英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译.ppt

英语科技文献的词汇特点英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译与翻译Kirsten QiHebei University of Engineering1英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译词汇词汇特点特点（一）新词层出不穷GoogleEmailCybersurfWebzineCyberphobia3GGPRs bluetoothDSLBioinformaticsproteomics2英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译计算机网络领域YouTube把视频上传到网上Cybersquatting 抢注域名Net neutrality 网络中立性Phish网络钓鱼Cyber-interaction 网络互动Webcasting网络播放3英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译人力资源领域HER电力化人力资源管理HRM人力资源管理E-recruite电子化招聘Tele-office远程办公Executive recruiters 猎头公司Blue type 硬文化Flextime弹性工作制Green type 软文化4英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译商务领域Viral marketing病毒性营销E-tailing 电子零售E-journal 电子期刊5英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译（二）词汇构成多元化（1）借用 robot机器人Cassette盒式磁带Sputnik人造卫星Brazilian pebble石英水晶Xerox静电复印机Diesel engine 柴油机6英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译（2）compounding合成法English technical terms formed by compounding generally take three forms:combining with a hyphen(e.g.salt-former 卤素,pulse-scaler 脉冲定标器)without hyphen(e.g.fallout 放射性尘埃,waterlock 水闸,thunderstorm 雷暴)two or more separate words forming a word combination(e.g.verbal translator 逐字翻译机,hover craft 气垫船,satellite antimissile observation system 卫星反导弹观察系统).7英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译Software软件Keydrive键控Hot-press热压Drug-fast耐药的Aci-fast耐酸的Brain-trust智囊团8英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译（3）blending混成法This is a variant of compounding,omitting the latter part of the first word and clipping off the first part of the second word.Masstige=mass+prestige大众精品smog=smoke+fog(烟雾）telex=teleprinter+exchange（电传打字交换）gravisphere=gravity+sphere（引力层）medicare=medical+care（医疗保险）biorhythm=biological+rhythm（生物节律）9英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译（4）截断法clippingWiki=wikipediaAuto=automobilelab=laboratory10英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译（5）缩略法）缩略法Acronym An acronym is a word made up from the first letters of the name of something。ADP automatic data processing自动化数据处理 AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome GSV guided space vehicle有制导的航天器 RAM random access memory随机存取存贮器 11英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译（6）类比Arm Crane悬臂式起重机Bridge crane 桥式吊车Cable crane 缆式起重机Spike dog 道钉Stop dog 止动器Watchdog密码识别软件12英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译（7）派生Affixation:It is the most flexible means of forming new words and its potential of creation is almost boundless bio-(生命、生物),thermo-（热）,electro-(电),aero-(空气)carbo-(碳),hydro-(水),-ite(矿物),-mania(热，狂),13英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译miniultrasonicprober=mini+ultra+sonic+prober 微型超声波金属探测仪 macrospacetransship=macro+space+trans+ship 巨型空间转运飞船 teletypesetter=tele+type+setter 电传排字机 bathythermograph=bathy+thermo+graph 海水测温仪 barothermograph=baro+thermo+graph 气压温度记录器 deoxyribonucleic=de+oxy+ribo+nucleic 脱氧核糖核 photomorphogenesis=photo+morpho+genesis 光形态发生14英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译 Common Prefixes,Suffixes and Affixes in Technical Terms Translation and Common Headattached15英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译(三）词义复杂多变Cell 小屋 电学：电池 冶金学：电解槽 医学：细胞 无线电：元件16英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译以专业判断词义以搭配确定词义以句法确定词义17英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译1.词的多义性2.词的搭配3.词义的选择4.词义引申译法5.加词译法6.减词译法7.词性转移法8.重复译法9.反面着笔译法10.专业术语译法18英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译词的多义性词的多义性1.He is a man of difficult access2.His eloquence found access to many hearts3.He was seized with an access of grief4.Students must have access to good books5.The only access to the farm house is across the fields6.Solve problem by direct access to a computer19英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译他是一个难以接近的人。他的雄辩打动了许多人的心。他被悲伤所困扰。学生必须有机会读到好书。通到农舍的唯一通路是经过田间。直接利用计算机解题。20英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译7.Random access procedures are well matched to the needs of brusty user since the entire bandwidth of a channel can be used by a station once it successfully accesses.随机访问规程最适合于突发性用户的需要，因为一旦某一个站成功地接人网内，它就可占用信道的全部带宽。21英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译8.The two basic methods,timedivision multiple access(TDMA),and frequentdivision multiple access(FDMA),are both analyzed本文对两种基本方法：时分多址(TDMA)和频分多址(FDMA)都作了分析22英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译9.Note for completeness that a third method，codedivision multiple access(CDMA),is also a member of the fixed assignment class为了使本文更加完整，顺便指出第三种多址方式，即码分多址(CDMA)，也是固定分配方式的一种类型。23英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译10.Carriersense multiple access (CSMA)protocols are refinements on the pure and slotted ALOHA protocols载波侦听多点访问(CSMA)协议是对纯ALOHA和时隙ALOHA协议的改进。24英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译词的搭配词的搭配动词与名词的搭配The earth moves round the sun.地球绕太阳旋转。Heat moves from a hotter to a colder body.热量从温度较高的物体传到温度较低的物体上。Move M to other work 调M去做别的工作。He has moved his furniture into another house 他已将家具搬到别的房子里去了。25英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译The ship moved southward 船向南航行。The procession moved along the road 游行队伍沿途行进。History moves with the current of the worlds civilization.历史和世界文化的潮流共同前进。Lorries were used to move the troops to the front.用大卡车将军队运送到前线去。26英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译The work moves slowly 工作进展缓慢。The bus moves slowly 汽车行驶缓慢。Things are not moving as rapidly as we had hoped.事得进展得没有像我们希望的那么快。The story moved us deeply 这个故事深深地感动了我们。The army moved on(or against)M.军队向M进发。27英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译 A few leaves moved in the wind 有几片树叶在风中飘动。He moved very slowly because he suffered from rheumatism.因为他患风湿病，所以行动很迟缓。Normally in schools boys move up every year.通常孩子们在学校里每年都升级。28英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译Then,in 1770 a Frenchman made the first“steam road carriage”which could move at 5 kilometers an hour.到了1770年，位法国人制造出第一台“蒸汽马车”，它一小时可跑5公里。They agreed to use Stephensons engine to move coal along a 14kilometer railway line from the mine to the port.他们一致同意使用史蒂芬森的机器，沿着14公里长的铁路将煤从矿上运到港口。29英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译副词与动词的搭配This plant flowers freely这植物开花很多He allowed his friend to use his house freely.他让他的朋友随便使用自己的房子。30英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译 He gives freely to many organizations that help the poor.他慷慨馈赠许多慈善机构。She did not mix freely with people 她不与人无拘无束地交往(相处)。He speaks his mind freely 他心直口快。They talked freely 他们自由地交谈 31英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译Due to the fact that electrons,under pressure,can move freely,many substances possess the property of conductivity,from which the term“conductor”is derived.由于电子在电压作用下可以自由地移动这一事实，许多物质具有导电性，从而产生了“导体”这一术语。32英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译形容词与名词的搭配He drew a thick line on the paper 他在纸上划了一条粗线。The book is 8 inches thick 这本书8英寸厚。She has thick hair 她长着浓密的头发。The conditions are too thick 条件太过分了。33英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译I think he is rather thick 我认为他有些笨。The weather was thick yesterday：昨天天气阴霾。He was dead drunk and his speech was thick 他醉得厉害，因此话说不清楚。They are very thick together.他们相互很亲密。He spoke with a thick German accent 他讲话德国口音很重。34英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译词义的选择词义的选择根据词类确定词义Stones are rounded by the action of water.石头被水流冲刷成圆形。In the first round our football team has had three wins and one defeat.在第一轮中，我们的足球队三胜一负。35英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译They give him a round of applause 他们给他一阵喝采。The ship rounded the cape of Good Hope 该船绕好望角航行。The news was soon passed round 消息不久即传开了。He looked round triumphantly 他得意洋洋地环顾四周。Wheels go round 轮子在转动。He went round to the back door 他绕到后门。36英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译6 is the round figure 5 7/8.6是5 7/8的整数。15,837can be rounded to 15,840;then to 15,800;then to 16,000.15837可以四舍五入到15840,然后再舍入到15800，再舍入到16000。When direct current flows through a coil,a magnetic field will be build up round the coil.当直流电流通过线圈时，线圈周围就形成一个磁场。37英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译根据词的搭配关系确定词义Energy is the power to do work.能量是作功的能力。Power is the rate of doing work 功率是作功的速率。To generate electricity with water power is considered a very good way.用水力发电被认为是一种很好的方法。Electric power can be transmitted over long distance to users 电力可通过远距离传输到用户。38英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译It is also a supporter of alternative technology,and the use of wind,solar and sea power to generate electricity.它还支持利用非传统技术，赞成采用风能、太阳能和海洋能来发电。The 16 is the fourth power of 2 16是2的4次方(幂)。Aluminum has a combining power of three 铝的化合价是三。39英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译The power subsystem of the communication facility provides a flow of current under controlled conditions of voltage and load.通信设施的电源分系统应在电压和负载受控的情况下供电。The surfaces of ceramics must be checked by examining it under a 20 power binocular microscope.陶瓷表面必须用20倍的双筒显微镜加以检验。40英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译The new kinescope has a resolving power of 800 lines.这种新型显像它的分辨率为800行。41英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译42英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译43英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译44英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译45英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译46英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译47英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译48英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译49英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译Heavy50英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译51英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译52英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译53英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译54英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译55英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译56英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译词义引申译法词义引申译法There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.逐字死译：在我们从集成电路工艺毕业之前，有三步必须采取。引申译法；我们要完全掌握集成电路工艺，还必须经过三个阶段。57英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译Thus the complexity of a PCM system can compare quite favorably with other types of modulation when the number of channels is very large.逐字死译：因此，当信道数很大时，PCM系统的复杂性可以很有利地同其它调制方式相比较。引申译法：因此，当信道数很大时，就复杂程度上讲，PCM系统反而比其它调制方式要好得多。58英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译Although the direct current is very useful,it has one great disadvantage,that is,there is no easy and economical way to increase or decrease its voltage.The alternating current does not know this disadvantage 逐字死译：尽管直流电用处很大，但它有一个大缺点，即没有简便经济的方法来提高或降低它的电压。而交流电就不知道这个缺点。引申译法；尽管直流电用处很大，但它有一个大缺点，即没有简便经济的方法来提高或降低它的电压。而交流电就不存在这个缺点。59英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译The major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor components.逐字死译：元件技术中的主要贡献者是在半导体元件中。引申译法；元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。60英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译 The lower-power diode-transistor logic monolithic integrated circuits provides the combined advantages of low-power consumption and excellent noise margins in low and medium-speed general purpose logic application.逐字死译：这种低功率二极管一晶体管逻辑单片集成电路，在低速和中速通用目的逻辑集成电路应用中，提供低功耗和优良噪声容限结合的优点。引申译法：这种低功率二极管一晶体管逻箱单片集成电路，在低速和中连通用逻辑电路应用中，兼有两方面的优点，一是低功耗，二是良好的噪声容限。61英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译 You found that,in two experiments,hardness and greenness in apples went together with sourness 逐字死译：在有过两次经验之后，你发现苹果中的硬与青是和酸同行的。引申译法：在有过两次经验之后，你发现凡是又硬又青的苹果总是酸的。62英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译These vacuum tubes will see the output stage.逐字死译；这些真空管将在输出级看到应用。引申译法：这些真空管将在输出级得到应用。One safety catch in this design is its helium coolant.逐字死译：这项设计中的一个保险装置是其氮冷却刑。引申译法；这项设计中的一个安全措施就是使用氦冷却剂。63英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译Despite a slow start by the United States in the race to make Television sets with razor-sharp pictures,a growing number of scientists and engineers say there is hope for a comeback.逐字死译：尽管美国在制造具有剃刀舱锋利图像的电视机角逐中起步缓促，但越来越多的科学家和工程师认为美国有希望卷土重来。引申译法；尽管美国在制造具有坦真(高清晰)图像的电视祝角逐中起步缓促，但越来越多的科学家和工程师认为美国有希望卷土重来。64英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译One of the indications of the strength of European science during the first 25 years of this century is that out of 71 Nobel prize in physics,chemistry,and medicine,68were awarded to European scientists 逐字死译：本世纪头25年间欧洲科学力量的标志之一是7l位诺贝尔物理学、化学和医学奖获得者中有68位欧洲的科学家。引申译法：表明本世纪头25年欧洲科学力量的例证之一是在总共71位诺贝尔物理学、化学和医学奖获得者中，有68位是欧洲科学家。65英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译 In my opinion,this is a truly new way in science which is going to be seen more and more in the future 逐字死译：我认为，在科学上，这是一条崭新的，将来会被越来越多的看到的路子。引申译法：我认为，在科学上，这是一条崭新的、今后会越来越明朗的路子。66英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译 Another logical stepping-stone is a lunar base,which could be built by 2000,as a testing ground for technologies necessary for a Martian Sojourn.逐字死译：另一个合乎逻辑的踏脚石是到2000年能建成的月球基地，一个作为在火星迟留所必须的技术试验地。引申译法：另一个合乎逻辑的中间站是到2000年能建成的月球基地产个作为在火星逗留所必须的技术试验站。67英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译加词译法加词译法补充上英语中省略掉的词补充上英语中省略掉的词 Like charges repel;unlike attract 同种电荷相斥；异种电荷相吸。High voltage is necessary for long transmission while low voltage for safe use 远距离输电需要高压，安全用电则需要低压。68英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译The best conductor has the least resistance,and the poorest the greatest.最好的导体电阻最小，而最差的导体电阻最大。The letter I represents the current in amperes,E the electromotive force in volts,and R the resistance in ohms.字母I代表电流的安培数，E代表电动势的伏特数，R代表电阻的欧姆数。69英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译给动作名词加汉语名词给动作名词加汉语名词比较常加的词有：现象、作用、效应、方式、方法、办法、技术、过程、途径、工作、部分、设备、装置、系统、问题、事项、情况、化。70英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译71英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译72英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译73英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译74英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译75英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译76英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译From the evaporation of water people know that liquids can turn into gases under certain conditions.根据水的蒸发现象，人们知道液体在一定条件下能变成气体。If the reflecting object is not stationary,the phase difference between the two signals will change rapidly and rapid fading occurs.如果反射体不固定，则两个信号之间的相位差将会迅速变化，因而就台产生快哀落现象。77英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译The lower the frequency is,the greater the refraction of a wave will be.频率越低，波的折射作用越强。The circuit as seen by the transients is the same for the shunt chopper.从瞬态过程来看，该电路与并联斩波器的电路相同。Telemetry has become highly refined as a result of several decades of missile and aircraft instrumentation.几十年来对导弹和飞机的测量经验，使得遥测技术的发展高度完善。78英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译在名词或动词前后加汉语动在名词或动词前后加汉语动词词通常加的动词有：加、使、产生、引起、发生、道受、陷于、进行、执行、调整，依上下文而定。79英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译80英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译81英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译The problem of acquiring,tracking and discriminating all the targets needs the full capability of the phased array radar.解决捕获、跟踪和识别所有目标的问题，要求发挥相控阵雷达的全部能力。This was a record increase.这是打破纪录的增长数字。82英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译The cutoff frequency of the varactor is a fundamental obstacle to wide-range electronic tuning at X band at least.变容二极管的截止频率是实现宽范围电子调谐的主要障碍，至少在x波段是如此。Such a feat requires a perfect adjustment and timing of all the apparatus employed.要做到这一点，需要所用设备的控制和定时准确无误。83英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译增加概括性的词增加概括性的词An elementary form of radar,shown in fig.1,consists of an antenna,a transmitter,and an energy-detecting device,or receiver.雷达的基本组成形式如图l所示，它是由一副天线、一台发射机和一个能量检测装置即接收机三大部分组成的。84英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译This report summed up the new achievements made in electron tubes,semiconductors and components.这篇报告总结了电子管、半导体和元件三方面的新成就。85英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译Design parameters,system characteristics and communication abnormalities are significant factors the planner must acknowledge in the structuring of the earth station subsystem.建造地球站分系统时，设计参数、系统特性和通信的反常现象是系统设计人员必须考虑到的三个重要因素。86英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译 增加解说性的词增加解说性的词Yagi are widely used for the reception of TV broadcast signals.八木天线广泛用于接收广播电视信号。87英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译Note again that considerable simplification in solving the above can be achieved if the data is made symmetrical.还要注意，在解决上述问题时，如果使数据对称，就能得到很大程度的简化。We will go to BJ by CROWN.我们将乘皇冠汽车去北京。88英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译增加加强上下文连贯性的词语增加加强上下文连贯性的词语Many persons learned to program with little understanding of computers or applications to which computers could or should be applied.许多人虽然已经学会了编程序，但对计算机以及计算机能够或必备的种种用途所知甚少。89英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译Theory is something but practice is everything.理论固然重要，但实践更为重要。This question is really a circuit design rather than a layout problem.这个问题是属于电路设计方面的，而不是布局方面的。90英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译语法加词时态 英语的时间概念主要通过动词词形变化来表现,没有词形变化，其时间概念主要靠副词来表现。因此句子中的动词译成汉语时、有时应增添有关的副词。91英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译 He is skeptical-he does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available.他习惯于怀疑他不接受那些不是以现有的最充分的证据为基础的论述A successful scientist is full of curiosity.一个成功的科学家总是满怀好奇心。92英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译Since the industrial revolution began,the physical science has in general been in the forefront of the scientific movement.从工业革命开始以来，物理科学总的说来一直居于科学运动的前列。The achievement of science which has produced the greatest impression on mankind is the release of atomic energy.迄今对人类产生最大影响的科学成就是原子能的释放。93英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译But this was not the substance the Curies had been looking for.但是这不是居里夫妇前个时期一直在寻找的物质 He（Newton)built the first reflecting telescope,of which the giant 100-inch instrument at Mount Wilson is a modern representative.他(牛顿)制造了第一架反射望远镜，现今放在威尔逊山上的那架100英寸的巨型望远镜，就是当初那种反射望远镜的现代化样品。94英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译The development in science to be brought about due to a fuller knowledge of electricity are expected to be even more extensive and fundamental.可以预期，由于对电更加充分认识而引起的科学发展必将更加广泛，更加重要。95英语科技文献的词汇特点与翻译虚拟语气 He(Einstein)had little concern for money,though he could have been extremely wealthy.他(爱因斯坦)不大关心钱，虽然他本来很可能成为巨富。The gift to him could have filled a rail road freight car.送给他的礼物其可装满一节火车。Strange that is should have forgotten its name.说也奇怪，我竟然志了它的名字