小升初英语语法总结.pptx

一、名词名词（表示人和事物名称的词）专有名词普通名词特定的人、地方、机构等专有的名称。第一个字母通常要大写。e.g.Jim Green，New York，Bank of China，Peking University星期、月份、节日、学科、报刊名也是专有名词。个体名词 表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：student,desk集体名词 表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：class,family 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质名称，如：water,rice,sand，hair抽象名词 表示情感，状态，品质等抽象名称，如：love，carelessness个体名词和集体名词多数可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，有单、复数形式；物质名词和抽象名词通常无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词，一般只有一种形式。第1页/共40页英语语法中，只有可数名词才有复数形式。名词有两种数的形式：1）单数（表示一个人或事物）；2）复数（表示多于一个的人或数）。名词的数：名词的数：可数名词不可数名词chicken(鸡，一种动物)fish（鱼，一种动物）an ice cream（一个冰淇淋）a tomato salad（一种西红柿沙拉）chicken（鸡肉）fish（鱼肉）ice cream（冰淇淋这一类）salad（沙拉这一类）第2页/共40页名词复数形式的构成形式形式变化规则变化规则发音发音例词例词一般情况一般情况+s1.清辅音结尾的名词后清辅音结尾的名词后s2.浊辅音结尾的名词后浊辅音结尾的名词后z；3.元音结尾的名词后元音结尾的名词后z;books,cups,catsdogs,birds,armsdays,players以以-s,-sh,-ch,-x,-z结尾的名结尾的名词词+esizbus,brush,boxes,watch,以辅音字母加以辅音字母加y结尾的名词结尾的名词把把y改成改成i再再加加eszstories,families,babies以以f和和fe结尾的结尾的大多数名词大多数名词把把f或或fe改改成成v再加再加eszthieves,knives,wives第3页/共40页不规则名词的复数1.由元音字母的变化构成：man-men,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,mouse-mice,woman-women2.有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样：Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish3.有些名词变成复数时加-en:child-children,ox-oxen第4页/共40页Practise1.peach_ 2.zoo _3.glass _4.fox _5.lady _6.policewoman _7.house _8.photo _9.monkey _10.wife _11.rose _ 12.path _13.judge _ 14.map _peacheszoosglassesfoxesladiespolicewomenhousesphotosmonkeyswivesrosespathsjudgesmaps第5页/共40页二、人称代词和物主代人称主格宾格复数 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词第一人称Imewemymine第二人称youyouyouyouryours第三人称she/he/ithimtheyher/his/itshers/his/its复数weusourours主格一般用在句子前面，宾格用在动词后面，I am Li Le.Call me le le.形容词性物主代词指“某人的什么”，my book(我的书),your puppy.(你的小狗)名词性人称代词指什么是“某人的”This book is mine.(这本书是我的)第6页/共40页所有格所有格的形式单数人称名词末尾加 schild-childs以-s结尾的单数人称名词末尾加s waitress-waitresss不规则的复数人称名词末尾加schildren-childrens以-s结尾的复数人称名词末尾加girls-girls下列情况一般用下列情况一般用“of”结构：结构：1.东西东西:the book of the film2.东西的一部分东西的一部分:the bottom of the box3.抽象的概念抽象的概念:the price of success4.当当of短语中的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时：短语中的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时：Cant you look at the book of the boy behind you?双重第7页/共40页 s结构也可以用于“of”结构之后，如：a friend of my fathers,出现这种情况是因为在一个名词前通常只用一个限定词，又如：this son of mine,a friend of yours,a cousin of hers等等。Isnt Frank a friend of yours?That silly uncle of Toms has told me the same Joke five times.第8页/共40页冠词不定冠词a,an定冠词the只能用于单数可数名词之前单数可数名词复数可数名词不可数名词零冠词名词前可不用冠词第9页/共40页不定冠词的用法：不定冠词的用法：1.表示“一”，“任何一个”或“不管哪一个”的意思。I have a sister and two brothers.2.在某些度量表示法中：We have PE lessons three times a week.3.用在单数的表语名词前，以表示职业、行业、宗教、等级等。George wants to be an engineer.4.在以what引导的感叹句中，单数的可数名词前。What a pretty girl!5.一些常用短语中。have a good time,half an hour,have a headache.第10页/共40页定冠词的用法：定冠词的用法：1.用来表示“独一无二”的意思。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.2.表示“说话的人刚刚提到过的人或事物”。There is a boat in the river.The boat is made of wood.3.用在后面跟有限定性介词短语的名词前。the letter from America,the fourteenth of April4.用在泛指的乐器名词前。He plays the piano.5.一些常用短语。by the way,in the morning,Whats the matter?第11页/共40页零冠词的用法：零冠词的用法：1.泛指的抽象名词前。Life is very hard for some people.2.泛指的物质名词前。Water is very useful.3.泛指的复数名词前。Books are my best friends.4.泛指的“餐”名前。Come to have dinner/breakfast with me.5.大多数的专有名词前。He comes from France.6.语言的名词前。She can speak French.7.在季节和节日的名词前。Winter is the best time for skating.8.当名词前已有一些代词修饰时。My brother is a soldier.9.在体育项目的名词前。play basketball10.一些常用短语。at home,go to school,at night第12页/共40页四、动词 动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态或性质，有时态、语态、语气等形式的变化。小学阶段所涉及的动词主要有：实义动词、be动词、情态动词can,must等。第13页/共40页Be动词am,is,arewas,werewill be第14页/共40页动词的基本形式原形第三人称单数现在式过去式现在分词studystudiesstudiedstudyingdodoesdiddoinghavehashadhavinglearnlearnslearned/learntlearning第15页/共40页第三人称单数现在式情况情况变化规则变化规则例词例词一般情况一般情况+sworks,learns,eats,needs,says结尾为结尾为s,x,sh,ch,o+espasses,washes,teaches,goes,fixes结尾为辅音结尾为辅音字母字母+y变y为i+escarries,studies,flies,hurries,cries 动词be和have的第三人称单数现在式分别是is和has。第16页/共40页动词的过去式 构成构成例词读音例词读音在动词在动词后加后加ed在以在以e结结尾的动词尾的动词后加后加ed在以辅音字母加在以辅音字母加y结尾的动词后，结尾的动词后，先变先变y为为i再加再加ed在重读闭音节须双写在重读闭音节须双写这个辅音字母再加这个辅音字母再加ed在清辅音后读在清辅音后读tlookedwashedpassedhopedlikedstoppeddropped在元音和浊辅音在元音和浊辅音后读后读dstayedcalledlivedstudiedtriedcarriedplannedpreferred在辅音在辅音t、d后读后读idtastedneededadmittedpermitted第17页/共40页现在分词情况情况变化规则变化规则例词例词一般情况一般情况+ingdoing,asking,helping以不发音的以不发音的e结尾结尾的动词的动词去去e加加inghaving,taking,writing,living以重读闭音节结尾以重读闭音节结尾而末尾只有一个辅而末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词音字母的动词双写最后一个辅音双写最后一个辅音字母，再加字母，再加ingrunning,swimming,putting,sitting第18页/共40页五、动词的时态动词时态是表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和表示方式的一种动词形式。小升初要求的时态：小升初要求的时态：1.一般现在时：work/works2.现在进行时：am/is/are working3.一般过去时：worked4.一般将来时：am/is/are going to work5.过去进行时：was/were+doing第19页/共40页 一般现在时基本用法介绍一般现在时基本用法介绍 一般现在时的功能一般现在时的功能1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。天空是蓝色的。2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。表示经常性或习惯性的动作。常与时间副词连用：常与时间副词连用：always,often,usually,every,on Sundays,twice a week等。等。如：如：I get up at six every day.我天天六点起床。我天天六点起床。3.表示客观现实。表示客观现实。如：如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太地球绕着太阳转。阳转。一般现在时第20页/共40页一般现在时基本结构肯定句否定句一般疑问句I work.We work.I dont work.We dont work.Do I work?Do we work?You work.You dont work.Do you work?They work.They dont work.Do they work?SheHe works.ItSheHe doesnt work.It sheDoes he work?it 第21页/共40页现在进行时通常表示说话时或现阶段正在发生或进行着的动作。它所表示的动作具有持续性、暂时性和未完成性。常见的与现在进行时有关的词有：now,these days,look,listen等。基本结构肯定句肯定句否定句否定句一般疑问句一般疑问句I am working.We are working.Im not working.Were not working.Am I working?Are we working?You are working.You arent working.Are you working?They are working.They arent working.Are they working?SheHe is working.ItSheHe isnt working.It sheIs he working?it第22页/共40页一般过去时通常表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，其中也包括习惯性动作。常与表示过去的时间状语连用：yesterday,last,ago,just now,in 1998等。基本结构肯定句肯定句否定句否定句一般疑问句一般疑问句I worked.We worked.I didnt work.We didnt work.Did I work?Did we work?You worked.You didnt work.Did you work?They worked.They didnt work.Did they work?She He worked.ItSheHe didnt work.It sheDid he work?it第23页/共40页一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或情况。常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用：tomorrow,next,Be going to do表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事；也可以表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。基本结构肯定句否定句一般疑问句Im going to work.Were going to work.Im not going to work.We arent going to work.Am I going to work?Are we going to work?Youre going to work.You arent going to work.Are you going to work?Theyre going to work.They arent going to work.Are they going to work?SheHe is going to work.ItSheHe isnt going to work.It sheIs he going to work?it第24页/共40页六、介词介词在句子中表示名词或代词等与其他词之间的关系。不能单独作句子成分，常位于名词或代词（或与之相当的其他词类、短语、从句）前面构成介词短语。介词后面的成分作介词的宾语。方位介词in,on,at,under,to,behind,beside,near,before,in front of,next to,between时间介词in,on,at,after,before,fromto,past,between 其它of,by,with,into,out of,for,第25页/共40页六、数词1.表示数目的词称为基数词2.表示数目顺序的词称为序数词1.112的基数词的基数词：one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve1319的基数词：的基数词：thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen2090的基数词：的基数词：twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety2129的基数：的基数：twenty-one,twenty-two,twenty-three,twenty-four,twenty-five,twenty-six,twenty-seven,twenty-eight,twenty-nine thirty-nine,forty-eight,fifty-seven.-teen-ty十位数和个位数之间要加连字符号“-”第26页/共40页2.百位数：one hundred,two hundred,three hundred,four hundredfive hundred and eight-six,six hundred and ninety-nine,seven hundred and eight,eight hundred and one3.千位数：one thousand,four thousand,seven thousand one hundred and five百位数和十位数之间加and。注意注意 英语中没有“万”这个单位，所以常用thousand来表示。ten thousand,thirty thousand,fifteen thousand one hundred,five hundred and one thousand four hundred and thirty-two第27页/共40页1.英语序数词第英语序数词第1-19除了除了first,second与与third有特殊形式外，其余的都由有特殊形式外，其余的都由基数词加后缀基数词加后缀-th构成。构成。注意：注意：fifth,eighth,ninth和和twelfth的拼法。的拼法。2.十位数的序数词的构成方法是：先把十位数的基数词的词尾十位数的序数词的构成方法是：先把十位数的基数词的词尾ty中的中的y变为变为i，然后加后缀，然后加后缀-eth,如：如：twentytwentieth,fortyfortieth3.十位数的序数词如果含有十位数的序数词如果含有1-9的个位数时，十位数用基数词，个位数用序数的个位数时，十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，中间用词，中间用“-”连字符。如：连字符。如：twenty-fourth,ninety-fifth4.百、千、万等的序数词由百、千、万等的序数词由hundred,thousand,million等加等加-th,前面加有前面加有关的基数词构成。如：关的基数词构成。如：one hundredth,one thousandth 注意：序数词前的注意：序数词前的one不能用不能用a代替。代替。one hundred and twenty-first第28页/共40页七、形容词和副词形容词是用来描写或修饰名词（或代词）的词。副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词。1.He is a good student.2.The film is very interesting.3.There is something wrong with the bike.4.Lucy is older than Helen.1.The problem is very difficult.2.He wrote the letters carefully.1.方式副词：carefully,quickly,suddenly 2.地点副词：here,there,up,down3.时间副词：yesterday,today,now4.程度副词：very,quite,much,just第29页/共40页形容词和副词的比较级和最高级情况情况比较级比较级最高级最高级一般情况一般情况+er,如：如：taller,longer,faster,sooner+est,如：如：tallest,longest,fastest,soonest以以e结尾的词结尾的词+r,如：如：later,nicer,larger+st,如：如：latest,nicest,largest以重读闭音节结以重读闭音节结尾的词尾的词双写最后一个字母，再双写最后一个字母，再+er,如如:bigger,fatter双写最后一个字母，再双写最后一个字母，再+est，如：如：biggest,fattest以辅音字母加以辅音字母加y结尾的词结尾的词把把y改为改为i再再+er,如：如：busier,earlier把把y改为改为i再再+est,如：如：busiest,earliest大部分多音节词大部分多音节词在前面加在前面加more,如：如：more careful,more wonderfully在前面加在前面加most,如：如：most careful,most wonderfully不规则的词：不规则的词：good/well,many/much,farbettermorefarther/furtherbestmostfarthest/further第30页/共40页比较级的用法1.用来把彼此独立的事和人进行比较，表示“比更一些”的意思，通常用一个由从属连词than引导的状语从句来表示和什么相比。为了避免重复，从句中有些成分可以省略。如：Helen is taller than Lucy.He got more information than I did.He runs faster than I.2.如果我们要说两个东西在某一方面是一样的，我们就可以用“as+形容词/副词+as”,形容词不用比较级而用原级。在作否定比较时，可以用not asas,not soas,也可以用lessthan，如：Jimmy is as tall as his father.I dont write as/so well as Helen.This film is less interesting than that one.第31页/共40页比较级的用法3.为了表示持续不断的变化，我们可以用“双重比较”的方法，这种结构后面不可跟than引导的比较状语从句。如：He is crying harder and harder.Our country gets more and more beautiful.Computers are getting smaller and smaller,and computing faster and faster.4.表示两个变化是一起发生的，可以把比较级形式和the一起用，表示“越，就越”的意思。如：The higher the mountain is,the thinner the air is.The earlier you start,the sooner you will be back.第32页/共40页七.There be 的结构肯定句：There is/was a There are/were 一般疑问句:Is/Was there?Yes,there is/was.No,there isnt/was.Are there?Yes,there are/were.No,there arent/werent.否定句：There isnt/wasnt.There arent/werent.There be表示“存在有”,即当我们告诉某人某事存在(或不存在)常用这种结构。其中there是引导词,本身无词义;be为谓语动词,后面跟的是名词,也就是主语,也就是说there be结构的运用也就是倒装的具体运用。其真正的主语在there be 之后。第33页/共40页There be 的结构1.Some 和和 any 一般情况下，一般情况下，some用于肯定句中，用于肯定句中，any用于否定句中。如：用于否定句中。如：There is some milk in the bottle.There arent any pictures on the wall.Is there anything new in todays newspaper?3.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句：1)Whats in the basket?There are some eggs in it.2)How many students are there in your class?There are fifty students.2.Be动词与后面所跟名词的就近原则：There is a pen and two pencils in the box.There are some students and a teacher in the classroom.第34页/共40页“Wh”的疑问句1.What1)Whats this/that?2)Whats your name?3)What are you doing?4)What do you like/need?5)What did you do?6)What is his job?7)What do you usually do at the weekends?8)What are you going to do?9)What colour is it?10)Whats the weather like?11)What time is it?Whats the time?12)What day is it?Whats the date?13)What would you like?13)What can you see?14)What subjects do you have this term?15)What lessons do you have in the morning?第35页/共40页“Wh”的疑问句2.How 1)How are you?2)How old are you?3)How do we go to the park?4)How many apples can you see?5)How much are they?6)How about?7)How do you spend your weekends?8)How far?How long?How often?3.Who Who is that?Whos that boy in/with?第36页/共40页“Wh”的疑问句4.Whose 1)Whose is this bike?2)Whose bike is this?3)Whose bag is bigger,yours or mine?5.Which 1)Which one?2)Which is longer,yours or mine?3)Which season do you like best?6.Where 1)Where is the book?2)Where are you from?7.Why Why?第37页/共40页1.Tom visits the Science Museum every year.2.The building near the factory is the Peoples hospital.3.Jack did well in maths.4.Its cloudy today.5.My mother is over 40 years old.6.I usually take No.4 bus to work.7.We have a class meeting once a week.What does Tom visit every year?Which building is the Peoples hospital?How did Jack do in maths?Whats the weather like today?How old is your mother?Which bus do you usually take to work?How often do you have a class meeting?Practise第38页/共40页8.The coat is 388 yuan.9.Uncle Wang feels better now.10.He goes to school by bus.11.They are cleaning their classroom now.12.They are on the lake.13.Xiao Wang is looking for his teacher.14.Toms mother is a music teacher.15.I go to work at eight.How much is the coat?How does Uncle Wang feel now?How does he go to school?What are they doing now?Where are they?Who is Xiao Wang looking for?What is Toms mothers job?/What does Toms mother do?What time do you go to work?Practise第39页/共40页感谢您的观看！第40页/共40页