高考英语语法定语从句考点归纳分析讲义.docx

高中英语语法定语从句考点归纳分析两组易混关系代词的用法与辨析一、that与which两者都可指物，常可互换，其区别是:(1)引导非限制性定语从句或直接放在介词后作宾语时，要用which。如:Peter drove too fast.which was dangerous.彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.这是一个我们可能长时间争论的问题。(2)当先行词为不定代词或被其修饰、受the very, the only,the same 等修饰、受形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next)等修饰、关系代词在定语从句中用作表语或先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，通常用that。如:All that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。This is the only book (that) I find useful.这是我发现的惟一有用的书。The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan.你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。China is not the country(that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。2.as与which(1)引导限制性定语从句时，在 such.as，the same 后只能用 as，其他情况用 which。如:He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起来那么傻。He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford.他抽一种他买得起的最贵的烟。(2)引导非限制性定语从句时，有时两者可互换，但若位干主句之前，则只能用as。如:I live along way from work, as which you know. 我住得离工作单位很远，这你是知道的。As is known to everybody the moon travels round the earth once every month.月球每月绕地球转一周，这是每个人都清楚的。另外，as 引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致，which无此限制。如:He went abroad, as which was expected. 他出国了，这是大家预料到的。He went abroad, which was unexpected.他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)关系词(关系代词与关系副词)的选择方法一看先行词的意义即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因，如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等。二看关系词的句法功能即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语，是作定语还是状语等，如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which;作状语要用when where, why。注意，不要一看到先行词为表时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用 when.where. why 来引导定语从句，要注意分清它们在定语从句充当什么成分。如:I forget the time when he will come. 我忘记了他来的时间。(when 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语I forget the time that he told me. 我忘记了他告诉我的时间。(that 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作宾语)The reason why he can't come is that he is il1. 他不能来的原因是他病了。(why引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语The reason that he told me is not true. 他告诉我的原因不真实。(that 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作室语三看定语从句的种类即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。注意，不要一看到逗号就认为是非限制性定语从句。如:If you've really said that to her.will cause real troubleA. thatB. whichC. asD.what此题答案是A，不是B。尽管空格前有逗号，但这并不是非限制性定语从句，所以不能填 which。正确的理解是: If you've really said that to her 是一个条件状语从句，逗号后的句子是主句，空格处填that用作主句主语。定语从句的相关概念(先行词、关系词等)及用法定语从句即指在主从复合句用作定语的从句。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词，对它进行限制、描绘和说明。受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词，引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词。根据从句与主句关系的坚密程度，定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。关系词根据其性质可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有that who,whom, whose, which, as 等，其中 who 和 whom 只用于指人，which和as 只用于指事物，whose 和that 既可于指人也可用于指物，它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语;关系副词主要有when.where 和 why，其中 when 表示时间，where 表地点，why 表原因，它们在定语从句中均用作状语。如:The man who that lives in that house is my uncle. 住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔。Is this the reason why he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?He is not a person whose promise you can build on.他不是那种你可以信赖他诺言的人。This is the mountain village where we stayed last year.这是我们去年呆过的山村。I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。定语从句解题三大技巧技巧一:在解题过程中，首先要正确判断是不是定语从句，若是疑问句要将其恢复为陈述句，尤其注意标点符号、和是否已有并列连词(如but, and)和从属连词如(if, when)，还要注意是否是强调结构。如:1.John invited about 40 people to his wedding most of are family members.A.themB. thatC. whichD.whom分析:答案为D。注意，定语从句修饰的先行词是people不是wedding，所以不能选c，因为which不用于指人;关系代词that不能直接用于介词后作宾语，故排除B;them不是关系代词，不能引导定语从句，故可排除A(注:若在most of前面有并列连词and，则只能选A)。句意为:约翰邀请了40个人来参加他的婚礼，其中大多数都是家属。注意:假若此题在逗号后加一个连词 and，则答案就不能选 D，而应选 A。2.He may win the competition.he is likely to get into the national teamA. in which caseB.in that caseC.in what caseD. in whose case分析:答案为A。由于两句之间没有并列连词，所以不是并列句，故可排除B和C;虽然which和whose均可引导定语从句，目均可用作定语，但which的意思与指示代词相似，whose的意思与物主代词相似，根据句意，应选A。其实，若空格前有并列连词and，则答案应选B。另外，顺便说一句，in which case是非限制性引导定语从句的惯用表达。又如:My father may have to go into hospita1. in which case I won't be going on holiday我父亲可能要住院，如果那样我就不去度假了。He won't want to eat it unless he's really hungry. in which case he'll eat almost anything.除非很饿，否则他不会吃东西，一日饿了，他几平什么都吃。Of course it may rain, in which case well have to hold the ceremony indoors.当然可能会下雨，如果那样的话，我们就只能在室内举行仪式了。She may have missed the train, in which case she won't arive for another hour.她可能没赶上火车，要是那样的话，她可能还等一个小时才会到。技巧二:在确定是定语从句后，就要找准先行词，看它是指人还是指物，是时间还是地点。技巧三:要弄清先行词在定语从句中作什么成分。最后，再根据关系词各自的用法特点去确定恰当的关系词。先行词是时间或地点的定语从句先行词是表示时间或地点的名词时，代表先行词的关系词若在定语从句中作状语，用关系副词when或where引导，when和which相当于“介词+which”;若在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就用关系代词which或that来引导。如:Is this the place where it happened? 这就是事发地点吗?The book is on the table where you left it. 书在桌子上，你放在那里的。Paris was a far cry from the village where she grew up.巴黎和她从小到大居住的村庄完全是两码事。Sunday is the day when very few people go to work. 星期日是没什么人上班的日子。t was the sort of morning when everything goes wrong. 那天上午就是那样,事事不顺心。I mind the time when we were in New York together. 我想起我们一起在细约的时光。确定用关系代词还是用关系副词的简便方法是:看定语从句中是否缺少主语或宾语，若缺，用关系代词;若不缺，用关系副词。如:That's the reason why he dislikes me.这就是他不喜欢我的原因。Sunday is the day when very few people go to work. 星期日是没什么人上班的日子。Do you know a shop where I can find sandals?你知道哪家商店我能找到凉鞋吗?学科网（北京）股份有限公司