2022年初中英语语法之名词.docx

精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -学习好资料欢迎下载中学英语语法之名词一、名词的分类：名词分为专出名词和一般名词.1、专出名词：个人,的方,机构等专出名称,如：China, Shanghai, Li lei等.专出名词的首字母通常要大写.详细说来,它包括人名、 的名、月份、 星期、 节日、 书名、 电影名以及某些抽象名词等.如：Jim 吉姆China 中国July七Friday星期五Christmas 圣诞节English英语2、一般名词：指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词.1）个体名词：某类人或东西中的个体,如fighter, gun, country , cup, desk, student 等.一般可数,有单复数形式. 2）集体名词：如干个体组成的集合体,如family, team, police, class 等.一般可数,有单复数形式 3）物质名词：无法分为个体的实物,如cotton, tea, air 等.一般不行数,没有单复数之分.4）抽象名词：动作, 状态 , 品质 , 感情等抽象概念. 如 health, happiness,love, work, life等.一般不行数,没有单复数之分.二、名词的数：可数名词都有单数和复数之分.不行数名词没有复数形式.【重点】1、规章的可数名词的复数变化规章：1）一般情形加s ： books, mouths, houses, girls 等.2）以 s, sh, ch, x 结尾的加es： classes, boxes, matches 等. 3）辅音字母+ y 结尾的变y 为 ies： cities , countries,parties, factories 等. 4）以o 结尾的词+es： heroes, Negroes, tomatoes,potatoes 等.以 o 结尾+s：radios, zoos, bamboos, pianos, kilos , photos 等.5）以 f, fe 结尾的多数+es： leaves, lives , wives , knives , halves, wolves 等.直接+ s 的名词： roofsproofs,gulfs,beliefs 等.2、 不规章的可数名词的变化规章：【难点】1） 转变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式.如：man men, woman women, tooth teeth, foot feet, mouse mice, childchildren 等.2）单复数形式相同.如：sheep, deer, fish等,以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词.如：yuan.另外 以-ese 或 -ss 结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形.如：Chinese, Japanese, Swiss等.以 -an 结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如： Americans,Asians,Russians, Australians, Italians, Germans 等.留意： Englishman Englishmen, Frenchman Frenchmen.3）单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works. 说明 A. fish 如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes： There are many kinds of fishes in that lake.B. 以 man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化.man servant men servants.boy/girl studentswoman doctor women doctors.3、复合名词的复数形式:son-in-law-sons-in-law , looker-onlookers-on, 主体名词变化4、字母 ,阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加“ s ”或 “ s：”There are two l s in the word“ all”.Your 7 s and 9 s look alike.It happened in the 1960 s /1960sI. will not accept your if s and but5、物质名词一般没有复数,但如下情形除外：A. 用复数形式表示不同种类：wheats, fruits, vegetables.B. 表示比原文更广的词义：wood woods,water waters, sand sands.6、定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人：the Turners,the Smiths,the Wangs.7、集体名词people, police总是作复数：Several police were on duty.8、集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew等单复数都有,但意义不同：The class is big.- The class are taking notes in English.The population in China is larger.- 80% of the population in China are peasants.9、hair表示总体时是不行数：His hair is grey假如表示如干根头发可以加复数词尾.He had a few white hairs.10、以 s 结尾的学科名词只作单数.mathematics , physics, politics 等. news 也是如此.11、glasses, trousers, 等常用复数.但假如这些词前用a pair of/ this pair of/tha等t 修pa饰ir o时f 谓语动词有pair 来打算： Where are my glasses ？ My new pair of trousers is too long. Here are some new pairs of shoes.12、不行数名词没有复数形式,假如表示“一个 ”的概念,可用单位词：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -学习好资料欢迎下载 a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal a bottle of ink,a grain of rice ,a cake of soap【重点 】13、中考常考不行数名词：information, weather, news, advice, fun等.说明 ： 可数名词和不行数名词之间并没有截然的界限.可数名词可以转变为不行数名词,同样不行数名词也可以转变为可数名词,要看清整个上下文的详细内容.一、名词的各种分类单、复数的用法及单数名词变复数名词的方式,包括可数名词的复数的变化规章,少数不规章名词的复数形式及部分单复、数同形的名词.【考例】 There is good for you. I've found your lost watch. 广东省 A. newsB. ideasC. messagesD. thoughts答案 A . 解析 四个选项都是以s 结尾的名词,其中A 为不行数名词,B 、C、 D 为名词的复数形式,句中用了连系动词 is,所以只有A 项正确.My uncle will come to my house for dinner I want to buy some tomake a vegetable salad for him 济宁 A meatB tomatoesC apple juice答案 B .解析 下文说制作蔬菜沙拉,应选蔬菜类的tomatoes.The teacher said we needed to choose threefor the school concert. 重庆 A. farmersB. doctorsC. driversD. singers答案 D . 解析 可数名词的复数形式是在原形后加“ s.”依据 school concert 可知,需要选择的是singers. At night the koala bear gets up and eats 广元 A 1eafB 1eavesC leafs 答案 B .解析 考查名词leaf 的复数形式.以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词在变复数时,一般将f 或 fe 变 v 后,加 es. The PLA man saved three lives in the accident 济南 A childrensB childrenC childD childs'答案 A . 解析 考查名词全部格的用法.three 后接复数children ,变名词全部格时直接加“'s”,应选 A . Come on,children Help yourselves to some if you like 南通 A fish and chickenB fishes and chickenC fish and chickensD fishes and chickens答案 A . 解析 fish 鱼肉 和 chicken 鸡肉 都是不行数名词.All the teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th , because it was their own holiday 重庆 A manB menC womanD women答案 D .解析 由时间 on March 8th 可知是妇女节,因此是女老师.“女老师”单数形式用woman teacher,复数形式两个词都要变为复数.应选D .二、不行数名词数量的表达法用“数词或冠词量词of 不行数名词”这样的结构来表示,量词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of 后面的名词只能用单数.Mr Smith always has to tell us 青岛 A some good pieces of newsB some pieces of good newsC some good piece of newesD some piece of good newes答案 A . 解析 考查名词的数的把握.news 意为“消息” ,是不行数名词,所以C、D 两项可排除.形容词修饰类似的词组时,一般放在前面. Would you like to have a look at some pants.They may fit you well一 Well , I'd like to try those blue . 黄冈 A pairsB oneC pantD pair答案 A . 解析 pants 要用 a pair of 来修饰,由those blue 确定其后接pairs 的复数形式,应选A. Would you like some drinks, boys. 河北 Yes, please.A. some orangesB. two boxes of chocolatesC. some cakesD. two bottles of orange 答案 D 解析 orange 是不行数名词.可用“数词或冠词量词of 不行数名词”这样的结构来表示它的数量.量词（ piece, bottle, glass, pair, cup 等）是可数名词,可依据情形用单数或复数,但of 后面的名词只能用单数.exciting news. We will havelong holiday after the exam. 黄冈 A. What an, aB. What, aC. How an,theD. How, the可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -学习好资料欢迎下载答案 B. 解析 news 为不行数名词,其前面不能用a/an 来修饰.不行数名词的准确数量可借助单位词组来表示,如 a piece of, a cup of , two glasses of three bottles of , etc.三、名词的全部格：1、's 全部格：1）构成：A. 一般词尾 + ：s.the teacher s officXeia, o Li s sister s husband s mother.B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+“ ” ：workers rest room.C. 不以 s 结尾的复数名词加：schildren s toys.D. 复合名词只在最终一个词的后面加：s my sister-in- law s brother.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_E. 表示共同全部的几个名词,只在最终一个词的后面加：sF. 表示各个全部关系的几个名词,在每个名词后分别加：sThis is Tom, James and Dick s room.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Jenny s, Jean s and Mary s rooms face to the south.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_G. 名词短语只在最终一个词后加：s2）用法：a quarter of an hour. s talk可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A. 名词全部格主要用于表示有生命的名词,表示所属关系：Lei Feng s dairy.B. 用于表示时间的名词：today s papera.n hour s driveF. riday s work.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_C. 用于表示的理、国家、城市等名词：the country s plathne.D. 用于表示由人组成的集体名词：our party s standfarm s fruiCt. hina s population.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_E. 用于表示度量、价值的名词：two dollars worth of books.a pound s weight. 2、of 全部格：1）凡不能用 s属格的情形可用of属格表示所属关系：the City of New York.a map of China.2）以下情形通常要用of属格：A. 当名词有较长的定语时：the name of the girl standing at the gate.Have you read the articles of the students who were with us yesterday.【难点 】3、双重全部格：当 of 前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词如a, an, this,that, these, those, two, three, four, any, some, several, no, few ,another 等修饰时, 用双重全部格, 双重全部格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的：a poem of Lu Xun s . a friend of his/hers .Which novel of Dicken s are you reading .some friends of my brothers .【难点】4、几种特别情形： the key to the door.answers to the questionthe entrance to the station / cinema tickets for the film / moviea check for $1500.【考点诠释】三、名词全部格及其用法以-s 结尾的单数名词加“或”“构s”成全部格.以-s 或-es 结尾的复数名词只加“.”不规章复数名词在词尾加“.s”两者或两者以上共同全部,把“加s”在最终的名词上.表示各自拥有某件东西时,每个名词都要用全部格形式. fathers are both scientists 咸宁 可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -学习好资料欢迎下载A Jim's and BobB Jim's and Bob'sCJim and Bob'sD Jim and Bob答案 B .解析 当两个人分别拥有时,要在每个人后都加名词全部格的标志“s”来表达.吉姆的父亲和鲍勃的父亲不是一个人,所以在其后都加“'s”,应选 B. room is big and bright They like it very much 河北 A Tom and SamB Tom's find SamC Tom and Sam'sD Tom's and Sam's 答案 C. 解析 此题考查名词全部格的用法.表示两人共同拥有某一事物时,只需要在其次个人的后面加“s”.应选 C. How s Joy s skirtH. er skirt is more beautiful than. 兰州 可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A. her sister saatend KC. her sister and KateB. her sister and KateD. hser sister s and Kates可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_答案 D . 解析 当某物为几个人所共有时,只在最终一个名词后用全部格形式.如表示两者或两者以上分别全部, 应在每个名词后用全部格形式.四、表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加“ 's”来构成全部格. 如：today's newspaperten minutes , walk , China's industry Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here. No, it s about （浙_.江宁波）A. 7 minutes walkB. 7 minute walkC. 7 minutes walk D. 7 minute s walk答案 C . 解析 考查名词全部格用法.当名词的复数以-s 结尾时,就只需要加 “即”可,就“7分钟的距离 ”为 “ 7 minutes walk ”. Come and see me in With pleasure Thats what I'm expecting 哈尔滨 A two or three days'B two or three day's timeC two or three days' time答案： C 解析： in 后接一段时间,此处表示“两三天的时间”,要用名词全部格形式,因two or three days 是复数,直接加“”,应选 C.I'm going on holiday on the 12th I have to be back at work on the 26th.So I've got two holiday 临沂 A weeksB week's答案： C 解析：此题考查名词全部格的用法.C weeks'“两周”是复数,用D weektwo weeks ,weeks 变名词全部格时,只需在后面加“ ”,应选 C.五、名词作主语时的主谓一样主语为单数形式,谓语动词也用单数形式,主语为复数,就谓语动词也用复数.主语形式上是单数,但表达复 数意义,那么谓语动词要用复数形式.主语形式上是复数形式但表达单数意义,就谓语动词也采纳单数形式.谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近它的主语打算.六、语境中名词的选择依据语境确定名词的词义,再依据句法进一步确定词形.Studying in a foreign country is a different and you can learn a lot 盐城 A eventB exerciseC experienceD exhibition答案： C 解析：由选项及句意“在外国学习是一次不同的并且你能学到很多东西.”可知用experience“经受”最合 适.应选C.-Would you like some .-No, thank you. I'm not hungry at all. 陕西省 A. teaB. waterC. breadD. coffee答案 C.解析 后文中有hungry ,说明上文询问的是关于食品的问题,所以选bread. It's common that the Japanese eat Sushi沈阳 A informationB knowledgeC directionD instruction答案：B 解析：由选项及句意 “日本人吃寿司是常识”.information 意为“信息”.knowledge 意为“学问,学识”. direction意为“方向” . instruction 意为“说明” ,应选 B.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -学习好资料欢迎下载The thing that is not whether you fan or not , but whether you try or not 苏州 A mindsB caresC mattersD considers答案： C 解析：句意为“问题不在于你失败与否,而在于你是否尝试了”.mind" 介意”, care"关怀”, matter" 有关系,重要”,consider" 认为,考虑” ,应选 C. I don't know how to use this machine 一 It doesn't matter Here is the 江西 A instructionB directionC informationD advertisement答案： A 解析：句意： “我不知道怎样使用这台机器.”“没关系.这儿有说明.”应选 A . What do you know about . Line drawings that show how something works 沈阳 A picturesB diagramsC programmesD paintings答案： B 解析：由答语中的“画的线说明事情是怎么工作的”可知由“线”来表示,故应是图表.七、易混名词的区分主要是要求区分一些常见的简单混淆的名词的用法.-Look, the tall building looks very modern.-Yes, and there is a garden on its . A garden in the air. 河南省 A. topB. groundC. sideD. floor答案 A . 解析 由 A garden in the air 可判定为“顶部” .一 How can I tell one tree from another.一 You can mostly tell them by the of their leaves 07 武汉市 A shapeB sizeC ageD color答案 A.解析 此题与生物学问.区分树的不同点时,大多通过树叶的“外形”.-Oh. There isn't enough for us in the bus.-No hurry. Let's wait for the next. 昆明市 A. placeB. landC. roomD. floor 答案 C .解析 考查单词room 的用法. place 意为“的点” .land 意为“陆的 " .room 作可数名词时表示“房间”,作不行数名词时意为“的方”. floor 意为“楼层,的板” .在“公共汽车上” ,只能是没有足够的“的方”.0ur school held an activity called“ RecommendBooks to Your Teachers” The students made a of 1 000 books 淄博 A noteB 1ineC menuD 1ist答案： D 解析： 句意为 “同学列了一张1 000 本书的清单” .note" 笔记”,line“线”,menu“菜单”,list“名单, 单子”,应选 D.【巩固练习】一、基础题（一）依据以下句子的情形及所给汉语注释,写出所缺单词：1. We ve got a lot of new 杂 志 in our school library.2. Yesterday the航班 to London was put off because of the bad weather.3. Autumn is my favourite季节 4. -How many 小刀 do you have. -Three.5. -Does this piece of音乐 sound nice. -Yes. It s wonderful.6. We should give our（生命） for our country 7. He told the doctor that he had a bad （头疼）8. One of the 科学家 comesfrom America. 9.Today is March 8 th , It s（妇女） Day .10. The students are外国人 可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -学习好资料欢迎下载11. What are you going to do in your两个月的 holiday.12. Can you find the区分 between the two words. 13.Do you know the重要性 of the problem. 14.There areof students in that big school. 千（二）选择正确答案： 1. These have saved many children s lives.A. woman doctorsB. women doctorC. women doctorsD. woman doctor 2. There are manyon the mountain.A. apple treeB. apples treesC. apples treeD. apple trees 3. This is bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.A. Anne and JaneB. Anne s and Jane sC. Anne s and JaneD. Anne and Janes 4. -Are there any on the farm.-Yes, there are some.A. horseB. duckC. chickenD. sheep 5. -What would you like to drink, or orange.-Orange, please.A. hamburgerB. chipC. teaD. cakes 6. - They are thirsty. Will you please give them .- Certainly.A. some bottles of watersB. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of waterD. some bottle of waters 7. Mike hurt one of his in the accident yesterday.A. toothB. feetC. handD. ear 8. There is some on the plate.A. cakesB. meatC. potatoD. pears 9. There are many in the city.A. GermenB. GermanyC. GermanysD. Germans10. The has two .A. boys; watchesB. boy; watchC. boy; watchesD. boys; watch 11. The little baby has two already.A. toothB. toothsC. teethD. teeths12. - It s dangerous here. We d better go out quickly.-But I think we should let go out first.A. woman and childrenB. women and childC. woman and childD. women and children 13. Are they going to have a party on .A. Childrens DayB. Childrenss DayC. Childrens DayD. Children Day14. His father went to his doctor for about his trouble.A .an adviceB.some adviceC advicesD .the advices 15. Swimming is in summer.A .a great funB.great funC .great funsD .great a fun16.