2022年高考英语常考经典易错词汇短语辨析讲解.docx
精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 高考英语常考经典易错词汇短语辨析精析travel , trip , journey 的用法区分 三者均可表示 “ 旅行 ” ,区分如下:1. travel 泛指一般意义的旅行,是不行数名词;如:He is fond of travel (= travelling ); 他喜爱旅行;Travel is much cheaper than it used to be. 现在旅行比过去廉价多了;注:有时可用复数形式,主要指时间较长的各处旅行,此时通常有物主代词修饰,但是尽管用了复数形式,却不能与 many 或数词连用;如:Hes gone off on his travels again. 他又外出旅行了;另外, travel 通常只是泛指旅行,而不特指某次详细的旅行,所以通常不说:How was your travel ?2. journey 通常指远距离的陆地旅行,并且不肯定要返回到动身地(即通常指单程);如:I wish you a pleasant journey. 祝你一路顺风;He made a journey to Beijing. 他去北京旅行了;注: journey 有时并不指真正意义的“ 旅行 ” ,而只是表示走过一段距离;如:How long is your journey to work? 你上班要走多远?(即指双程) ,不过有时trip 也3. trip 通常指近距离的为了办事或消遣而进行旅行,并且往往要回到动身点可指远距离的长途旅行,可与journey 换用,比journey 更通俗;如:A:Where is John? 约翰在哪里?B:Hes on a trip to Shanghai. 他去上海旅行了;Hell make a round-the-world trip. 他将周游世界;affect, effect, influence 用法区分区分一: affect 与 effect 均可表示 “ 影响 ” ,其区分是:前者是动词(及物),主要指一时的影响,着重影响的动作,可指一般意义的影响(不分好坏),也可指不良影响;后者是名词(可数或不行数),两者的关系大致为:affect have an effect on.如:To affect a policy is to have an effect on it. 影响一项政策就是对该政策具有一种影响;The news did not affect her at all. The news had no effect on her at all. 这条消息对她没有一点影响;注: effect 有时虽用作动词(及物),但不表示“影响 ” ,而表示 “ 实现 ”或“产生 ”等;如:They effected their escape in the middle of the night. 他们半夜逃脱了;He effected great changes in the company. 他使公司发生了庞大的变化;区分二: influence 表示 “影响 ”,主要指对行为、性格、观点等产生间接的或潜移默化的影响;可用作动词(及物)或名词(通常不行数,但有时可连用不定冠词);如:What you read influences your thinking. 你读的东西对你的思想有影响;Television has a strong influence on people. 电视对人有很大的影响;It s clear that her painting has been influenced by Picasso. 她的画明显受了毕加索的影响;aloud, loud, loudly 的用法区分1. aloud 的用法aloud 只用作副词,不用作形容词,留意以下用法:( 1) 强调 “ 出声 ”,即把话说出来, 而不是在心里悄悄地“ 说” ,通常与动词read, speak, think 等动词连用;如:read aloud 朗读 think aloud 自言自语地说(2) 表示 “ 大声地 ” ,通常与动词cry, laugh, shout, call 等动词连用,如:The boy is crying aloud. 这男孩子在大声哭;She called aloud for help. 她大声呼救;2. lould 的用法loud 表示 “ 大声 ” 或“洪亮 ”,可用作形容词和副词:(1) 用作形容词;如:名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - He has a loud voice. 他嗓子大;The music is too loud ; please turn it down. 这音乐太吵人了,请把音量关小一点;( 2) 用作副词(与loudly 同义),一般只与动词speak, talk , laugh, sing 等连用,且必需放在这些动词之后;如:I cant hear you, please speak louder. 我听不见,请说大声些;3. loudly 的用法loudly 只用作副词(与用作副词的 loud 同义);如:Dont talk so loudly loud. 别这么大声讲话;注:loudly 比用作副词的 loud 使用范畴更广,它除与 speak,talk,laugh 等动词连用外,仍可与其他表示声响的动词连用,且可以放在这些动词之前或之后;如:The man snored loudly. 这个人鼾声打得响;He heard a cocklock loudly crow. 他听见雄鸡大声啼叫;另外,在用于比较级或最高级时,通常用 loud,而不用 loudly. 如:Who laughed loudest? 谁笑的声音最大?in the air 与 on the air 1. in the air 在空中;在流传中;渺茫;如:Birds fly in the air. 鸟在空中飞;There was thunder in the air. 天上打着雷;The plan is quite (up) in the air. 方案仍相当渺茫;Look , hold it uP in the air like this. 2. on the air 在广播中;如:看着,像这样把它举在空中;The show is on the air. 演出正在转播;I heard the news on the air. 我在广播中听到了这条消息;Whats on the air this evening? 今晚有什么广播节目?The show is on the air at seven o 这次演出七点钟播出;until 与 till 的用法区分用作介词或连词,意为“直到( 为止 ” ,两者常可换用,只是until 比 till 稍正式,所以在正式文体中,一般用 until ,而在口语或非正式文体中就两者都可用;从其后所接成分来看,长较复杂的成分多用until ,位于句首时也多用until. 两者在用法上应留意以下几点:till 多与名词或较短的从句连用,而较1. 相关主句谓语必需是连续性动词,如是终止性动词,就应为否定式(由于终止性动词一旦被否定就成为状态,便可连续);如:We waited until till he came. 我们始终等到他来;We didn t lea ve until till he came. 直到他来我们才走;2. 引导时间状语从句时,其谓语要用现在时表示将来意义;如:I won t leave until he comes back tomorrow. 我要等他明天回来再走;3. 有时其后可跟副词、介词短语或从句等;如:He has been ill until recently. 他最近始终生病;She didnt return until after twelve o直到12 点过后她才回来;They didnt reach the station until after the train had left. 直到火车开走之后,他们才到达车站;Until when are you going to stay here ? 你在这儿要待到什么时候?before long 与 long before 1. before long 的意断是 “不久,很快 ”;如:I ll be back before long. 不久我就回来;Before long he got married. 不久他就结婚了;名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2. long before 有两个用法:(1) 老早,早就(单独使用,表示比过去某时早得多的时间);如:She had left long before. 她老早就离开了;That had happened long before. 那事老早就发生了;注: long ago 表示 “很久以前 ”,.指的是从现在算起的很久以前,通常与一般过去时连用:I met him long ago. 我很久以前就熟悉他了;(2) 在 的很久以前,在仍没有 的很久以前;如:She had left long before his return he returned. 在他回来的很久以前她就走了;He had worked in the factory long before he got married. 在他仍没有结婚的很久以前他就在这家工厂工作了;注:此时的主句谓语通常用过去完成时,但有时也可用一般过去时(由于before 已表达了动作的先后关系);如:This happened long before you were born. 这事在你仍没诞生以前很久就发生了;另外留意以下句式:It is was , will be long before 在 前需要很久;如:It was long before he came back. 过了好久他才回来;It wont be long before we see each other. 不久我们又会见面的;比较:It wasnt long before he realized his mistake. / Before long he realized his mistake. 不久他意识到了自己的错误;同义词辨析agree with, agree to 和 agree on 辨析 agree with, agree to 和 agree on(1)agree with 的意思是 “ 同意 ”, “赞成 ” ;后面常接表示人或看法(看法)的名词或代词作宾语;如:Does she agree with us?她同意我们的看法吗?None of us agree with what you said. 我们没有一个人同意你讲的话;(2)agree with 仍有 “与 一样 ” ,“(气候、食物等)适合”的意思;如:His words do not agree with his actions. 他言行不一样;Too much meat doesnt agree with her. 吃太多食物对她身体不合适;留意: agree with 不能用于被动语态;(3)agree to 意为 “同意 ” ,“ 赞成 ”,后面跟表示 “提议 ” ,“方法 ”,“ 方案 ” ,“支配 ”等的名词或代词;如:Please agree to this arrangement.请同意这个支配;This plan has now been agreed to.这个方案已经被认可了;( 4)agree on 表示 “对 取得一样看法 ”,指两方或多方就某个问题取得了一样的看法或是达成了某种协议;如:After discussion the two sides agreed on a cease-fire. 经过争论,双方就停火问题达成了协议;They all agree on the matter.他们在这个问题上看法一样;besides,but,except 的用法辨析1. 基本区分三者都可表示 “ 除外 ” ,但 besides 表示一种累加关系,意指“ 除了什么之外,仍有 ” ;而 except 或 but 就表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有 ” ;如:Besides his wife ,his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外, 他女儿也去看过他 (即妻子女儿都去看过他);Nobody went to see him except but his wife. 除他妻子外,没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他);注:在否定句中,besides 也表示 “ 除 之外不再有 ”,与 but, except 同义;如:No one passed the exam besides except Jim. 除吉姆外,没一个人通过考试;2. 关于 but 与 except ( 1) 两者都可表示 “除 外不再有 ” ,但含义上略有差别:but 侧重指意义的几乎完整性,而 except 就侧重指后面除去的部分;比较:All are here but one. 除一个人都到了;All are here except one. 仍有一个人没到;名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - (2) 在现代英语中,but 的介词用法特别有限,一般说来,它只能用在以下词语之后: no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等 any, anyone, anybody, anything , anywhere 等 every, everyone, everybody, everything , everywhere 等 all, none 等 who, what, where 等 Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道;I haven't told anybody but you. 除你之外,我没告知任何人;No one but he him showed much interest in it. 除他之外没有一个人对此有很大爱好;一般说来,如没有显现上述词汇,就不宜使用介词but, 否就可能造成错句;但是except 却没有以上限制;比较:正: The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开;误: The window is never opened but in summer. (3) but 肯定不能用于句首,except 通常不用于句首:除我之外每个人都累了;正: Everyone is tired but (except) me. 正: Everyone but (except) me is tired. 误: But (Except) me, everyone is tired. 注: except for 可用于句首,表示 except 的意思:正: Except for me , everyone is tired. 3. 关于 except 与 except for:except 主要用来谈论同类的东西,而except for 就主要用来谈论不同类的东西,有时含有惋惜之意;如:All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外,其他的作文都写得很好;His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错,只是有几处拼写错误;注:如用于句首,就 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首);4. 关于 except for 与 but for :except for 主要表示排除,but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用);如:Except for me , everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外,大家都通过了考试;But for my help , she would not have passed the exam. 如不是我的帮忙,她就不会通过考试;But for the atmosphere plants would die. 假如没有大气,植物就会死亡;5. besides的其他用法besides 除用作介词外,仍用作副词,其意为 如:“此外 ”、“ 而且 ” ,可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾;I don't want to go ; besides, I'm too tired. 我不想去,而且我也太累了;This car belongs to Smith , and he has two others besides. 这部车是史密斯的,此外他仍有两部;副词辨析 fairly ,quite,rather ,very,pretty这几个词都可表示程度,用法区分如下:含义上的区分( 1) fairly 语气最轻, 尽管常常与褒义词连用,但由于语气较弱,往往不带明显的恭维或称赞,通常译为 “ 仍算” 、“相当 ”;比如要说某部电影 fairly good ,指的可能是仍将就过得去,只是没有否定;( 2) quite 语气稍重,意为“颇” 或“相当 ”;要是说某一部电影 quite good,那是说这部电影相当不错,虽不是最好,但至少值得看;( 3) rather 或 pretty 在语气上又稍重一点,意为“特别 ”或“ 相当 ” (pretty 不如 rather 正式);要是说某一部电影 rather / pretty good ,指的是这电影相当不错,语气比较重,意指要高出一般水平或出乎意料地好;两者均可与褒义或贬义形容词连用;与褒义词连用,表示一种开心的心情;与贬义(包括中性)词连用,表示一种不赞成或不中意的心情;如:a rather pretty good play 相当好的戏 rather pretty poor work 相当差的工作(4) very 语气最强,意为“很” 或“特别 ”;要是说某一部电影 very good,这是说这部电影很不错,算得上是精品之作;名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 这些词语气的轻重可大致描述为:(not) fairly quite rather / pretty very 用法上的差别(1) 以上各词中,只有rather 可以与比较级以及副词too (太)连用;如: It s rather warmer today. 今日温和多了;This one is rather too large. 这个稍大了一点;注: quite 有时也与比较级连用,但通常只限于 quite better (身体好)这一表达中;(2) rather 和 quite 有时可直接修饰动词,而其他几个副词一般不这样用;如:I quite agree with you. 我完全同意你(的看法);We rather like the book. 我们很喜爱这本书;( 3) rather, quite 与“ 冠词形容词名词” 连用时,通常置于冠词之前,有时也可放在冠词之后;但遇此s a quite/rathe类似情形, very 或 fairly 就只能放在冠词之后(形容词之前) ;如:It s quite /rather a good idea. / Itgood idea. 那可真是个好想法;注:如此结构中没有形容词,就quite 和 rather 就只能放在冠词之前;如:It was quite rather a success. 那事相当胜利;(4) 修饰不行分级的形容词(如:right, wrong, ready, full , empty, perfect, impossible, alone, unique 等,通常只用 quite,此时 quite 并不表示 “ 相当 ”或“ 很” ,而表示 “完全 ” ;如: Youre quite right (wrong); 你完全正确(错了);That s quite impossible. 那完全不行能either.or 和 neither.nor 的用法区分一、 either or either or 意为 "或者 或者 ;不是 就是 " 之意;表示两者之一,连接句子中两个并列的成分;例如:When the girl is happy , she either sings or dances.那个女孩兴奋时,不是唱就是跳;(此句中either or 连接两个动词,由于主语是单数第三人称,谓语动词要用其相应的形式;)either or 连接两个主语时,其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一样,这就是我们通常说的 "就近原就 ".例如:Either you or I am going there tomorrow. 明天要么你去那里,要么我去那里;留意:假如把上句变成一般疑问句,助动词形式与主语you 保持一样,所以要用are 提问,而不是am.例如:Are either you or I going there tomorrow ? 明天是你仍是我去那里?Either you or he has lunch at school. 其一般疑问句应为: Do either you or he have lunch at school ? 是你仍是他在学校吃午饭?如要对 either or 句型进行否定时,只需把either or 换成 neither nor 即可;例如:Either you or she is good at drawing. 变为否定句应为: Neither you nor she is good at drawing. 你和她都不善于绘画;我们仍可以单独使用either,其意为 "两者中的任何一个". 例如:There are many shops on either side of the street. 街道两边有很多商店;或: There are many shops on both sides of the street. 在街道两边有很多商店;either 用在否定句的句末,表示 " 也"的意思;例如:If you don't go there. I won't , either. 假如你不去那里,我也不去;二、 neither nor neither nor 表示 " 既不 也不 ".其含义是否定的,可连接任意两个并列的成份;例如:She likes neither butter nor cheese.她既不喜爱黄油也不喜爱乳酪;此句中 neither nor 连接两个宾语;当neither nor 连接两个主语时,也应遵循 " 就近原就 ".例如:Neither dad nor mum is at home today. 今日父母都不在家;如将 neither nor 句型变为确定句,只需把neither nor 改为 both and 即可,同时谓语动词必需用复数形式;例如:Both dad and mum are at home today. 今日父母都在家;名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 仍可以单独使用 neither 作主语,表示 "两者中没有一个 ".例如:Neither of them likes football. 他们俩都不喜爱足球;neither 或 nor 仍有另外一种用法,就是当表达一个人没有做某事,另一个人也没做同一类事时,可用 neither或 nor 进行简略回答,其结构为:Neither / Nor+ 助动词 / 情态动词 / be 动词 +主语;例如:He doesn't go to school by bike. Neither / Nor do I. 他不是骑自行车上学,我也不是;They didn't go to the park yesterday. Neither / Nor did we. 昨天他们没去公园,我们也没去;更多例句 either you come in person ,or you entrust someone with the matter 你要么自己来,要么就托人办理这件事 in a position like this one can neither stand up nor lie down处在这样的位置,一个人既不能站直,也不能躺倒You can come either on Monday or Sunday. You can speak either English or hinese Either you are mad, or I am (要么你疯了,要么我疯了I can neither speak nor write French =Neither can I speak French nor can I write it You can come either on Monday or on Tuesday. write=I can't read or write. you or I am going swimming tomorrow. I can neither read nor It is neither hot nor cold in winter here. 这里冬天既不热也不冷;There is neither river nor stream nearby. 邻近既无河流也没小溪;He does not do it, nor does he try. 他没有做,也没尝试一下;She can't get there at four, nor can I. 她不能在四点钟到那里,我也不能;He doesn't like sports, nor do I . such that 和 so that 的用法区分such that 和 so that such that 与 so that 都可以用来引导结果状语从句,意为“ 如此 以致 ”( 1)such 是形容词,它所修饰的名词可以是可数名词,也可以是不行数名词;名词前面可以带形容词,也可以不带;假如其后是单数可数名词,前面需加不定冠词a 或 an.因此, such that 的句型结构可分为以下三种:such+a(n)( +adj.)+单数可数名词 +that 从句;如:She is such a good teacher that all of us love and respect her.她是一位很好的老师,我们都敬重她;Table tennis is such an interesting game that people all over the world play it. 世界的人都参与这项运动;such(+adj.)+复数可数名词 +that 从句;如:乒乓球是一项很好玩的运动,以致全They are such interesting books that I want to read them once more. 这些书特别好玩,我想再读一遍;such(adj.)+不行数名词 +that 从句;如:It was such bad weather that I had to stay at home.天气太坏,以致我不得不呆在家里;(2)so 是副词,与形容词或副词连用,其结构是:so+adj.(adv.)+that 从句;如:He ran so fast that I couldnt catch up with him. 他跑得那么快,我赶不上他;I am so sleepy that I can hardly keep my eyes open. 我太瞌睡了,眼睛几乎睁不开了;留意:当名词前面有 many, much,few,little 等表示数量多少的限定词时,应当用 so,而不能用 such.如:There were so many people in the street watching the fire that firefighters could not get close to the building. 街上围观大火的人太多了,消防队员无法靠近大楼 当单数名词前有形容词时,既可用so,也可用 such,但不定冠词的位置却有所不同;如:This is such an important meeting that you should attend it. (=This is so important a meeting that you should attend it. )这是一次很重要的会议,你肯定要参与;cost,spend,take 的用法区分 一、依据主语辨析虽然三者均可表示“花费 ”,但所用主语不同: cost 的主语通常是事或物(包括形式主语it ),不能是人; spend 的主语只能是人,不能是事或物;take 的主语可以是事或物(包括形式主语it),也可以是人;如:第 6 页,共 21 页The computer cost (me) $2000. 这台电脑花了(我)2000 美元;名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - It costs $1000 a year to run a car. 使用一辆车每年要花 1000 美元;I have spent all day looking for you. 我花了一成天找你;It took me an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了一个小时;The letter took me an hour (to write ); (译文同上)I took an hour to write the letter. (译文同上)注:如 cost 不是表示 “花费 ” ,而是表示客观上地或被动地“耗费 ”,就也可用人作主语;如:Smokers cost the government a lot of money every year. 抽烟的人每年要耗费政府不少钱;二、依据宾语辨析cost 的宾语通常是钱,take 的宾语通常是时间,而 spend 的宾语就可以是时间或钱;如:How much did it cost to build the bridge? 建这座桥花了多少钱?It took her two hours to walk to the station. 走路去车站花了她两小时;He spends much time (money) on books. 他花了很多时间读(钱买)书;注: cost 有时也用于时间,但通常只用于笼统时间(一般不用于详细明确的时间);如:Making experiments like this costs much time and labour. 做这样的试验要花很多时间和劳力;按传统语法, take 的宾语通常是时间,但在现代英语中,用钱作其宾语的现象已很普遍;如:It takes a lot of money to buy a house. 买一座房子要花一大笔钱;三、依据句型辨析从句型结构来看;三者的通常句型为:sth costs (sb) money 某物花某人多少钱 it costs (sb) money to do sth 做某事花某人多少钱 sb spends time (money) on sth 某人在某一方面花多少钱 sb spends time (money) in on doing sth 某人在做某事方面花多少钱 it ta