2022年初中英语语法大全：动词的概述.docx

_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - 中学英语语法大全：动词的概述动词的概述1.动词是表示动作或状态的词如： walk play sleep live 2.动词和名词一样,也有人称和数的变化；谓语动词的人称和数一般必需与主语的人称和数保持一样3.英语动词是词类中最复杂的一种,它的主要语法特点是：时态 tense 特别的动词词尾和有关的助动词,用以表示动作的时间和方向语态 voice 特别的动词形式,用以表示动作的主语和宾语之间的关系,即主语是施事者或是受事者；语气 mood 特别的动词形式,用以表示说话人对所说事物的态度；所说的话可能是事实,也可能是命令或恳求,也可能是愿望,假设,怀疑,建议,推测,纯粹的空想等；体 aspect 动词本身含有的动作方面,有动态和静态；静态包括内心活动,各种感觉和感情等；动态有瞬时,有限,无限,重复等方面；4.动词的种类 动词的种类比较复杂,大致可以依据其在句子中的功能分为及物动词与不及物动词,连系动词介于两者之间；反身动词就是一种特别的及物动词；其次,仍可以依据其词义和在谓语中的做用,分为实义动词与助动词,情态动词；第三,仍可以依据其与主语的关系分为限定动词与非限定动词；最终,仍有一种由动词与介词,副词组成的动词短语；：及物动词 transitive verb 与不及物动词 intransitive verb 及物动词要求有直接宾语如： John himself opend the door to me John 亲自来为我开门不及物动词就不要求有直接宾语 如： The car stopped. 车停了只有及物动词可用作被动语态 如： The meeting will be hold in the town hall 会议将在市政大厅举办：连系动词 link verb 是一个表示谓语关系的动词_精品资料_ 它后必需接表语（通常为名词或是形容词）be 是最基本的连系动词第 1 页,共 13 页- - - - - - -_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - 如： It is not late 时间仍不晚：反身动词 reflexive verb 相当于及物动词,通常以反身动词做宾语如： She always prides herself on her cooking 她常常为她的厨艺感到自豪1.实义动词 national verb 与助动词auxiliary verb ,情态动词modal verb ；实义动词意义完全,能独立作谓语如： The burglar broke the window 小偷打破了窗户；2.助动词本身无词汇意义,不能单独作谓语,它们do,be,have,shallshould,willwould等；它们在句子中与实义动词一起构成各种时态,语态和语气以及否定和疑问结构如： When do we meet again. 什么时候我们再会（用于疑问结构）3.情态动词的意义不完全,在句中不能单独作谓语,只能与实义动词一起构成谓语；它们有shall,should,will,can,could,may,need,dare 等；如： They dare not tell the truth. 他们不敢说真话；4.限定动词 finite verb 与非限定动词；这些动词的形式由它们在句子中的功用打算；限定动词在句子中起谓语作用；可与助动词或情态动词连用,亦可不连用；但必需与主语在人称和数上保持一样；如： Mark smokes a lot. Mark 抽烟许多；非限定动词有不定式,动名词和分词三种；它们在句子中不起谓语作用,可担任主语,宾语,补语,状语,如： He wanted to tell her of the incident. 他想把这个大事告知她；（不定式用作宾语）5.短语动词 phrasal verb 短语动词是一个固定词组；由动词加介词或副词等构成；其作用相当于一个动词；如： The plane took off at seven sharp 飞机七点起飞（动词 +副词）6.动词的基本形式动词的基本形式有五种；动词原形 verb stem 第三人称单数 third person singular present tense form 过去式 past tense form 过去分词 past participle 和现在分词 present participle 如：原形 第三人称单数 过去式 过去分词 现在分词do does did done doing Have 的两种特别句型have 是英语中最活跃的动词之一,它与不同的词搭配表示不同的意思；如：have a meeting （开会）,_精品资料_ have a rest （休息）, have a class （上课）等；你可知道have 构成的两种特别句型吗？不看不知道,一第 2 页,共 13 页- - - - - - -_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - 看就明白；1 have 宾语省略 to 的动词不定式该句型中作主语的 "人或物 "让作宾语的 "人或物 "去做某事；此时的宾语与省略 to 的不定式（宾语补足语）之间有规律上的主谓关系；如：I would have you buy a new bike我想让你买辆新自行车；We can t have the car stop我们无法让汽车停下来；2 have 宾语过去分词该句型中作主语的 "人或物 "让作宾语的 "人或物 "被 ；此时的宾语与过去分词（宾语补足语）之间有规律上的动宾关系；如：I ll have my hair cut tomorrow我明天要理发； They have just had their car repaired他们刚找人把车修理了一下；留意：大多数情形下,这两种句型之间可以互换；如： 1）He had me wash the table cloth He had the t able cloth washed2 The man had the bike mended The man had someone mend the bike练习：依据汉语意思,完成英语句子,每空一词；1你应当找人建一座房子； You should have someone a house You should have a house2现在我们请下一位演讲者到前面来；Now we ll have the next speaker to the front 3你必需让人把这些书送到教室去；You must have these booksto the classroom Do 的四作用动词 do 在句中的作用可以概述为四句十二字：作用一：实义 do "做"实义,助动词,替前文,强语气；do 作实义动词时,有 do, does, did, done, doing 五种形式,仍有及物、不及物之分；如：1. vt. " 做；讨论；整理；完成 "；如：The old man does an hour of sport every day. She did her homework at home last night. Mother was doing the cooking when I reached home. Have you done the exercises yet. 2. vi. " 行动；工作；进展；足够 "；如：Kate does very well in her Chinese. How do you do. Well done. That will do. _精品资料_ - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 13 页_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - 作用二：助动 do do 作助动词时, 只有 do, does, did 两种时态的否定句和疑问句中；如：三种形式, 无词义, 限用于含行为动词的一般现在时和一般过去时They don't have any tickets for tonight's concert. Kate stayed at home last night, didn't she. How many books does the library have. She doesn't do the washing in the evening. 作用三：替代do do, does, did替代前文所用的行为动词；如：为防止动词的重复,使语言简练,常以Tom runs much faster than you do. -Lucy, can you get some more tea, please. -Sure. I'll do it right away. -Who broke the cup. -Mimi did. -I like bananas. -So does he. 作用四：语气 do 为突出感情颜色,do 常用于祈使句、强调句和倒装句中,以加强语气；如：Do be careful. Don't tell a lie. He did come. -You often go to the park. -So we do. Like 用法聚焦_精品资料_ 时间： 2022 年 05 月 09 日作者：来源：第 4 页,共 13 页- - - - - - -_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - like 一词具有多种词性和词义,以及多种用法；现简述如下：一、用作动词：1.like+ 名词 /代词,意为 "喜爱某人或某物 "；例如：Tom likes fish very much. 汤姆特别喜爱鱼；Mr Wang is a good teacher.We all like him. 王老师是个好老师,我们都喜爱他；2.like to do sth. 意为 " 有时或具体地 喜爱做某事 "；例如：I like to swim with you today. 今日我喜爱和你一起去游泳；3.like doing sth. 意为 "常常或习惯地 喜爱做某事 "；例如：He likes singing. 他喜爱唱歌；4.like sb. to do sth. 意为 "喜爱某人做某事 "；例如：She likes them to ask questions like this. 她喜爱他们像这样问问题；5.would like to do sth. =want to do sth. 意为 " 想要做某事 "；例如：I'd like to go shopping with you. 我想要和你一起去买东西；6.would like sb. to do sth. 意为 "想要某人做某事 "；I'd like you to meet my parents. 我想要你见见我的父母亲；二、用作介词：1. be like, look like 后接名词或代词作宾语,意为 "像 ；跟 一样 "；例如：What is he like. 他是怎么样的一个人？The little girl looks like her father. 那个小姑娘看起来像她的父亲；2. feel like 后接 V. 鄄 ing 形式、代词或名词,意为 "想要做某事 "；例如：Do you feel like having a rest. 你想休息吗？We'll go for a walk if you feel like it. 假如你想漫步,我们就去吧；三、常见句型：_精品资料_ 1. What do you like about.？意为 "关于 你喜爱什么？ ",用来询问对方所喜爱的内容；例如：第 5 页,共 13 页- - - - - - -_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - -What do you like about China. 你喜爱中国的什么？-The food and the people. 食物和人民；2. How do you like.？意为 "你认为 怎么样？ "What do you think of.？ 例如：-How do you like the film. 你认为这部电影怎么样？-It's very interesting. 很好玩；3. Would you like + 名词 to do sth. 意为 "你想要 吗？ ",用来询问对方是否需要什么或征求意见与看法；例如：Would you like some water. 你想要一些水吗？Would you like to play football with us.Keep 用法解读你情愿和我们一起去踢足球吗？在人教版中学英语教材中,keep 是要求同学必需把握的四会词之一,现将其常见用法归纳小结如下,以利于大家正确地使用该词；一、用作及物动词1. 意为 "储存；保留；保持；保守 "；如：Could you keep these letters for me, please. 你能替我储存这些信吗？I'll keep a seat for you. 我给你留个座位；It can help to keep vegetables, fruit and meat for a long time in hot summer. 在酷热的夏天,它有助于蔬菜、水果和肉类长时间保鲜；Can you keep a secret. 你能保守隐秘吗？2. 意为 "照料；养活 "等；如：She kept her sister for a week while her sister was ill.I have a family to keep. 我得养活一家人；3. 意为 "留下；不必仍 "；如：她妹妹有病时,她照看她了一个星期；_精品资料_ You can keep the pen if you like it.你要是喜爱就把钢笔留下吧；第 6 页,共 13 页Keep the change.不用找零钱了；- - - - - - -_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - 4. 意为 "遵守；保护 "；如：Everyone must keep the rules. 人人必需遵守规章制度；The teacher is keeping order in class. 老师正在课堂上保护秩序；5. 意为 "售；卖 "；如：The shop keeps everything you need. 那家商店里出售的东西应有尽有；He keeps everything you will drink. 他出售你想喝的各种饮料；6. 意为 "记日记、帐等 "；如：She keeps a diary every day. 她坚持每天记日记；He keeps exact accounts of the money he spends and a diary of the events of his holidays. 他具体地记载他所花的钱数和假期中所发生的事情；7. 意为 "使 保持某种 状态、位置或动作等"；这时要在keep 的宾语后接补足语,构成复合宾语；其中宾语补足语通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词和过去分词等充当；如：We should keep our classroom clean and tidy.You'd better keep the child away from the fire.The bad weather keeps us inside the house.形容词 我们应保持教室洁净洁净；副词 你最好让孩子离火远一点；介词短语 坏天气使我们不能出门；Don't keep me waiting for long. 现在分词 别让我等太久；The other students in the class keep their eyes closed.二、用作连系动词过去分词 班上其他同学都闭着眼睛；构成系表结构： keep 表语,意为 "保持,连续 处于某种状态 "；其中表语可用形容词、副词、介词短 语等充当；如：You must look after yourself and keep healthy.Keep off the grass. 副词 请勿践踏草地；形容词 你必需照料好自己,保持身体健康；_精品资料_ Traffic in Britain keeps to the left.介词短语 英国的交通是靠左边行驶的；第 7 页,共 13 页留意：一般情形下,keep 后接形容词较为多见；再如：She knew she must keep calm.她知道她必需保持冷静；- - - - - - -_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - Please keep silent in class. 课堂上请保持寂静；三、与介词或副词搭配,构成动词短语1.keep away 意为 "使 离开； 使 不接近 ",其后常接介词 from ；如：Would you keep your dog away from my boy, please. 请把狗拉得离我孩子远点好吗？Keep everybody away from the accident. 人人远离事故；2.keep back 意为 "阻挡；留在后面 "；如：She sat down quietly, but she couldn't keep back her tears. 她悄悄地坐下来,却忍不住流下了眼泪；3.keep together意为 "在一起；动作和谐"；如：赛船时,这8 个人动作协Keep together, please.请聚在一起；The eight men kept together during the boat race as though they were one.调,似乎一个人似的；4.keep up 意为 "连续；使不低落 "；如：The noise kept up all night. 噪音整夜连续着；To keep your strength up, eat well and get enough sleep. 为了保持力气,要吃好、睡足；5.keep up with 意为 "跟上；和 来往 "；如：I'm trying my best to keep up with the others in class. 我正在设法赶上班里的其他人；Do you still keep up with Tom. 你和汤姆仍有联系吗？6.keep.in mind 意为 "把 记在心里 "；如：The teacher asked us to keep these sentences in mind.四、含 keep 的常用句型老师要我们把这些句子记在心里；1.keep doing sth. 意为 "连续干某事 ",表示不间断地连续干某事,keep 后不能接不定式或表示静止状态的 v-ing 形式,而必需接连续性的动词；如：He kept working all day, because he wanted to finish the work on time. 他想准时完成工作；他成天都在不停地工作,由于_精品资料_ - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 13 页_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - Keep passing the ball to each other, and you'll be OK.2.keep on doing sth. 意为 "连续做某事 "；如：坚持相互传球,你们就行；The pupil kept on asking me the same question. 这个同学不断地问我同一个问题；I kept on thinking about the match in the afternoon. 我总是想起下午的那场竞赛；3. keep.from doing sth. 意为 "阻挡 /防止 做某事 "；如：The heavy snow kept us from going out. 大雪使我们不能出去；Be 的四功能be 是一个多功能动词,在初级英语里可见四种用法：功能一,系动词 be be 为连系动词, 中心词义是 "是 ",句型为 "主系表 "结构； be 的形式常用 am, is, are 现在式 ；was, were 过去式 ；will/can/may/must be 助动词 /情态动词原形 ；have/has/had been 助动词过去分词 等；如：To help animals is helping people. 一般现在时 The twins were very busy yesterday. 一般过去时 It will be sunny tomorrow. 一般将来时 She has been ill for over a week. 现在完成时 功能二,助动词 be 助动词 be ,无词义,帮助主要动词一起在句中作谓语动词；用法如下：1. be+doing ：构成进行时态,有现在和过去两种进行时态；如：The girls is reading and copying the new words now. Young Tom was always asking questions and trying out new ideas. _精品资料_ 2. be+done ：构成被动语态 主语是动作的承担者,done 必需是及物动词；如：第 9 页,共 13 页Tea is grown in my hometown.一般现在时的被动语态 This building was built three years ago.一般过去时的被动语态 Our classroom has been cleaned and tidied already.现在完成时的被动语态 - - - - - - -_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - How could this kind of cakes be made in your home.含情态动词的被动语态 That is a day never to be forgotten. 动词不定式的被动语态 3. be+going to do,表示 "准备或将要做某事 ", be 有现在和过去两种形式；如：We are going to plant trees in the park. I didn't know if she was going to come here. 4. be+to do ,表示 "按方案支配将要做某事 "；如：The new shop is not to be opened till next Monday. One night an angel came to Mary and told her that she was to have this special boy. 功能三, there be there be 句式为： there be+ 主语部分状语部分,表示 来时等；如："某处存在某物 ",be 常用现在时,过去时和将Oh, cool. And there are many things to see. There is even a deer park in Sanya. There are about 80 pyramids in Egypt. Will there be a football match in your school next week. 功能四,实义 be 可以将 be 视为实义动词,由于它具有实际的词义,如 "成为 ;做 ;发生 ;举办 ;逗留 ;到达 "等；如：His daughter wants to be a doctor for animals in her twenties. Kate's birthday party will be at half past six this evening. Jim has been in China for more than two years, but he has not yet been to Yichang. there be 中考学问点扫描there be 结构作为中学的一个重点句型,在训练部新颁布的英语课程标准中,作为简洁句的基本句型列入其中,在各地中考试卷中也频频亮相；考点一：对 there be 基本理念的考查_精品资料_ - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 13 页_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - 1.What did you see on the desk then. There _ a bottle of orange. 03 北京宣武区 A. was B. were C. has D. had 2. There _ an English film here tomorrow. 04 武汉 A. has B. is going to be C. will have 3. There used to have few tall buildings around our village. 找错并改正 A B C D 03 陕西 4.Whats on the plate. There _ some bread on it. 03 吉林 A. is B. are C. has D. have 扫描 1 依据句子的时间状语或上下文示意、连接等,在中学阶段 be 的形式不外乎有这么几种：现在时 is / are 、过去时 was / were 、将来时 will be 、完成时 have / has / had been；可以与情态动词连用,组成 there + 情态动词 +be 的形式,表估计语气；可与 seem, appear, used to 等状态词连用,构成 there seems / appears / used to be.；答案要点：1.题中的问句用了过去时,又由于答语中为“一瓶桔子汁 ”,故答案为 A；2.题中有一个表示将来的 tomorrow ,又由于 there be 的形式中不能用助动词 have ,故答案为 B；3.题错误之处为 C,应改为 be ；4.题中 some bread 为不行数名词,应选 A；考点二：考查 there be 句型的接近一样性1. There _ a pencil on the desk and you may use it. 03 北京石景山区 A. is B. are C. was D. were 2. There _ two knives in the pencilbox. 03 哈尔滨 A. are B. be C. is D. am 3. There _ a pair of shoes under the bed. The shoes _ mine. 04 兰州 A. is ；are B. is ；is C. are ；is D. are ； are 扫描 2 _精品资料_ - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 13 页_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - be 的形式受后面靠近它的主语在人称和数上的制约,必需实行就近原就,与接近的主语保持一样,必须看清晰 there 后跟的是可数名词,仍是不行数名词；仍必需留意既有可数名词又有不行数名词的时候,be 的形式的接近一样性；如 :There is a bag of rice, two baskets of apples and three people under the tree. 答案要点：1. a pencil 为可数名词单数形式,可从 A、C 中选,又从 and you may use it 可以得出,挑选 A；2.句中有 two knives ,名词复数,应选 A；3. a pair of 修饰可数名词复数时,谓语动词要用单数形式,而 shoes 是可数名词复数,故答案为 A；考点三：考查 there be 和 have/has 表示 “有”的含义时的区分1. There _ two pictures on the wall. 03 北京大兴区 A. is B. have C. are D. has 2. There _ a football game in our school next week. 03新疆生产建设兵团 A. has B. is going to be C. have D. is going to have 3. There_ a football match on TV this evening. 04 陕西 A. will have B. is going to be C. has D. is going to have 4. There is going to have a football match next Friday afternoon. A B C D 找错并改正 04 南京 扫描 3 英语中表示 “有”的含义时可以用 区分：there be 句型 ,也可以用 have/hasgot 表达,但二者在用法上有根本的there be 句型表示存在,即某处有某物；have/has got 表示全部、拥有,即某人物有 ；如：They have a beautiful home. _精品资料_ I ve got an idea. 第 12 页,共 13 页在 there be 句型中 be 的形式不能用have/has 替代；答案要点：依据以上分析可得：1. C 2. B 3. B 4. B应把 have 改成 be 考点四：考查there be 的反意疑问句1. There is a beautiful clock on the wall, _. 03桂林 A. isn t there B. is there C. isnt it D. doesnt it 2. There is little milk in the bottle, _. 03广东 A. isn t it B. is it C. isnt there D. is there - - - - - - -_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - 滨 3. There was no time for the twins to go shopping, _ _. 完成反意疑问句 03 哈尔扫描 4 there be 句型的反意疑问句必需用there 进行反问,这时需要留意的是there be 句型中是否有seldom, _精品资料_ hardly, little, few, no, nothing, nobody之类的否定词或半否定词,如有,就该部分应看成是否定的,反意第 13 页,共 13 页疑问部分必需用确定式；假如there be 中带有否定的前缀的词,就该部分应看成确定式,反意疑问部分仍要用否定形式；如: There was an unusual bike under the tree,