl.军队；暴力；力气；影响力 vt.强迫，迫使；用力推动【搭配】in force 有效，生效，在实施中；a peace-making force 维和部队【引申】同根workforce n.劳动力，工人总数【活用例句】Although many people view conflict as bad,conflict is sometimes useful in that it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors.虽然许多人认为冲突不好，但是冲突有时也有它的好处 它可以迫使人们去检验自己的态度和行为是否恰当。同根 enforce /In9fO:s/vt.实施，执行；强迫，迫使【词根】en(表强调)force(强制)强迫【写作例句】Its necessary that law be laid down and enforced to cut out the bloody sections,and love and peace be made the central theme of TV programs.需要制定并强制实施删除电视节目中血腥镜头的法律条文，使爱与和平成为电视节目的主旋律。edit*/9edIt/vt.编辑，担任的编辑；剪辑【联想】做编辑(edit)工作要有信用(credit)【搭配】edit text 编辑文本【阅读例句】The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls“free writing.”实践可以帮助你改掉一边写作一边修改的坏习惯，这就是 Elbow 所说的“自由写作。”07.6 popularize 9p?pjUl5raIz 【引申】同根popular a.受欢迎的，流行的popularity n.普及，流行【活用例句】Scientific knowledge was further popularized and the spirit of science spread.科学知识进一步普及，科学精神得到弘扬。下面我们学习文中标黑的常用词#09#09 常用词汇 widespread /9waIdspred/a.分布(或散布)广的，普遍的【构词】wide(广泛的)spread(散布)分布广的【搭配】a widespread misunderstanding 普遍的误解【阅读例句】Since the worlds population is expected to double in the next 50 years,many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis.自从预测世界人口将在未来50年翻一番，许多专家认为我们正处在范围广泛的水资源危机的边缘。01.6 effort*/9ef5t/n.努力，成就【联想】ef fort(城堡)努力攻打城堡【搭配】make an effort to do sth 努力做某事【短语】beyond effort 力所不及；spare no efforts 不遗余力【引申】近形effect n.结果，效果，作用：go into effect 生效，实施；take effect 生效；have an effect on.对有影响、有效果【听力例句】They saw the importance of collective efforts.他们看到了集体努力的重要性。08.6 authority*/O:9T(e7)rItI/n.权力，权威；权威人士；pl.当局，官方【联想】author(作家)ity 作家是写作领域的权威【搭配】an authority on international law 一个国际法权威【写作例句】In order to solve this problem effectively,the authorities have taken various measures.为了有效解决这个问题，政府已经采取了各种措施。近义 privilege /9prIvIlIdZ/n.特权；特别恩典【词根】priv(私有的)i leg(法律)e 限于一个人的法律特权【搭配】exclusive privileges 独有的特权；grant sb the privilege of doing sth 赋予某人做某事的特权；withdraw ones privileges 取消特权【听力例句】Members of the city council and distinguished guests,i