中考英语语法复习专题课件8--动词的分类.pptx
专题八 动词的分类考察内容考察内容动词的分类实义动词+助动词+情态动词+系动词动词的基本形式动词原形+第三人称单数+过去式+过去分词+现在分词易混动词辨析spend,cost,take与pay等易混词的区别考点一 动词的分类动词1.实义动词A.及物及物动词后面可以接后面可以接宾语B B.不及物不及物动词动词后面不能直接加后面不能直接加宾语宾语,一般需要介,一般需要介词词2.2.系系动词be,seem,look,sound,smell(感官)(感官),turn,get,become变化系化系动词等等+表表语语,构成主系表句型,构成主系表句型3.3.助助动词bebe+doing+doing,构成,构成进行行时;+done+done,构成被,构成被动语态havehave+done+done,构成完成,构成完成时态+beendoing+beendoing,构成完成,构成完成进行行时态will,shall,will,shall,should,should,wouldwould+动词原形构成将来原形构成将来时4.4.情感情感动词can,may,can,may,must,might,must,might,couldcould等等后接后接动词原形一起构成原形一起构成谓语考点一 动词的分类1.实义动词:也称行为动词,是唯一能独立作谓语的一类动词,可以分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。及物动词:身意义不够完整,需要后接宾语才能使其意思完整。动词+宾语,构成主谓宾句型。eg:We learn English every day.我们每天学习英语。动词+直接宾语+to/for+间接宾语=动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,构成主谓双宾句型。有的动词必须在后面带表示人的间接宾语和表示物的直接宾语,即两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。例如:Please pass me the book.=Please pass the book to me.请把那本书递给我。My mother bought(buy)me a snow globe on my birthday.=My mother bought a snow globe for me on my birthday.常见的带双宾语的动词有:pass,give,bring,buy,get,leave,lend,make,cook,teach,tell,write,read,return,ask,show等。动词+宾语+宾语补足语,构成主谓复宾句型。有的动词必须在宾语后再加上形容词、副词、名词、不定式、-ing形式、介词短语等做宾语补足语,构成复合宾语,句子意思才能够表达完整。例如:Please keep the door open.请让门开着。(形容词open做宾补)考点一 动词的分类不及物动词:自身意思完整,无需再接自身意思完整,无需再接宾语宾语。eg:Horses run fast。马儿跑得快。quickly He sings well.他唱得好。很多不及物很多不及物动词动词也可以用作及物也可以用作及物动词动词,还还有的不及物有的不及物动词动词后后带带上某个介上某个介词词就成了就成了带宾语带宾语的及物的及物动词动词。eg:They are reading.他们在朗读。(read为不及物动词)They are reading English.他们在朗读英语。(read为及物动词)考点一 动词的分类2.连连系系动词动词:本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和其后面的表语一起构成合成谓语,说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份。常见的连系动词有be,become(变得、成为),get(变得),look(看起来),seem(似乎、好像),turn(变得),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),feel(摸起来)等。注:注:除除be以外的以外的连连系系动词动词大多数大多数时时候是候是实义动词实义动词,他,他们们用作用作连连系系动词时动词时多数没有多数没有进进行行时态时态,也没有被,也没有被动语态动语态。例如:He is angry.他生气了。He got angry at the news.听到这个消息他生气了。That sounds good.那听起来不错。Trees turn green when spring comes.春天来临,树叶转绿。China is getting stronger and stronger.中国正变得越来越强大。考点一 动词的分类3.助助动词动词:本身没有词义或意思不完整,不能单独作谓语。它们的主要作用是帮助构成时态、语态、疑问句或否定句等。助助动词动词be(am,is,are,was,were)be+doing(现现在分在分词词),构成构成进进行行时时eg:They are listening to music.他们在听音乐。(be的现在时形式帮助构成现在进行时)They were walking down the street when the UFO landed.(be的过去时形式帮助构成过去进行时)be+done(及物(及物动词动词的的过过去分去分词词),构成被构成被动语态动语态 例如:The light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison.(be的过去时形式帮助构成过去时的被动语态)The classroom is cleaned every day.教室每天打扫。(be的现在时形式帮助构成现在时的被动语态)The problem will be solved next week.(be的将来时形式帮助构成将来时的被动语态)考点一 动词的分类have(has,had)have/has/had+done(动词动词的的过过去分去分词词),构成完成),构成完成时态时态。eg:They have already done their homework.他们已经完成作业。(have+过去分词构成现在完成时)He hasnt come yet.他还没有回来。(has+过去分词构成现在完成时)The bus had gone when I got to the bus stop.我到达车站时公交车已经离开。(had+过去分词构成过去完成时)have/has/had+been+doing(动词的的现在分在分词),构成完成),构成完成进行行时态。例如:How long have you been collecting shells?你收集贝壳有多长时间了?助助动词动词do/does/did:主要帮助构成疑主要帮助构成疑问问句,也可用于倒装句、句,也可用于倒装句、强强调调句或代替上文提到句或代替上文提到过过的行的行为为等。他等。他们们的否定式的否定式dont/doesnt/didnt帮助构成否定句。帮助构成否定句。例如:He often plays sports after school.Does he often play。We dont speak Japanese.我们不说日语。Did they visit the Palace Museum on their last day off?他们上个休息日参观故宫了吗?She didnt watch TV yesterday evening.她昨晚上没看电视。考点一 动词的分类助助动词动词will,shall,would,should:构成一般将来构成一般将来时时,其中,其中will可用于各人称,而可用于各人称,而shall一般只用于第一人称。一般只用于第一人称。would,should是是will,shall的的过过去式,可以用于构成去式,可以用于构成过过去将来去将来时时,但很多,但很多时时候被用作情候被用作情态动词态动词。eg:There will be more trees and less pollution in the future.将来会有更多的树木,更少的污染。(帮助构成一般将来时)考点一 动词的分类4.情情态动词:表示说话者的情感、态度和语气,但没有人称和数的变化没有人称和数的变化,不能单独作谓语,须和动词一起构成句子的谓语。表示否定时在情态动词后加表示否定时在情态动词后加not(must,have to除外除外),表示疑问时将情态动词提至主语前即可。,表示疑问时将情态动词提至主语前即可。can 与与could原形(过去式)用法含义例句can(could)表示能力(=be able to)能;会Tom can swim.=Tom is able to swim.汤姆会游泳。(疑问句中)表示请求请求可以Could you give us a hand?你可以帮我们一下吗?(否定句、疑问句中)表示可能性可能性can可能cant不可能The boy cant be Jim.Hes much taller.这个男孩不可能是吉姆。他要高很多。区分区分can 与与be able to表示某种能力时,二者可通用;can只用于现在时和过去时;be able to可用于各种时态;遇有助动词或情态动词时只能用be able to。tom was able to swimtom will be able to swimwould you考点一 动词的分类区分区分maybe 与与may bemaybe用于句首表示“可能;也许”,相当于perhaps;may be中的may是情态动词,后接动词原形be,表示“可能是”,在句中作谓语。两者可互换。eg:Maybe the boy is from Canada.=The boy may be from Canada.那个男孩可能来自加拿大。may与与might原形(过去式)用法含义例句may(might)表示可能性(可与maybe互换)可能Tony may know the way.=Maybe Tony knows the way.托尼可能知道路。表示客气请求可以May I come in?我可以进来吗?表示祝愿祝May you be happy!祝你快乐!考点一 动词的分类shall与与should原形(过去式)用法含义例句shall(should)Shall.?用于第一人称,表示建议或请求好吗?Shall we ask the teacher for help?我们向老师寻求帮助好吗?should用于各种人称,强调义务或责任应该Students shouldnt have long hair.学生们不应该留长发。考点一 动词的分类must原形(过去式)用法含义例句must 表示义务、命令或要求必须We must tell the truth to our parents.我们必须告诉父母真相。表示肯定的猜测(否定猜测用cant/mustnt)一定Lisa must be at home.莉萨一定在家里。(推测现在的状况)You must be kidding!你一定是在开玩笑!(推测现在正在发生的状况)They must have seen the movie.现在完成时他们一定看过这部电影。(推测过去的状况)区分区分have to 与与musthave to主要表示客观需要客观需要,意为“不得不”。有人称和时态的变化(has to;had to;will have to);must强调说话人的主观看法主观看法,意为“必须;应该”;(3)否定形式的不同:mustnt表示“禁止;不应该”;not have to表示“不必”,相当于neednt。考点一 动词的分类will 与与would原形(过去式)用法含义例句will(would)用于第二人称疑问句中,表示征征求求意意见或提建议见或提建议愿意Will/Would you please take out the trash?你可以把垃圾拿出去吗?will用于各种人称,表示意愿Your parents will try their best to help you.你的父母会尽最大努力帮助你。考点一 动词的分类【补】1.mustnt表示否定意义“禁止,不允许”。可与祈使句互换。例如:You mustnt play football in the street.=Dont play football in the street.2.have to有人称、数和时态的变化,表示受客观条件限制,意为“不得不”。例如:She had to take the bus to work.她不得不坐公交车去上班。3.May.?句式的否定回答:No,.mustnt/cant.Must.?句式的否定回答:No,.neednt.May I smoke here?我可以在这儿吸烟吗?No,you mustnt.不,你不准。/no,you cantMust I go now?我必须现在走吗?No,you neednt./不,你没必要。4.must,should,may,might都可以表示“可以”,可能性程度由大到小依次为:mustshouldmaymight。考点二 动词的五种基本形式形式形式用法用法例句例句原形原形1.用在情情态态动动词词can,may,must,should,would,have to 等词之后之后You can borrow my bike.2.用在助助动动词词do,does,did,will,shall之后 What do you think of China?3.用在祈使句句首祈使句句首Close the door,please.4.用在使使役役动动词词(make,let等)、感感官动词官动词(watch,feel等)之后She made us laugh.5.用在动词不定式符号动词不定式符号to之后之后My teacher asked us to clean the classroom.第三人称第三人称单数单数用在第三人称单数(形式)主语之后,句子的时态为一般现在时一般现在时He studies English hard.过去式过去式用于一般过去时一般过去时She looked at me happily.过去分词过去分词用于完成时态完成时态或被动语态被动语态中He had finished his homework.现在分词现在分词/动名词动名词现在分词用于进行时,动名词起名词名词作用作用The girl is singing now.考点三 易混词辨析1.be used to doing sth,used to do sth和和be used to do sth 区区别2.arrive,get 和和rich的区的区别别易混词组易混词组用法用法例句例句be used to doing sth习惯做某事,to后接后接ing形式形式I am used to getting up early.我习惯早起。used to do sth过去常常做某事去常常做某事I used to get up at six in the morning.我过去常常在早上六点起床。be used to do sth被用来做某事被用来做某事Wood is used to make paper.木材被用来造纸。易混词组易混词组用法用法例句例句arrive in后面接大地点大地点When did you arrive in Beijing?arrive at后面接小地点小地点We arrived at the village at five in the afternoon.get to后面跟地点名地点名词How do you usually get to school?reach是及物及物动词,后面直接跟地点名地点名词When she reached the office,the teacher was having a short rest.考点三 易混词辨析3.borrow,lend 与与keep区区别4.die,dead,death和和dying的区的区别别易混词易混词用法用法例句例句borrow意为“借入”,borrow sth.from sbI borrowed a book from my friend yesterday.昨天我从我朋友借了一本书。lend意为“借出”,lend sth to sbCan you lend you pen to me?你能借我一支钢笔吗?keep意为“保存,借”,延延续性性动作作,“长时间借”How long can we keep the book?我们能够借这本书多久呢?易混词易混词用法用法例句例句die不及物动词,意为“死”,短暂性动作Her grandfather died last year.dead形容词,形容词,意为“死的”,表示状态Her grandfather has been died for two years.death名词,名词,意为“死亡”His death was a great loss to China.dying形容词,形容词,意为“垂死的”The poor old man was dying.考点三 易混词辨析5.lose,forget 与与leave区区别6.spend,cost,take和和pay的区的区别别易混词易混词用法用法例句例句lose意为“丢失,失去”I lose my watch.我的手表丢了。forget意为“忘记”,forget to do sth I forget your name.我忘记你的名字。leave意为“落在”,leave sth+地点状地点状语I left my watch at home.我把我的手表落在家。易混词易混词用法用法例句例句spend主语为人 spend 时间/金钱(in)doing sthspend 时间/金钱 on sthThey spent two years in building this bridge.cost主语为 物,It costs/cost 金钱 to do sth.It costs fve thousand to buy this computer.take主语为物,It takes/took 时间 to do sth.It took ten days to do this toy.pay与介词 for 连用 I have to pay them 20 pounds fir this room each month.考点三 易混词辨析5.join,take part in 与与attend区区别6.wear,put on,have on 和和dress的区的区别别易混词易混词用法用法例句例句join一般加入党派或组织,如参军,入党When did you brother join the army?你哥哥什么时候参军呢?take part in指参加聚会或活动We will take join in social practice during the summer vacation.暑假期间我们期间我们将要参加社会实践。attend一般指出席会议He ll attend an important meeting tomorrow.他明天要参加一个重要的会议。易混词易混词用法用法例句例句wear强调穿的状态He was wearing a dark suit.put on强调穿的动作He put on his best clothes for the party.have on意为“穿着”,强调穿的状态Mary had on her new dress.dress 意为“某人给自己穿衣服”She dressed herself in her Sunday best.练一练1.You _ stop when the traffic light turns red.A.can B.had better+动词原形 C.need D.must【解析】选D。must是“必须,不得不”,根据下文出现的when the traffic light turns red可知是“你必须”。2.Is that girl under the tree Mary?No,that _ be Mary.She is in New York.A.can B.mustnt C.cant【解析】选C。由答语“她在纽约。”可知,那个女孩不可能是玛丽,故用cant。3.Mr.Wang,can I finish my homework tomorrow?Sorry,you _.A.cant B.dont C.neednt D.wont【解析】选A。cant“不能”,dont“不”,neednt“不需要”,wont为will not的缩写“将不会”。根据问句“王老师,我能明天完成作业吗?”可知回答应为“对不起,你不能。”故选A。4.Dad,can I go to the movies tonight?Sure,but you _ come back home before 9 oclock.A.can B.must C.may D.might【解析】选B。句意:爸爸,今晚我可以去看电影吗?当然,但是你必须在9点之前回家。can 表示“能;会”;must 表示“必须”;may和might表示“可以”,故选B。5.Mom,must I finish my homework now?No,you _.You may have supper first.A.mustnt B.neednt C.cant【解析】选B。句意:妈妈,我现在必须完成家庭作业吗?不,你不需要。你可以先吃饭。对must引导的一般疑问句,否定回答时常用No,.neednt,故选B。6.Will you stay for some more days?Sorry,I _.My mother called to ask me to go back at once.A.mustnt B.may notC.cant D.wouldnt【解析】选C。句意:你再待几天好吗?对不起,我不能。我的母亲打电话让我马上回去。mustnt“禁止”;may not“可能不”;wouldnt“不愿做,将要不”。故选C。7.Shall we take a taxi?No,we _.Its not far from here.A.cant B.mustntC.shouldnt D.neednt【解析】选D。由答语“它离这儿不远。”可知没必要乘出租车。故选D。8.Must I get up early tomorrow morning?No,_.A.you mustnt B.I dont think you have to C.you cant D.you need【解析】选B。情态动词must引导的一般疑问句的否定答语为“No,sb.neednt./No,sb.dont/doesnt have to.”故选B。9.It rained heavily,so we _ stay at home watching TV or surfing the Internet all day.A.could B.had to C.must【解析】选B。外面下雨是待在家里的客观原因,故答案为B项。10.You _ be excited that youre going back to your hometown soon.Yes,I cant wait any longer.A.shall B.can C.need D.must【解析】选D。由答语“是的,我不能再等待了。”可知,上一句应该是“你一定很兴奋,你不久将回到你的家乡。”must“一定”,表示有把握的肯定推测。