2022年语言学重点概念总结 .docx

精品_精品资料_Design features（定义特点） :the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals.Synchronic（共时的） :said of an approachthat studies language at a theoretical“point ” in time. Diachronic（历时的） :said of the study of development of language and languages over time. Prescriptive（规定式） :to make an authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use oflanguage.Descriptive（描写式） :to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety.Competence（语言才能） :unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language.对于一门语言的语法规章系统的无意识获得的学问.Performance （语言运用） :the language actually used by people in speaking or writing.人们说话写作时实际使用的语言.Langue（语言） :the language system shared by a“speech community ”. 一个“语言社团”共有的语言系统.Parole （言语） :the concrete utterances of a speaker.说话人实际说的话语.Phonology （音系学） ：the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of language. It aims to discoverthe principlesthatgovernthe way sounds are organizedinlanguages,and toexplain the variations that occur.International Phonetic Alphabet（国际音标） :a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart the IPA chart, designed by the International Phonetic Association since 1888. It has been revised from time to time to include new discoveries and changes in phonetic theory and practice.Cardinal Vowels （基本元音） :a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.Assimilation（同化现象） :a processby which one sound takeson some or allthe characteristicsof a neighboring sound,a term oftenused synonymouslywith“coarticulation”.Ifa followingsound is influencing a preceding sound, it is calledregressive”assimilation”; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_known as progressive”assimilation”.Maximal Onset Principle（最大节首原就） :a principlefordividingthe syllablewhen thereisa clusterof consonantsbetween two vowels,which statesthatwhen thereisa choiceas to where to placea consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.Morpheme（语素） :the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression andcontent,a unitthatcannotbe dividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Inflection（屈折变化） :is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached.Derivation （派生词） :is the most commonword-formation process to be found in the production of new English words. It is accomplished by means of a large number of affixes of English language, and shows the relationship between roots and affixes.Bound morpheme（黏着语素） :refer to those which cannot occur alone and must appear with at least one other morpheme.Free morpheme （自由语素） :refer to those which may occur alone or which may constitute words by themselves. Grammatical word（语法词） :refer to those which mainly work for constructing group, phrase, clause complex,oreventext,suchas,conjunctions,prepositions,articles,andpronouns. Grammatical words serve to link together different content parts.Lexical word（词汇词） :refer to those which mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality,such as nouns, verbs,adjectives,and adverbs.Lexicalwords carrythe main content of a language.Closed-class（封闭类） :A word thatbelongsto theCLOSED-CLASSisone whose membership isfixedor limited, such as pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and others. One cannoteasily add or deduce a new member.Open-class （开放类） :is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. When new ideas,inventions,or discoveriesemerge, new members are continuallyand constantlybeing added to the lexicon.Nouns, verbs,adjectives,and many adverbsare allopen-class items.Syntax （句法） :the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined toform sentencesin a language,or the study of the interrelationshipsbetween elements可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_in sentence structures.Co-occurrence（共现） :It means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, theoccurrenceofa word ofanothersetor classtoforma sentenceor a particularpart of a sentence.Endocentric（向心结构） :endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent tothatofone or more ofitsconstituents,which servesas a definableCenteror Head of the whole.Exocentric（离心结构） :exocentricconstructionrefersto a group ofsyntacticallyrelatedwords where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there isno definable“Centre ” or“Head” inside the group.Subordination（从属关系） :refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually aconstituentof the other.Thesubordinateconstituentsare words which modifythe head. Consequently, they can be called modifiers.Coordination（并列） :a commonsyntacticpatternin Englishand otherlanguagesformed by groupingtogether two ormore categoriesofthe same typewiththe helpofa conjunctionsuch as and, but and or .Cohesion:referstorelationsofmeaning thatexistwithinthe text,thatdefineitas a text.Synonymy（同义关系） :synonymy is the technical name for one of the sense relations between linguistic units, namely the sameness relation.Semantic components（语义成分） :semantic components, or semantic features, are semantic units smaller than the meaning of a word. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analysed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE.Psycholinguistics（心理语言学） :psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use oflanguage.As an interdisciplinaryacademic fieldbased on psychologyand linguistics, psycholinguistics investigates the six following subjects: language acquisition,languagecomprehension,languageproduction,languagedisorders,languageand thought,andcognitivearchitectureoflanguage,The mostimportantresearch subjects are acquisition, comprehension and production.Language acquisition（语言习得） :language acquisition is one of the central topics in psycholinguistics. Acquiring a first language is something every child does successfully, in a matter of a few可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_years and without the need for formal lessons. Four phases are identified and acknowledged in the process of language acquisition: holophrastic stage, two-word stage, three-word utterances, and, fluent grammatical conversation stage.cohort model（集群模型） :The cohort model is a supposed doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognitionpostulatedby Marslen-Wilson and Welsh in 1990, it is suggested that the firstfew phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word candidates that areconsistentwiththe input.These candidatescompete withone anotherforactivation.As more acoustic input is analyzed, candidates that are no longer consistent withthe inputdrop outof the set.Thisprocesscontinuesuntilonlyone word candidate matches the input; the best fitting word may be chosen if no single candidate isa clear winner.interactive model（交互模型） :The interactivemodel holdsthatinrecognizingthespoken words higherprocessing levelshave a direct,“top - down” influenceon lowerlevels.Lexicalknowledge can affect the perception of phonemes. There is interactivity in the form of lexicaleffectsontheperceptionofsublexicalunits.Incertaincases,listeners knowledge of words can lead to the inhibitionof certain phonemes; inother cases, listenerscontinueto “hear ” phonemesthathave been removed from the speech signal and replaced by noise.serial model（串行模型） :Serialmodelproposesthatthesentencecomprehensionsystemcontinuallyand sequentiallyfollowsthe constraints of a language s grammar withremarkablespeed. Serialmodeldescribeshowtheprocessorquicklyconstructsoneormore representations of a sentence based on a restricted range of information that isguaranteedto be relevantto itsinterpretation,primarilygrammaticalinformation.Any such representation is then quickly interpreted and evaluated, using the full range of information that might be relevant.parallel model（并行模型） :Parallel model emphasizes that the comprehension system is sensitive to a vast range of information, including grammatical, lexical, and contextual, as well as knowledge of the speaker/writer and of the world in general. Parallel model describes how the processor uses all relevant information to quickly evaluate the full range ofpossibleinterpretationsofa sentence.Itis generallyacknowledged thatlisteners and readers integrate grammatical and situational knowledge in understanding asentence.figure-ground alignment（图形 - 背景关系） :Figure-groundalignmentseems to applyto space withthe ground as the prepositional objectand the prepositionexpressingthe spatialrelationalconfiguration.Italso appliesto human perceptionof moving objects.Sincethe moving objectistypically the most prominentone, because itismoving,itistypicallythe figure,whilethe remaining stimuli constitute the ground.basic level category（基本层次范畴） :Basic level category is the most economical level at which you can find the most可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_relevantinformation.The informationon our interactionswithobjectsinthe real world are stored at this level. It is at this level that we conjure up the generalgestalt of the category.image schema （意象图式） :Image schema isa recurring,dynamic patternof our perceptualinteractionsand motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.Metaphor （隐喻） :Metaphor involves the comparison oftwo concepts in thatone is construed in termsofthe other.It s oftendescribedin termsof a targetdomain and a sourcedomain. The target domain is the experiencebeing described by the metaphor andthe source domain is the means that we use in order to describe the experience.Metonymy（转喻） :Metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another.Communicative Competence（交际才能） :isasociolinguisticruleputforwardbyDellHymes incontrastwiththe“competence” vs.“performance ” dichotomy in theoretic linguistics. Context of Situation（语境理论） :isa frameworkputforwardby Firth.Thistheoryhas the followingelementsFirth, 1950: 43-44 Palmer, 1981: 53-54.A. The relevant features of the participants: persons, personalities:(i) The verbal action of the participants.(ii) The non-verbal action of the participants.B. The relevant objects.C. The effects of the verbal action.Ethnography of Communication（交际民族学）:is an authoritative research framework of ourtime in a linguistic study of social and cultural factors Hymes, 1962.Speech Community （话语群体） :refers to a group of people who“share not only the same rules of speaking, butat leastone linguisticvarietyas well. ” Hymes, 1972: 52 SPEAKING:is a mnemonic way ofsummarizingcertaincomponents ofspeech whichmake possiblethe description and analysis of communicative behavior: S=Situation（场景） , P=Participants（参加 者 ） ,E=Ends（ 目 的 ） ,A=Actsequence （ 相关 形 式 与 内容 ） ,K=Key（ 语 气 ） ,I=Instrumentalities（语式） , N=Norms （准就） , and G=Genres（体裁） .Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（萨丕尔 - 沃尔夫假设） :is a theoretic assumption which suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express speakers'uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Inaloosesense,thistermcanbe interchangeably used with linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism.Variationist Linguistics（语言变体） :isa theoreticframeworkadvanced by WilliamLabov tostudyhow languagevariation and change take place in different social contexts or geographic districts under可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_the influence of social factors such as economics, education, class, gender, style, and so on. The method it uses is basically quantitative, but qualitative instruments have recently been introduced in this branch of linguistic research for a betterdescription and explanation of the data collected.performative（施为句） :A performative is a sentence like“I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth”, which does not describe things and cannot be said to be true or false. The uttering ofa performative sentence is, or is a part of, the doing of an action. Verbs like“name” are knownas performative verbs. locutionary act（发话行为） :The locutionaryact isthe ordinaryact we performwhen we speak,. we move our vocal organs and producea number ofsounds,organizedin a certainway and witha certainmeaning. For example, when somebody says “Morning. ”, we could say he produced a sound, word or sentence “Morning. ”perlocutionary act（取效行为） :The perlocutionary act concerns the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer. By telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of thehearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do something, etc. Whether or not these effects are intended by the speaker, they can be regarded as part of the act that the speaker has performed.illocutionary act （行事行为） :The illocutionary act is the actperformed in the performing of alocutionary act. Whenwe speak we notonlyproducesome unitsoflanguagewithcertainmeanings,but alsomake clearour purpose in producingthem, the way we intendthem to be understood, or they also have certain forces as Austin prefers to say. In the example of“Morning. ” we can say it has the force of a greeting, or it ought to have been taken as a greeting.cooperative principle（合作原就） :Thisis the principlesuggestedby Griceabout the regularityin conversation,whichreads“Make yourconversationalcontributionsuch as isrequired,atthe stageat whichitoccurs,by theacceptedpurposeor directionofthetalkexchange inwhich you are engaged ”. Th