考研英语翻译-题目特征12778.pdf

学英语 找长喜 1 考研英语翻译 LECTURE 1 题目特征 课堂讲解 课堂练习 Exercise 1 Youve hard a problem,youve thought about it till were tired,forgotten it and perhaps slept on it,and then flash!When you werent thinking about it suddenly the answer has come to you,as a gift from the gods.Of course all ideas dont come like that,but the interesting thing is that so many do,particularly the most important ones.They burst into the mind,glowing with the heat of creation.How they do it is a mystery.(1)Psychology does not yet understand even the ordinary processes of conscious thought,but the emergence of new ideas by a“leap in thought”is particularly intriguing,because they have come from somewhere.For the moment let us assume that they come from the“unconscious”.(2)This is reasonable,for the psychologists use this term to describe mental processes which are unknown to the subject,and creative thought consists precisely in what was unknown becoming known.(3)It seems that all truly creative activity depends in some degree on these signals from the unconscious,and the more highly intuitive the person,the sharper and more dramatic the signals become.But growth requires a seed,and the heart of the creative process lies in the production of the original fertile nucleus from which growth can proceed.This initial step in all creation consists in the establishment of a new unity from disparate elements,of order out of disorder,of shape from what was formless.(4)The mind achieves this by the plastic reshaping,so as to form a new unit,of a selection of the separate elements derived from experience and stored in memory.Intuitions arise from richly unified experience.(5)This process of the establishment of new form must occur in pattern of nervous activity in the brain,lying below the threshold of consciousness,which interact and combine to form more comprehensive patterns.Experimental physiology has not yet identified this process,for its methods are as yet insufficiently refined,but it may be significant that a quarter of the total bodily consumption of energy during sleep goes to the brain,even when the sense organs are at rest,to maintain the activity of ten thousand million brain cells.These cells,acting together as a single organ,achieve the miracle of the production of new patterns of thought.No calculating machine can do that,for such machines can“only do what we know how to design them to do”,and these formative brain processes obey laws which are still unknown.Can any practical conclusions be drawn from the experience of genius?Is there an art of thought fro the ordinary person?Certainly there is no single road to success;in the world of the imagination each has to find his own way to use his own gift.Exercise 2 It is a universally acknowledged fact that human beings possess a larger brain than animals.This allows us to coordinate our lives better and communicate with each other on a higher,more sophisticated level.Language is a mode of communication where with a limited number of words 学英语 找长喜 2 we can produce an infinite number of sentences.It gives us the chance to discuss ideas,and look at the world with a critical eye.(1)It is of utmost importance to note that we have developed our linguistic abilities so that we not only have the option of interacting verbally and through signs but also on a written basis.The central question to be examined is:How does language actually influence our specifically animal operations?(2)A case in point would be that when we look at an object,for example a tree,do we see it in its pure,realistic and natural way or is language imposing a certain influence in the way we look at this tree?Do we regard it as an object of nature which is a tall woody plant having a single,usually,long and straight main stem,generally with a few or no branches on its lower part?Or are we simply seeing it that way because of the context of the language in our culture?(3)Since the languages of the world differ in regard to their semantic and structural characteristics,it seems somewhat logical to argue that people speaking widely different languages would also differ in the way they viewed and thought about the world.An example may illustrate this point.If one must classify things such as camels,automobiles or snow in certain ways,then one must perceive them differently from someone who does not require to make these distinctions.Eskimos may have a number of different meanings for the word“snow”,whereas we only have one.(4)From this we can deduce that it is still debatable whether we perceive the world in its real form or whether we are affected by the language of our society without us realizing.Hence one can infer that language imposes meaning on everything existing in our world through the human being.Consequently,meaning must be placed at the center of any attempt to explain language.But,meaning lies not in the words but in the people.We use words to approximate the meanings we wish to communicate,but these words still remain imperfect and incomplete representations of our meanings.(5)After having delved deeper into this subject,we can conclude that language is the trait which decisively distinguishes man from all other creatures and that human language is arguably the single most remarkable characteristic which we have.课堂讲评 Exercise 1 【语篇分析】本文是一篇信息传播型文章，介绍了灵感思维的源头潜意识的产生过程及其作用。第一段：引入灵感思维这一话题。举例说明灵感思维的产生。第二至五段：探讨灵感思维的源头潜意识。第二段介绍了当前心理学对潜意识的研究。第三段承接上段讲述潜意识的作用以及直觉与潜意识的关系。第四段阐述产生潜意识的过程。第五段承接上段讲述共同运作的脑细胞对产生思维新模式的作用。第六段：提出呼吁。普通人也要找到充分发挥自 学英语 找长喜 3 己天分的道路。【题目解析】1.Psychology does not yet understand even the ordinary processes of conscious thought,but the emergence of new ideas by a“leap in thought”is particularly intriguing,because they have come from somewhere.【要点】leap in thought 的意译；intriguing 词义的确定；代词 they 的翻译【句法】由 but 连接的并列复合句。第一个分句是简单句；but 分句后是 because 引导的原因状语从句。状语从句的主语 they 指的是new ideas，翻译时需指出。【词法】（1）intriguing 由动词 intrigue“激起的好奇心”演变而来，在这里译成“引起兴趣的”；（2）leap 有“跳跃”的意思，leap in thought 译成“思维的飞跃”。2.This is reasonable,for the psychologists use this term to describe mental processes which are unknown to the subject,and creative thought consists precisely in what was unknown becoming known.【要点】which 引导的定语从句的翻译；宾语部分what was unknown becoming known的意译【句法】由 and 连接的并列复合句。第一个分句包含 for 引导的原因状语从句，其中which 引导定语从句，修饰 mental processes。第二个分句包含 consists in 的宾语结构。翻译注意：（1）for 引导的原因状语从句顺译，其中套嵌的 which 引导的定语从句前置译。（2）what was unknown becoming known 意译成“认清未曾认识到的东西”。3.It seems that all truly creative activity depends in some degree on these signals from the unconscious,and the more highly intuitive the person,the sharper and more dramatic the signals become.【要点】It seems that 句型的翻译；the morethe more 句型的翻译【句法】由 and 连接的并列复合句。第一个分句中包含 It seems that句型。第二个分句包含 the morethe more 句型。翻译注意：（1）【全文翻译】当你遇到一个难题，为其绞尽脑汁，直至精疲力竭，将它置之脑后，或许带着疑虑进入梦乡。然而，忽然之间灵光一闪。当你不思考这一问题时，答案如同天赐神助一般，突然出现在你的脑子里。当然，并非所有的妙想都是这样得来，可有趣的是，许多想法，特别是那些至关重要的想法都是这样产生的。它们忽然闯入脑海，散发着独创的光热。它们的形成过程是一个谜。1心理学迄今甚至连普通的有意识的思维过程都没有研究清楚，但是依靠“思维的飞跃”产生新见解的现象还是让人特别感兴趣，因为这种新见解必定有一个出处。我们暂且假定它们来自于“潜意识”。2这是有道理的，因为心理学家利用这个术语来描述研究对象都不了解的心理过程，而创造性思维恰恰就在于认清未曾认识到的事物。3在某种程度上，所有真正的创造性活动似乎都取决于这些来自潜意识的信号，并且，一个人的直觉愈强烈，这些信号就愈加鲜明，愈加生动。可是萌芽生长需要种子，而创造过程的核心也在于形成最初的丰富的胚胎，使成长得以进行。所有创造的第一步，都在于把没有联系的因素重新结合，将无序变为有序，将无形变为有形。4要做到这一点，大脑就要选择从经验中得到的或者存储于记忆之中的互无关联的因素，并加以整理重塑，以形成新的统一体。直觉来源于丰富的系统化的经验。5这种新形式的形成过程只能出现在大脑神经活动模式之中，处于意识范围的开端，相互作用又相互融合，而形成更加复杂的模式。实验心理学还无法识别这一过程，原因是其实验方法仍不够完善。可或许值得注意的是，人在睡眠的时候，尽管感觉器官处于休息状态，但是所有体能消耗的四分之一却用于大脑，以维持其上百亿个脑细胞的活动。这些共同运作的脑细胞创造了产生思维新模式的奇迹。计算机不能做到这一点，因为它们“只能按照我们的设计力所能及的方式运 学英语 找长喜 4 It seems that 是一个非常实用的句型，翻译为“似乎；看来”。（2）the morethe more 句型有倒装现象，the person 和 the signals become 译时应该提前【点拨】in some degree 译成“在某种程度上”，翻译顺序提前。4.The mind achieves this by the plastic reshaping,so as to form a new unit,of a selection of the separate elements derived from experience and stored in memory.【要点】by 引导的状语的翻译；selection 的词类转换【句法】简单句。句子的主干为 The mind achieves this。by 引导状语，of 短语作 the plastic reshaping 的定语，被 so as to 引导的目的状语隔开。of 短语中过去分词短语 derived from作其前名词 the separate elements 的定语。翻译注意：（1）by 引导的状语用转化法将其转化译作并列的分句。而且根据逻辑顺序，放在其定语之后。（2）作定语的过去分词短语 derived from翻译时置于中心词之前。【词法】selection 名词译作动词“选择”。5.This process of the establishment of new form must occur in pattern of nervous activity in the brain,lying below the threshold of consciousness,which interact and combine to form more comprehensive patterns.【要点】which 引导的非限制性定语从句的翻译【句法】复合句。主干为 This processmust occur in pattern。lying below the threshold of consciousness 现在分词短语作伴随状语；which 引导非限制定语从句，分译后置。【词法】（1）nervous activity 意为“神经活动”。（2）the threshold of consciousness 意为“意识范围的开端”。行”，而那些具有建构能力的大脑活动过程遵循的却是我们所未知的规律。我们能从天才们的经验中得到任何实际的结论吗?有没有适用于普通人的思维艺术?成功之路不止一条。在一个提倡想象力的世界中，每个人都要找到发挥自己天分的道路。Exercise 2【语篇分析】本文是一篇信息传播型文章，说明了语言对人类的重要性。第一段：分析了人类语言的作用。说明了语言是人类重要的交流工具。第二、三段：揭示了人类语言对行为的影响。第二段论述了语言对人们看待世界的方式的影响。学英语 找长喜 5 第三段举例说明了语言被赋予含义，并在一定程度上影响着思维方式。第四段：阐述了人类的语言交流的独特性。人类的语言交流是其区别其他物种的特征。【题目解析】1.It is of utmost importance to note that we have developed our linguistic abilities so that we not only have the option of interacting verbally and through signs but also on a written basis.【要点】that 引导的宾语从句的翻译；so that引导的结果状语从句的翻译；省略的翻译【句法】复合句。It 作形式主语，真正的主语为不定式结构 to note that。so that 引导的结果状语从句包含 not onlybut also 结构。翻译注意：（1）that 引导 note 的宾语从句，宾语从句翻译时一般按原句词序译，宾语从句单译成一句。（2）so that 引导的结果状语从句中 but also 后省略 have the option of interacting，翻译时需补充。so that 翻译为“因此，所以”。【点拨】用 It 作形式主语的句子，It 可不译；It is of+n.等同于 It is+adj.2.A case in point would be that when we look at an object,for example a tree,do we see it in its pure,realistic and natural way or is language imposing a certain influence in the way we look at this tree?【要点】that 引导的表语从句的翻译【句法】复合句。that 引导的表语从句包含when 引导的时间状语从句，表语从句的主干由 or 连接的选择疑问句构成。翻译注意：（1）that 引导的表语从句顺译，其中包含的 when引导的时间状语从句也顺译。（2）in its pure,realistic and natural way 作方式状语，翻译时提前。（3）we look at this tree 是省略引导的词定语从句，修饰先行词 way，定语从句翻译时提前。【词法】a case in point 意为“恰当的例子”。3.Since the languages of the world differ in regard to their semantic and structural characteristics,it seems somewhat logical to【全文翻译】人类拥有一个比动物更大的大脑，这是全世界都公认的事实。这让我们可以更好地协调我们的生活，并在一个更高、更复杂的水平上与彼此进行交流。语言是一种交流模式，用数量有限的单词，我们可以组成无数的句子。它给了我们讨论观点、并用探索批判的眼光看待世界的机会。1最重要的是要注意，我们已经发展了我们的语言能力，因此不但可以口头交流和通过手势交流，还可以进行书面交流。而要审视的核心问题则是：语言在实际上是如何影响我们具体的本能行为的？2一个恰当的例子就是当我们看一个物体，比如说一棵树时，我们是用纯粹、现实和自然的方式看到它的呢，还是语言对我们看待这棵树的方式施加了某种影响？我们是否认为从本质上来说，它是一种高高的木质植物，有着单个并且通常长而直的主干，在其下部通常有一些或者没有枝条？还是说我们只是因为语言在我们文化中的内涵才用那样的方式看待它？3因为世界上的语言在语义和结构特点上都有很大的差异，因此认为讲完全不同语言的人在看待和思索世界的方式上也有很大差异似乎有点道理。一个例子也许可以阐明这一点。如果我们一定要将事物如骆驼、汽车或者雪按某种方式进行分类，那么，对比那些没有要求区分这些事物的人来说，我们的领会必然有所不同。爱斯基摩人对于“雪”这个词也许有许多不同的含义，而我们只有一种含义。4从这一点我们可以推断出，我们是不是按照其真实状况来感知世界，或者在不知不觉中我们是不是受到社会语言的影响仍是值得争论的问题。因此，我们可以推断，语言通过人类将世界上存在的一切事物都赋予了含义。因此，任何试图解释语言的努力都必须 学英语 找长喜 6 argue that people speaking widely different languages would also differ in the way they viewed and thought about the world.【要点】Since 引导的原因状语从句的翻译；长不定式作主语的翻译【句法】复合句。Since 引导原因状语从句。主句中 It 作形式主语，真正的主语为不定式结构 to argue that。that 引导的从句作 argue的宾语。翻译注意：（1）since 引导原因状语从句顺译。（2）长不定式直接翻译为主语，it 不翻译。其中现在分词短语 speaking widely different languages 作 people 的定语，翻译时前置。（3）they viewed and thought about the world 为省略引导词的修饰 way 的定语从句，翻译时也可提前。4.From this we can deduce that it is still debatable whether we perceive the world in its real form or whether we are affected by the language of our society without us realizing.【要点】that 引导的长宾语的翻译【句法】复合句。that 引导的从句作 deduce的宾语，宾语从句由 whetheror whether连接的部分作从句的主语。翻译注意：（1）that 引导的宾语从句单译成一句。（2）第一个whether引导的从句中 in its real form作状语，翻译时提前。（3）第二个 whether 引导的从句中without us realizing也作状语，翻译时提前。其中使用的被动语态可以直接翻译成汉语的被动句，用“受到”表示。5.After having delved deeper into this subject,we can conclude that language is the trait which decisively distinguishes man from all other creatures and that human language is arguably the single most remarkable characteristic which we have.【要点】which 引导的定语从句的翻译【句法】复合句。两个 that 引导的从句作conclude 的宾语。翻译注意：（1）that 引导的宾语从句可以用冒号与谓语动词分开处理。（2）两个 which 引导的定语从句分别修饰先行词 trait 和 characteristic，翻译时定语从句都可前置。【词法】delve into 意为“深入研究，钻研”。把含义放在核心的位置。然而，含义并不在于单词，而在于人们。我们用的单词只是大致接近我们想要交流的意思，但这些词在表达我们的意思时仍是不完美、不完整的。5深入研究这一主题之后，我们可以得出结论：语言是将人类与其他所有生物明确地区分开来的一种特性，人类的语言毫无疑问是我们所拥有的最显著的特征。