《大学英语》阅读理解.pdf

1大学英语阅读理解专项资料大学英语阅读理解专项资料2目 录目 录一、篇章题材.4二、文章体裁.4三、阅读技巧.41. 略读（Skimming）.42. 寻读（Scanning）.53. 细读（Reading for full understanding）.6四、题目类型及解题方式.81. 事实细节题.82. 推理推断题.123. 意图目的题.154. 词义语义题.215. 主旨大意题.24五、不同体裁阅读精讲.261. 记叙文.262. 说明文.293. 议论文.314. 应用文.34六、选择阅读题选项规律.374阅读理解阅读理解对一篇 250 词左右的英语篇章进行提问。 （提问方式：选择、填空、匹配等）重要性：分值占比高；综合考察（词汇、语法、翻译及表达）一、篇章题材一、篇章题材1. 社会科学类：经济、教育、心理研究、科技发现、现象传播等。2. 人文类：社会热点、文化、人生态度、伦理故事等。3. 自然科学：环境、动植物、自然界研究等。4. 应用文类：新闻、广告、海报、产品说明、招聘等。二、文章体裁二、文章体裁记叙文 说明文 议论文 应用文三、阅读技巧三、阅读技巧1. 略读（略读（Skimming）“略读”又称“浏览”，是指跳过细节，跳过不重要的描述与例子，进行快速阅读以求抓住文章的大意和主题思想的方法。方式：1. 挑重点：首段+尾段，首句+尾句，转折强调句（but/ however/ while/ whereas）主谓结构（XX 做）2. 跳细节：for example/such as/ for instance/ includinge.g. 1. Most of my family members have been involved in music. My grandpa and his brother5were both music professors before they retired. My mum, who now is a state-level performer,chose to study music and so did her two brothers. They have all mastered different musicalinstruments such as Guzheng, Yangqing, Erhu and the drums.e.g. 2. By almost any measure, there is a boom in Internet-based instruction. In just a few years, 34percent of American universities have begun offering some forms of distance learning (DL), andamong the larger schools, its closer to 90 percent. If you doubt the popularity of the trend, youprobably havent heard of the University of Phoenix. It grants degrees entirely on the basis ofonline instruction. It enrolls 90,000 students, a statistic used to support its claim to be the largestprivate university in the country.2. 寻读（寻读（Scanning）寻读是快速寻找某一特殊信息的阅读方法。它的目的非常明确，即找到所需要的信息。方式：根据题目关键词定位原文。 （大写词：人名、地名、机构名、专有名词等；带中文解释的超纲词；数词；合成词；特殊符号： （） 、“ ”、- - 等；实词：名词动词、形容词副词、比较级、最高级）e.g. 1. The Hollywood example is used to show that to succeed you should _.A. avoid mistakesB. live with failuresC. avoid competitionD. live with new ideasFailure is not the opposite of success. Its more like an ingredient. In Hollywood, thousandsof ideas for new TV shows are pitched each year, but only a select few get to the screen, let alonesurvive their first season. In real life, misses outnumber hits（成功）whenever people trysomething new.e.g. 2.In order to identify with the new environment, some people may_.A. give an exaggerated picture of their own country6B. criticize the positive aspects of their own countryC. abandon their original beliefsD. accept a temporary set of values. when an individual enters a strange culture, he or she is like fish out of water, Newcomers feel at times that they do not belong to and feel alienated from the native members ofthe culture. When this happens visitors may want to reject everything about the new environmentand may glorify and exaggerate the positive aspects of their own culture. Conversely visitors mayscorn their native country by rejecting its values and instead choosing to identify with (if onlytemporarily) the value of the new country. This may occur as an attempt to over-identify with thenew culture in order to be accepted by the people in it.3. 细读（细读（Reading for full understanding）细读是在找到文章中的有关部分以后，在此范围内逐句阅读，特别要对关键词、句仔细琢磨，以便对其有比较深刻、准确的理解。不仅要理解其字面意思，还要通过推理和判断，弄清文章中字里行间所隐含的意思。方式：理解句意：1. 找出主干：主谓宾（XX 做）主系表（XX 是/ XX 怎么样）2. 添加修饰：的（定语）地（状语）e.g. 1. How did the author react after the couple told him their sons name？A. He was very excited about accepting Michael on the team.B. He refused to accept Michael because he had no talent for sports.C. He decided to accept Michael though he was unwilling to do so.D. He agreed to accept Michael because he was moved by his determination.When they told me his name, my heart sank. Michael was short and thin. He was a lonely kid7and the constant target of other kids jokes. I knew Michael would never make it. But so close tomy football is for everyone speech, I told them we could give it a try.e.g. 2. Which of the following is true according to John Dewey?A. An individual can exercise very little influence on the cultural tradition into which he isborn.B. Custom is the direct result of the philosophical probing of a group of people.C.An individual is strongly influenced by the cultural tradition even before he is born.D. Custom represents the collective wisdom which benefits the individual.John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviorof the individual as over against (与成对照，与相比) any way in which he can affecttraditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over againstthose words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family注意：在长难句理解时，可先进行断句：1）标点符号断句（.?!:, ）2）连词前断句e.g. Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point inhistory where magic ended and science began.3）两个谓语动词之间无连词，在第二个谓语前断句。 （第二个谓语前有明显主语时在其主语前断句）e.g. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience andbehavior.4) 两个介词碰头，在第二个介词前断句（两个介词组成的复合短语除外，如：up to/ frombehind/ into inside）e.g. That is the lab which we did physics experiments in during our middle school days.5) 介词短语前可断句8e.g. Buyers are likely to be cautious about income-contingent loans because of the difficulty inassessing their value and because they are an unfamiliar form of debt.6）非谓语前可断句（to do/doing/done）e.g. At every crossway on the road that leads to the future, each progressive spirit is opposed bythousands of men appointed to guard the past.四、题目类型及解题方式四、题目类型及解题方式1. 事实细节题事实细节题提问方式：what/who/which/when/where/why/how/true/not true/mention/including/except解题方式：根据题目及选项关键词定位原文，选择与原文描述相符的选项。 （寻读+细读）e.g. 1.According to the passage, the happiest people should be those who _.A. face up to difficulties in lifeB. hope to be young againC. enjoy life in different ageD. wish to be grown upHow often one hears children wishing they were grown up, and old people wishing they wereyoung again. Each age has its pleasures and its pains, and the happiest person is the one whoenjoys what each age gives him without wasting his time in useless regrets.e.g.2. Who plays the most important role in Fathers Day becoming a national commemorativeday?A. Mrs. DoddB. Margaret Chase SmithC.Ann JarvisD. Woodrow WilsonIn 1909, Mrs. Dodd from Spokane, Washington, thought of the idea of a day to honor fathers.9She wanted to honor her own father, William Smart. After her mother died, he had theresponsibility of raising a family of five sons and a daughter. In 1910, the first Fathers Day wasobserved in Spokane. Senator Margaret Chase Smith helped to establish Fathers Day as a nationalcommemorative day, in 1972.注意：选项与原文不一定完全相同，要注意同义词转换、反义词转述及肯否定之间的转换。如: 同义词转换 important = vital; essential; significant; be of great importanceSurprising = astonishing; amazing; extraordinarybe bad for = be harmful to; do harm/damage to反义词转述：good = not bad ; sure = no doubt双重否定表肯定： Whenever I see the film, I will be moved to tears.= I cant see the film without being moved to tears.e.g. 1.According to paragraph 1, many people dont seek care because _.A. they are too poorB. it is unusual to seek careC. they can remain unaffected for longD. there are too many people suffering from the diseaseParagraph 1Malaria, the worlds most widespread parasitic (寄生虫引起的) disease, kills as many asthree million people every yearalmost all of whom are under five, very poor, and African. Inmost years, more than five hundred million cases of illness result from the disease, although exactnumbers are difficult to assess because many people dont (or cant) seek care. It is not unusual fora family earning less than two hundred dollars a year to spend a quarter of its income on malariatreatment, and what they often get no longer works. In countries like Tanzania, Mozambique, andthe Gambia, no family, village, hospital, or workplace can remain unaffected for long.e.g. 2. Newcomers may worry about _.A. their ignorance of the alien customsB. their knowledge of yes in the native languageC. their understanding of friendship10D. their control of their behaviorNewcomers may be anxious because they do not speak the language, know the customs, orunderstand peoples behavior in daily life. The visitor finds that “yes” may not always mean “yes”,that friendliness does not necessarily mean friendship, or that statements that appear to be seriousare really intended as jokes专题注意：事实细节题的选项特征：细节题是针对文中某个细节、 某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题， 正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。（一） 、正确选项通常有以下特征：1）对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。 把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词， 成为正确选项。2）词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。3）语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。e.g. How can we keep our aging brains in tune?A. Change your job as much as possibleB. Look at the world from a new angleC. You must attend a foreign languageD. Stick to our former perception of the worldSuch stretching is exactly what scientists say best keeps a brain in tune: get out of thecomfort zone to push and nourish your brain. Do anything from learning a foreign language totaking a different route to work.4）正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。e.g. Edmonds entered the world of politics first as _.A. news secretary for a congressmanB. a speechwriter for President ClintonC. news secretary in the White House11D. a speechwriter for Secretary Donna ShalalaEdmonds began his career in business, with jobs in public relations and communications. Hejoined the world of politics as news secretary for his congressman (国会议员) from Baltimoreduring Bill Clintons presidency, he wrote speeches for Health and Human Services SecretaryDonna Shalala and worked in a number of job in the White House and in governmentaldepartments. President Clinton then appointed ( 任 命 ) him to the office of director ofspeechwriting, （二） 、干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：1）将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。2）把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。e.g. Which of the following is true about the research carried out by the US Army?A. It has changed our life.B. It has not succeeded yet.C. It has cost a large sum of money.D. It has improved the abilities of tanks.原文：In the 1960s, the US Army commissioned several university professors to conductresearch on the motor skills of animals in hope of applying those same abilities to tanks. Tanksthat run like horses or jump like grasshoppers(蚂蚱)sounds shocking, doesnt it? But imaginehow life would change if we could achieve that.3）无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。4）偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四” ，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。5）文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。e.g. What can we learn about the Hatches?AThey had their children during the Great Depression.12BThey left the old house to live on their family farm.CThey gave away their possessions（财产）to their neighbors.DThey helped their neighbors to find jobs.Then Dave and Gerrie received a timely gift$7,000, a legacy(遗产) from their neighbors IshandArlene Hatch, But the Fusses werent the only folks in Alto and the neighboring town of Lowell to receiveunexpected legacy from the Hatches. Dozens of other families were touched by what the Hatcheshad done. In some cases,. they were an elderly couple who lived in an old house on what was left of the family farm.Children of the Great Depression, Ish andArlene were known for their habit of saving2. 推理推断题推理推断题提问方式：infer/ imply/suggest/conclude/（most）probably解题方式：对原文中找到的所有相关信息要进行仔细分析，摸清它们相互之间时间、方位、因果、对比等逻辑关系，在此基础上进行综合推理，选定答案。 （寻读+细读）e.g.1. The last paragraph suggests that the writer _.A. believes all the information about chocolateB. does not believe the information about candyC. is trying to get you to believe false informationD. doesnt think it important whether you believe the ideasDo you believe these ideas? Can candy tell all these things? It doesnt really matter. There isone sure thing about eaters of chocolate. They eat it because they like it.注意排除干扰项：1）文章内容的简单重复，不是推理得出的结论。2）与原文相反的内容描述。3）与常识吻合，但在文中找不到证据支撑的描述。134）文章没有涉及，纯属主观推测的结论。e.g. 2. It can be inferred from the passage that _.A. no drugs have been found to treat the diseaseB. the alternative treatment is not easily available to most peopleC. malaria has developed its ability to resist parasitesD. nobody knows what will be the drug to treat the diseaseFor decades, the first-choice treatment for malaria parasites in Africa has been chloroquine,a chemical which is very cheap and easy to make. Unfortunately, in most parts of the world,malaria parasites have become resistant to it. Successful alternatives that help prevent resistanceare already available, but they have been in short supply and are very expensive. If these drugsshould fail, nobody knows what would come next.注意：有时作者并未把意图说出来，我们可根据字面意思，通过研究语篇的逻辑关系和细节的暗示，来推敲文章的隐含意思，进行深层理解。语句之间的逻辑关系常见如下：1）并列关系：and/ as well as/ likewise (同样的) / while （与此同时）/at the same time/meanwhile/ simultaneously（同时发生地）/ in the meantime / similarly ( 类似地)/ or/ notonlybut also/ neither nor/ either ore.g. The word “it” (para. 2) most probably refers to _.A. the lack of stable communitiesB. the breakdown of informal information channelsC. the increased mobility of familiesD. the growing number of people moving from place to placeAs families move away from their fixed community, their friends of many years, theirextended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off and with it theconfidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy. 2）递进关系：furthermore/ besides/ additionally/ in addition/ whats more/ moreover/ even/14highlighting（突出、强调）3) 转折关系转折关系：but/ however/ whereas/ yet/ on the contrary/ contrary to/ in(by) contrast/ ratherthan/ instead ofe.g. The author thinks the reason why custom has been ignored in the academic world is that_.A. custom reveals only the superficial nature of human behaviorB. the study of social orders can replace the study of customC. people are still not aware of the important role that custom plays in forming our worldoutlookD. custom has little to do with our ways of thinkingCustom has not been regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner working of ourown brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking,is behavior at its most commonplace（最常见的行为）. As a matter of fact, it is the other wayaround（事实并非如此）. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviormore astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter howaberrant.4) 让步关系：though/ although/ even though/ even if/ much as（虽然）/ in spite of/ despite/regardless of/ no matter/ nevertheless（尽管如此）/ anyhow（无论如何）/ anyway/5） 因果关系因果关系：原因： because/ in that/ as / since/ now that/ giving that/ considering that/ seeing that/ because of/due to/ owing to/ thanks to/ caused by/ result from/ in view of/ in light of （鉴于）结果： so/ therefore/ thus/ as a result/ as a consequence/ consequently/ result in/causee.g.It can be inferred from the text that the sound of this beetle _.A. pleased peopleB. surprised peopleC. frightened peopleD. excited peopleDid you ever hear a strange sound coming from the wall? Did it sound like a clock? If so, it15may have been made by a beetle. Long ago people