高中英语语法总结.docx

高中英语语法总结 懂一点语法，在英语阅读方面的理解会更加透彻。下面是学习啦我给大家整理的中学英语语法的相关学问，供大家参阅! 中学英语语法：助动词 一.概念: 助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种. 二.相关学问点精讲: 1. 助动词be的用法 1) be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如： They are having a meeting.他们正在开会。 English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。 2)be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如： The window was broken by Tom.窗户是汤姆打碎的。 English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英语。 3) be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容： a. 表示最近、将来的安排或支配。例如： He is to go to New York next week.他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the freshmen.我们要教新生。 说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。 b. 表示吩咐。例如： You are to explain this.对此你要做出说明。 He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今日下午来办公室。 c.征求看法。例如： How am I to answer him?我该怎样答复他? Who is to go there?谁该去那儿呢? d. 表示相约、商定。例如： We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。 2. 助动词have的用法 1)have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如： He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。 By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。 2)have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如： I have been studying English for ten years. 我始终在学英语，已达十年之久。 3)have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如： English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。 3.助动词do 的用法 1)构成一般疑问句。例如： Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过高校英语测试吗? Did you study German?你们学过德语吗? 2)do + not 构成否定句。例如： I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨指责。 He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。 In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。 3) 构成否定祈使句。例如： Don't go there.不要去那里。 Don't be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。 说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。 4)放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如： Do come to my birthday party.肯定来参与我的生日宴会。 I did go there.我的确去那儿了。 I do miss you.我的确想你。 5)用于倒装句。例如： Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。 Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了高校以后，我们才相识到英语的重要性。 说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。 6)用作代动词。例如： - Do you like Beijing?-你喜爱北京吗? - Yes, I do.-是的，喜爱。(do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.) He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车，对吧? 4. 助动词shall和will的用法 shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如： I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。 He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。 说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于其次、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于其次、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较: He shall come.他必需来。(shall有吩咐的意味。) He will come.他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。) 5.助动词should, would的用法 1)should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如： I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。 比较："What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么?"我问道。 可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。 2) would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于其次、第三人称。例如： He said he would come. 他说他要来。 比较："I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。 6. 短语动词 动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如： Turn off the radio.把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词) 短语动词的构成基本有下列几种： 1)动词+副词，如：black out; 2)动词+介词，如：look into; 3)动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词 中学英语语法：情态动词 一.概念: 情态动词是表示实力,义务,必需,揣测等说话人的语气或情态的动词. 二.相关学问点精讲: 1.can 1)表实力 can表实力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。 I can climb this pole. 我能爬这根杆子。 He is only four , but he can read. 他只有4岁，但已认得字了。 Fire can’t destroy gold. 火烧不毁金子。 因为can不能和其他助动词连用，所以表示将来式时用will be able to You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times. 你练习两三次后就会溜冰了。 2)表可能性 多用于否定与疑问结构中，但也可用在确定句中。 Can the news be true? 这消息可能是真的吗? It can’t be true. 它不行能是真的。 What can he possibly mean? 他可能是什么意思? can 用在确定句中表示理论上的可能性(一时的可能)。 A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money. Attending the ball can be very exciting. The road can be blocked. 这条路可能会不通的。 may 在确定句中表示现实的可能性。 The road may be blocked. 这条路可能不通了。 3)表示允许(和may意思相近)常见于口语。 Can (May) I come in ? 我能进来吗? Can I smoke here ? 我可以在这里抽烟吗? 2.could的用法 1)表过去的可能和许可，(多用于间接引语中) At that time we thought the story could not be true. 那时我们认为所说的事不行能是真的。 Father said I could swim in the river. 爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。 2)表过去的实力 I could swim when I was only six. 我刚六岁就能游泳。 Could在确定句中表示过去的实力时，常表抽象的一般的实力。 He could be very naughty when he was a child. 他小时候会是很顽皮的。 3)表;允许;。可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法 Could I use your bike? Yes, you can. 他会记得那时吗? I’m afraid I couldn’t give you an answer today. 唯恐我今日不能回答你。 The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets. 老师说你可以去商店买糖。 3)Could/can+have done 结构表示对过去发生的事情的;怀疑;或;不愿定;。 could 加完成式还用于确定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作。 Can they have won the basketball match? 他们赢了那场篮球赛吗? What you referred to just now can have made her very sad. 你刚刚所谈到的可能令他很难过。 You could have completed the task a little earlier. 你原来能早点完成任务的。(但事实上并没有提前完成任务) I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes. 我本可以轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。 如表详细做某一件事的实力时，则须用 be able to . He was able to translate the article without a dictionary. 他可以不用词典翻译那篇文章。 Can表示一贯的实力 ，be able to表示客观实力和通过努力可以达到的实力 I can’t swim. But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing. The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank 3.may 的用法 1)表示恳求、可以、允许。 You may drive the tractor. 你可以开那台拖拉机。 2)当回答由may 引起的问题时，否定答语要用must not,表示;不许可;、;不应当;、;不行;。 May I come in? Yes, you may. No,you can’t No, you may not . No ,you mustn’t No ,you’d better not. 3) may /might 推想性用法 可能 He may be right. He may not come today (可能不) He may /might come tomorrow. , 留意: 1只用于确定和否定句中,不用于疑问句中。 2 might 比may可能性更小 He might get a job. He may get a job. 3 may no 可能不 can not不行能 He may not come He can’t come 3)表建议(可和as well 连用) You may(might)as well stay where you are. 你还是原地待着好。(may as well 有;还是……的好;的含义) 4)表祝福 May you be happy! might 1)表过去的;可能;和;允许;多用于间接引语。 She said that he might take her dictionary. 她说他可以拿她的词典去用。 除在间接引语中外，might一般不表示过去的;可能;与;许可;。表过去的;可能;可用could，表过去的;许可;可用were (was) allowed to。 2)表现在的;可能;，其可能性要比may小。 Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock. 电熨斗会有危急，它可能电着人。 3)may (might) + have +done 表示对过去发生行为的推想，含有;想必;、;或许是;的意思。 It may have been true. 这事或许是真的。 He might not have settled the question. 他可能尚未解决那个问题。 4.must 的主要用法。 1)表示必需、必要 We must do everything step by step .我们必需按部就班地做一切事情。 Why must you always bother me? 为什么你偏要打搅我呢。 2)must be + 表语的结构，通常表示揣测，含有;肯定;之意。(只用在确定句中) He must be an honest boy. 他肯定是个诚恳的男孩。 This must be your room. 这肯定是你的房间。 3)must 的否定式有两个：当回答由must引起的问题时，否定答复要用needn’t或don’t have to 表示;不必;、;无须;、;用不着;、;不肯定;的意义。当表示;不应当;、;不许可;、;禁止;时，就用must not。 Must I go tomorrow?明天我必需去吗? Yes, please.是的，请吧! No , you needn’t. 不，你不必去。 4)must +have +过去分词的结构，常用在确定句中，表示对过去发生行为的推想，含有;肯定;、;准是;的意思。否定和疑问句用can。 She must have studied English before.她以前肯定学过英语。 5.have to的含义与must是很接近的,只是have to 比较强调客观须要，must着重说明主观看法。 I must clean the room.(主观想法) I have to clean the room.(客观须要) 另外，have to 能用于更多时态： We had to be there at ten .我们得在十点钟到那里。 We will have to reconsider the whole thing. 这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑。 have to 的否定式：don’t have to do 表示;不必做……之意。 6.ought to 的用法 Ought to 后接动词原形，表义务，但不及must 那样具有信念，如： You don’t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor. 你气色不好，应当去看病。 Ought to 用于否定句，其否定形式可缩略为oughtn’t ，如： You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不应当抽这么多烟。 也可以用于疑问句，如： Ought you to smoke so much?你应当抽这样多烟吗? Ought to 在间接引语中表过去时形式不变，如： He said you ought to tell the police. 他说你应当去报告警察。 7.shall的用法 1)用于第一人称征求对方的看法，如： What shall I wear on the journey? 我路上穿什么好呢? Shall we dance? 我们跳舞好吗? 2)shall 用于其次、三人称时表承诺，警告，吩咐，威逼(现已少见)，如： She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。 You shall have it back tomorrow.你明天可以将它拿回。 情态动词should一般不应被认为是情态动词shall的过去式，主要用法有： 1)用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，但语气较委婉温柔，如： What should we do now? 我们现在该怎么办? 2)表示应当、必需，常与must 换用。例如： We should (must) master a foreign language at least. 我们应当至少驾驭一门外语。 3);should+be+表语;的结构，表示推想或惊异。例如： They should be back by now. 他们现在应当回来了吧。 I am sorry that she should be so careless. 我感到缺憾她竟会那样马虎。 4);should+have+过去分词;的结构，表示过去该做而事实上尚未做的动作或行为;其否定则表示发生了不应当发生的行为。其同义结构;ought to have +过去分词;,表示过去;早应当;、;本当;之意，语气较强。例如： I should have thought of that. 这一点我是应当想到的。(但没想到) They should not have left so soon.他们不应当走得这么早。(但已走了) 5) 在;It is natural (strange, natural, necessary, surprised, impossible, important ) that……句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词要用should +动词原形;表示;天经地义;、;惊奇;、;必要;、;惊异;等的意思。在lest(以免)、for fear (that) (以防)、in case(以备万一)等之后也要用should+动词原形;在advise, sugest, order, demand, request 等的从句中should+do;例如： It is necessary that he(should) be sent there at once. 有必要立刻派他到那里去。 It is strange that he should say so. 他会说这样的话真是惊奇。 Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train. 我们立刻走吧，以免赶不上火车。 8.will和would的用法 1)表示意志，决心或愿望。例如： Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace. 我们肯定要支持全世界人民争取和平的斗争。 He would not let me try it . 他不愿让我去试。 2)will表示常常性、习惯性、倾向性，would表示过去的习惯行为。 He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. 他会常常一连几个小时坐在那儿观看来往的车辆。 He would come to see me when he was in Beijing. 他在北京时，常来探望我。 3)用于其次人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对方的恳求，would的语气比will委碗 Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station? 请问到火车站怎么走? 4)表可能性 This will be the book you are looking for. 这可能就是你要找的书。 She eould be about 60 when she died. 他死时也许60岁。 9. need和dare的用法 情态动词need 实义动词 need 现 You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do 在 时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do 过 You needed (didn’t need) to do 去 时 He needed (didn’t need) to do 将 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do 来 时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do 句型 时态 动词 情态动词dare 实义动词 dare 确定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do 过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do 否定句 现在时 daren’t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do 过去时 dared not do did not dare (to) do 疑问句 现在时 Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do? 过去时 Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为;本没必要…。例如： You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today 10.表推想的情态动词句子的反意疑问句 He must/may be in the room, isn’t he? He can’t be in the room, is he? He must have finished the work, hasn’t he? He may have done the work last night, didn’t he? ：情态动词+行为动词进行式 情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式)，表示推想或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如： 1)He must be playing basketball in the room. 2)She may be staying at home. 11.情态动词+行为动词完成进行式 情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式)，表示推想或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或始终在进行。例如： 1)They should have been meeting to discuss the problem. 2)He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him. 12.used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v (1)used to +v意为;过去经常;，;过去始终;be used to +v-ing / n(名词)意为;习惯于;be used to +v意为;被用来(做某事);。 (2)used to只表示过去，而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来。例如： 1)He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t. 2)He’s quite used to hard work / working hard. 3)The knife is used to cut bread. 13.用作情态动词的其他短语 would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。例如： 1)The soldier would sooner die than surrender. 2)The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy. 3)I’d rather walk than take a bus. 4)If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home. 注：这些短语后一般干脆跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句，that 常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如： 1)I would rather you came on Sunday. 2)I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday. 中学英语语法：分词 一.概念: 分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式 二.相关学问点精讲: 1.现在分词的用法： 1) 做表语： he was very amusing. that book was rather boring. 许多动词的现在分词都可以作表语： exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling. 2) 作定语： 上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语, 修饰一个名词： that must have been a terrifying experience. i found him a charming person. 现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词, 相当于一个定语从句： there are a few boys swimming in the river. there is a car waiting outside. 3) 作状语： 现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作： following tom, we started to climb the mountain. opening the drawer, he took out a box. taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. 现在分词短语还可以表示缘由, 相当于一个缘由状语从句： not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. being unemployed, he hasn’t got much money. 现在分词短语还可以表示时间, 相当于一个时间状语从句： hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. returning home, he began to do his homework. jim hurt his arm while playing tennis. be careful when crossing the road. having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner. having finished her work, she we