NonverbalCommunication跨文化学习教程.pptx

The Importance Of Nonverbal Communication“list of all the situations where nonverbal communication plays an important role would be interminable”-Knapp and Hallreason1.people use this message system to express attitudes,feelings and emotions.2.it is partially responsible for creating impressions.3.it offers you and your partner about your conversations.第1页/共30页Definitionnonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.第2页/共30页Functionsinvoles1.intentional and unintentional messagea wide range of action that others can treat as symotomatic of the actor(communicator),the expectation being that the action was performed for reasons other than the information conveyed in this way2.verbal and nonverbal communicationnonverbal communication is multidimensional activity,it usually interacts with verbal messages.第3页/共30页Studying Nonverbal Communication 1.Nonverbal communication can be amniguous We can never be sure that others understand the meanings we intended to express with our onverbal behavior.Reason nonverbal communication can be contextual an incident in an elevatorTherefore,when you use or interpret nonverbal communication,you need to be aware of the ambiguous nature of this form of interaction第4页/共30页2.Multiple factors can influence nonverbal communication cultural background,socioeconomic background,education,gender,age,personal preferences and idiosyncraies.Not all people in a particular culture engage in the same nonverbal actions,so interpretation of nonverbal communiaction must be carefully evaluated before generalizations can be made.第5页/共30页3.Nonverbal communication is contextualdifferent situations or enviroments produce different nonverbal messages.It is the setting that offers norms and guidelines for your interpersonal actions第6页/共30页Nonverbal Communication and CultureReason what emotions are felt,how they are expressed,and how they are understood are matters of culture.It means that your culture has taught you what nonverbal actions to display,the meaning of those actions,and the contextual backdrop of those actions.thereforenonverbal communication plays a crucial and necessary part in communicative interactions between people from different cultures.第7页/共30页The connections between nonverbal communication and culture1.invisible omnipresent learned2.elusive spontaneous frequently beyond your awareness3.persvasive multidimentional boundless4.instinctive and learnedRelationship between learning and nonverbal commnunication peolple the world over experience the same basic emotions.But what sparks a particular emotion,how and where a person expersses it,and how people defines emotions in general vary as matters of culture.In global perspective,therefore,everyday life differs ont only in terms of how people think and act,bur how they infuse their lives with feelings.第8页/共30页Classifications of Nonverbal CommunicationTwo comprehensive catagories1.those that are primarily produced by the body(appearance,movement,facial expressions,eye contact,touch,and paralanguage)2.those that the individual comnines with the setting(space,time,and silence)第9页/共30页Body BehaviorThe influence of apperancethe power of communication to draw others or to drive them away derives as much from how we appear as from the language we deploy.exampleFrom ancient time to the present1.face painting in parts of Africa,in South America,and among some Native American Tribes.2.facial tattoos in Ethipia and Eritrea第10页/共30页Judgements of beauty1.An important component of apperance is the perception of attractivess and beauty.2.In intercultural communication,apperance is important because ones body image and the satisfaction with it result from comparisons with an implicit cultural ideal and standard.3.The ideal varies from culture to culture:leaness and trimness is a sign of attractive in USbut an evidence of unhappiness,disease,or mistreatment at the hands of ones husband in large parts of Africa第11页/共30页4.ethnocentrism:people intolerant of different cultural practices often fail to realize that they had been raised in one of those other cultures,they would br practicing those allegedly disgusting and irrational customs.5.link between ethnocentrism and beautywhat is seen as beatiful in one culture may look hideous to people from other culture.第12页/共30页The messages of skin colorThe messages of attire1.garments:an important value in Arab culture2.in all its guises,clothing inscribes ideologices of truth anddeception,echoing the words of scripture,and revealing-and unraveling-that honor can only be attained when evey robe donned is a robe of honor and every garment a garment of piety.第13页/共30页Body movement:how people hold themselves,stand,sit,and walk communicates strong nonverbal messages.kinesics:the study of how movement communicates,indicating your attitude toward the other person,your emotional state,and your desire to control your environment.1.the messages the body generates only in combination with other messages.2.body language is universal and culture bound.3.body action is less controllable and most often is spontaneous.第14页/共30页posture1.signal whether or not people are paying attantion,the degree of status in the encounter,and even how much they like or dislike each other.2.reveal religious practices,feelings of submissiveness,and even sexual intentions.Specially,on an international levelhow you greet,move,sit during interaction can offer insight into a cultures value system and deep culture.第15页/共30页gesturesvaries in diffrent culturespointing:index finger in American the entire hand,palm up in JapanIdiosyncratic gestures:in China,placing right hand over your heart means you are makinf a sincere promise whereas in Iraq,it means“thank you”.Beckoning:in US,use one hand,palm up,fingers more or less together,and moving toward the body to signal a friend to come.in Korean,people cup the hand with the palm down and draw the finger toward the palm.第16页/共30页acceotance and understandingmoving your head up and down is seen as a sign of understanding and agreement in US.Indians toss the head from side to side show agreement,and nod up and down to demonstrate disagreement.Frequency and IntensityAfrians Amerians value a lively and expressive form of communication and hence display a greater variety of movements than whites when interacting第17页/共30页Facial Expressionfacial expression and culture Remember:while there is a biological component to facial expressions,culture plays a major role in what produces the facial expression,how the expression is displayed,and the meaning attached to the facial expression.example:In many Mediterranean cultures,people exaggerate signs os grief and sadness.While Japanese and Chinese intend to hind public expressions of anger,sorrow,confusion,or disgust.第18页/共30页eye contact and gaze 1.important to the communication process because .powerful communication tool .the number of messages you can send with your eyes is nearly limitless.2.Eye contact and the dominant culture example in US,looking another person directly in the eye is very common gaze avoidance is usually associated with“a lack of interest,dishonesty,slyness,and negative attitudes”.while in Japan,prolonged eye contact is considered rude,threatening,disprespectful,and even a sign of belligerence.第19页/共30页Touch1.the act of touching is a reflection of what you are feeling and experiencing at the moment.2.Dominant culture of the USAfive catogories:profesional touchingsocial politenessfriendship toucheslove-intimacy touchessexual touching3.exampleArabs employ a great deal of touching behavior as part of their communication style.such overt touching would be frowned upon in Japan and Scandinavia第20页/共30页Paralanguage1.peoples voice sounds can influence perception related to social class and credibilty,the comprehension and retention of the words being spoken2.Paralanguage is concerned with the communicative characteristics of the voice and with how people use their voices.It includes such things as giggles,laughters,accents,groans,sihts,pitch,tempo,volume,and resonance.3.Three categories:vocal qualifiers(volume,pitch,tempo,resonance,tone)vocal characterizers(laughing,crying,moaning,whining,yawning)vocal segregates(uh-huh,hmmm,oooh)第21页/共30页vocal qualifiersArabs speaks with a great deal of volume because for them it connotes strength and sincerity.For Brazilians,speaking loudly signifies interest and involvement.vocal characterizerslaughing and giggling are interpreted as expressions of enjoyment among Americans,while in Southeast Asians,the same behavior may be a sign of extreme embarrassment,discomfort.vocal segregatesIn kenya,the iyasound tells the other person that everything is okInJamaica,the kissingorsuckingsound expresses anger,exaperation,or frustration第22页/共30页Space and Distancepersonal space intimate distance is normally reserved for very personal relationships.personal distance is little chance of physical contact.social distance is which most members of the dominant culture conduct business.public distance is usually used in public presentations and can vary from relatively close to very far.space is directly linked to the value system of his or her culture In US,people tend to demonstrate more space than collective chultures like Arabsseating furniture arragement fengshui in China co-cultural example deaf culture第23页/共30页Time1.the importance of time to human behavior:to cut up life into moments of being,in sum,is for the individual to possess a means by which that life can be filled,shaped and reshaped in significant ways.2.the bond between time and culture:culture plays a substaintial role in how you perceive and manipulate time in order to communicate different messages.第24页/共30页3.Three differnet perspectives exam cultures conception of time:informal time perceptions of past,present,and future Halls monochronic and polychronic classifications第25页/共30页informal timerules for informal time usually function below the level of consciousness.punctuality:reaction to it is rooted in our cultural experiencespace:a cultures attitude toward time can be determined by examing the pace at which members of that culture perform specific acts.perceptions of past,present,and futurecultures has very different attitudes and perceptions toward the past,present,and future.第26页/共30页Halls monochronic and polychronic classificationsM-time:this concept explains time as linear and segmented and believes time is a scarce resource which must be rationed and controlled through the use of scheduals and appointments,and through aiming to do only one thing at any one time.P-time:this concept sees the maintanance of harmonious relationship as the important agenda,so that use of time needs to be flexible in order that we do right by the various people to whom we have obligations.Table 6.1第27页/共30页slienceperiods of silence affect interpersonal communication by providing an internal in an ongoing interaction during which the participants have time to think,check or suppress an emotion,encode a lenghty response,or inaugurate another line of thought.it aslo hepls provide feedback,informing both sender and receiver about the clarity of an idea or its significance in the ovreall interpersonal exchange.the intercultural implications of silence as a means of interpreting ongoing verbal interactions are as diverse as those of other nonverbal cues.to understand where and when to be silent,and the meaning attached to silence,is to gain a keen insight into the fundamental structure of communication in that world.第28页/共30页noticed:first,you must be careful not to assume that people are communicating only when they talk.second,because of cultural variations in this form of communication,it behooves you to know cultural attitudes toward talk,noise,and silence.第29页/共30页感谢您的观看！第30页/共30页