大学课堂-英语翻译.ppt

Translation TranslationBasic theoriesContrastive study of two languagesTranslation skillsTranslation appreciation and criticismPracticenWhat is translation?(definition)nWhat is a good translation?(criteria)n nNida:n n Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.n n许钧：n n翻译是以符号转换为手段，意义再生为任务的一项跨文化的交际活动。E.g.n nHe is suggestively silent.n n他一声不吭，似有隐衷。n nHe managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.n n他居然种出了二百个神奇的西红柿，每个重达两镑。e.g.n n1.了解过去有助于了解现在，了解现在有助于预知未来。n n2.她一想到那次交通事故，就双腿僵硬，难以走路。n n1.An acquaintance of the past is helpful to the acquaintance of the present,which is in turn helpful to the prediction of the future.n n2.The thought of the traffic accident made her legs become stiffened under her and unable to walk.e.g.n nOne of the most startling pieces of evidence that shows people are not in touch with whats really going on in their partnerships is the fact that the majority of people who file for divorce say they didnt think there was a relationship-threatening problem just six months prior to breaking up.n n大多数申请离婚的人都说，就在感情破裂的六个月前，他们都还没有感到什么情感危机。这一令人惊讶的事实表明人们对自己的婚姻状况还不甚了解。严复：信达雅faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.The“three character guide”is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷：神似spiritual conformity,Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original.强调原作神韵再现。钱钟书：化境sublimed adaptation.Focus on the translators smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.刘 重 德：信、达、切 faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.鲁迅：宁信而不顺-rather to be faithful than smooth。梁实秋、赵景深：宁顺而不信-rather to be smooth than faithful鲁迅目的：引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋目的：可读性强，便于交流。n信 faithfulness?n达 expressiveness?n雅 elegance?nEquivalence:n (1)semantic equivalencen (2)stylistic equivalenceSome Categories of Translation Criterian n直译vs 意译n nLiteral translation vs Liberal translationn n形似vs 神似n nFormal conformity vs Spiritual conformityn n异化vs 归化n nForeignization vs Domestication n nAdvantages and Disadvantages?Factors Influencing Your Translationn nYour competence and your temperament n nContext(textual and cultural)n nExpected readersReference Booksn n陆谷孙英语大词典上海译文出版社n n吴光华汉英大词典上海交通大学出版社n n冯庆华实用翻译教程上海外语教育出版社n n陈宏薇新实用汉译英教程湖北教育出版社n n郭著章英汉互译实用教程武汉大学出版社n n刘宓庆文体与翻译中国对外翻译出版公司n n柯平英汉与汉英翻译教程北京大学出版社n nChoice of word meaning part of speechContext Collocation Style1.ChineseEnglish头Head头发次序为前事物残余部分面子、面貌One side of a coin tailIndividual personMove towards?Examplesn n1.她正在梳头。n n2.让我从头讲起吧。n n3.这还是我头一次来杭州呢。n n4.最近镇上来了几个有头有脸的人物。n n5.我们对待事情不能只顾一头。Examplesn n1.The dinner cost us five dollars a head.n n2.The lecture was above my head.n n3.Heads or tails?n n4.Lets discuss the question under five heads.n n5.He headed straight for the bar.跑run逃跑run away跑腿儿run errands 跑材料run about collecting material跑生意run businessExamplesn n1.他十多岁就学会了杂耍，已经跑江湖数十年了。n n2.你在公司里不过是个跑龙套的角色。n n3.车胎跑气了。Examplesn nrun into/run down/run after/run against/run in/run out n nrun a fever/run a car/run into debt/run a factory/run for presidency/run oil/run the risk of/run sb.into difficultiesExamplesn n1.The idea runs in his mind.n n2.The news runs rapidly in the town.n n3.The machine runs well.n n4.The street runs north.Mann nBe a man!n nman and his wifen nofficers and menSophisticatedn nsophisticated mann nsophisticated womann nsophisticated drivern nsophisticated electronic devicen nsophisticated weapon To Choose a Word Meaning in a Wider Contextn n1.Please tell me if you can help us.n n2.Im sure Ill beat John this time.n n3.We have no spring here.Exercisesn n1.In every Chinese city,we got into the streets,shops,parks,theatres and restaurants.n n2.yet,as sometimes happens that a person departs his life,who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones;who is a good Christian,a good parent,a good child,a good wife or a good husband;who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss 2.Extending the Word Meaning(differences in CULTURE and WORD-FORMING)鸳鸯Referential meaningLinguistic meaningPragmatic meaning A kind of water fowlAlliteration single-morpheme wordAn affectionate couple2.1 Concrete Abstractn n Theoretical Basis:n n SL TLn nculture image no culture image Examplesn n鸡毛蒜皮n n狗急跳墙n n单枪匹马n n生龙活虎n n开门见山Examplesn neat like a birdn nlick sbs bootsn nwalk on airn nbreak the icen n他万万没想到在他前进的道路上竟会出现这么多拦路虎。n n这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干嘛？n nIll break my neck to get this done by Friday,but I cant promise for sure.n nHe is a rolling stone,I dont think he can lay up any money.n nEveryone is for bread and butter in life.2.2 Abstract Concreten n Theoretical Basis:n n SL TLn nno culture image culture image Examplesn nvery timidn nkeep quietn naccelerate the speedn nbe full of anxiety and worryn nbe very anxious to return homeExamplesn n简言之n n鲁莽的人n n截然不同n n觉得可疑n n他每天都要处理许多棘手的问题。n n我们决不能姑息坏人。n nAlthough they decided to go in opposite directions,they had not cut off relations completely.Abstract Concrete(2)Theoretical Basisn nSynthetic Vs.Analyticn n English Chinese形态变化、词序和虚词是表达语法意义的三大手段。Definitionn nA synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.n n Websters Ninth New Collegiate Websters Ninth New Collegiate DictionaryDictionaryDefinitionn nAn analytic language is characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words,auxiliary verbs,and changes in word order to express syntactic relations,rather than of inflected forms.n n The Random House College The Random House College DictionaryDictionaryEmotional Particle in Chinesen n下雨了。n n下雨了吗？n n下雨了吧？n n下雨了啊!n n你带上这本书。n n你带上这本书吗？n n你带上这本书吧!Auxiliary Verbn nHe can finish the task by Monday.n nHe must finish the task by Monday.n nHe should finish the task by Monday.n nCan you open the window?n nCould you open the window?n nWill you open the window?Examplen nHe astonished us by moving rapidly.n nHe astonished us by his rapid movements.n nHe astonished us by the rapidity of his movements.n nA very important questionn nA question of great importancen nThere is no inconsistency in what he said.n nThere is nothing inconsistent in what he said.Some Affixations in English n nPrefixes:n nInter-相互n nTrans-跨n nMulti-多n nUltra-超n nMeta-超越、超出n nPre-之前n nSuffixes:n n-ment 行为的结果、手段、工具、过程n n-ness 性质、状态n n-tion 动作、状态、结果n n-ism 主义、学说、信仰、行为n n-ship 情况、身份、职业n n-hood 身份、资格、性质、状态 n n-ing 动作或动作的过程、结果、产物、对象、与某一事物有关的动作 n n-ance 性质、行动、过程、程度n n-ence 动作、性质、状态Examplesn nHe was described as impressed by Dengs flexibility.n nWhat they wanted most was an end of uncertainties.n nWe were greatly moved by his loftiness.n nThe stars twinkled in transparent clarity.n nI talked to him with brutal frankness.Tipn nWith category words,concrete words,images,etc.,you can translate abstract words in English into concrete Chinese ones.More Examplesn nDisintegrationn nArdent loyaltyn nPerfect harmonyn nWith great eagernessn nLack of perseverancen nFeed on fanciesn nThere had been too much violence in that region.n nThe black people were fighting against the segregation of the government.n nThe pharmacologists are making a careful study of the allergy of the medicine.Exercisesn nTo help myself live without fault,I made a list of what I considered the 13 virtues.These virtues are 1 Temperance,2 Self-control,3 Silence,4 Order,5 Firmness of mind,6 Savings,7 Industry,8 Honesty,9 Justice,10 Cleanliness,11 Calmness,12 Morality,13 Humbleness.Benjamin FranklinBenjamin FranklinNominalizationinEnglish andConversionofPartsofSpeech1.Warming upn n1)要想知道布丁的滋味，就要亲自尝一尝。n n2)别人劝说也好，恳求也好，他都无动于衷。n n1)要想知道布丁的滋味，就要亲自尝一尝。n nC.f.If you want to know the taste of pudding,you need to eat one yourself.n n n n The proof of the pudding is in the eating.n n2)别人劝说也好，恳求也好，他都无动于衷。n nC.f.However other people persuaded him or entreated him,he was not to be moved.n n n n He was not to be moved by either persuasions or entreaties.Conduct an investigation intoTake into considerationMake contact withHave a quarrel withUndertake a study of -ing,suffix(tion,ment,ness)Verb Noun2.Typical Chinese Sentences as Contrastn n他想办法摆脱了困境。连动式n n我们请她唱歌。兼语式n n你去教室把他叫回来。把字式+兼语式n n我被老师叫到办公室去作检讨。被动式+连动式n n达到理想境界要靠辛勤劳动。(主、宾)n n他不停地来回走动，激动得说不出话来。(状、补)n n革命不是请客吃饭。(表)n nE:STATIVE noun adjectiven nC:DYNAMIC verb adverb3.Language Feature Contrast4.Translation Approach AnalysisThe doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.？医生极其快速的到达和对病人不同寻常的细致检查带来他的迅速康复。n nThe doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully;so he recovered very speedily.nDynamic Adjustmentn n5.1 (Noun Verb)n nThis novel defies easy classification.n nC.f.这部小说违背简单的分类。n n这部小说不好分类。n nIt was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal.n nC.f.我干重活的能力使我免于早早的解雇。n n 要不是我能干重活，早就被解雇了。5.Examples (EC)5.2(Prep.Verb)n n1.He has someone behind him.n n2.Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.n n 3.He was between sheets by eleven.5.3(Zero Verb)n nAfter the football match,hes got an important meeting.n nHe dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.n nSee.Textbook P58.6.1(Verb Noun)仔细比较一下，就能看出他们的不同。C.f.If we compare them carefully,we can find their difference.Careful comparison will reveal their difference.6.Examples(CE)n n他能吃能睡。n nC.f.n nHe eats well and sleeps well.n n(Is he very rich?)n nHe can eat and sleep.n n(Who cannot?)n nHe is a good eater and good sleeper.?n n我儿子拉洋车。n nC.f.n nMy son pulls rickshaw.n nMy son is a rickshaw puller.n n你们今天老是看着表等下班啊。6.2(Verb Prep.)n n1.许多学生反对反对他。n n2.我永远支持支持你。n n3.这趟火车是开往开往芝加哥的吗？7.Appreciation n n经过学校的门口，也改换了名称和模样，于我很生疏。(在酒楼上)n nWhen I passed the gate of the school,that too had changed its name and appearance,making me feel quite a stranger.n n空气是这样的清香，使人胸脯里感到分外凉爽、舒畅。(创业史)n nThe air was fresh and fragrant;it gave people a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.n n街中的一切逐渐消失在灰暗的暮色里。(家)n nEverything was gradually disappearing into a pall of grey.8.Exercisesn n1.Jack,enthusiastic and aggressive,was often unjustly accused of being a politician.n n2.Everybody I knew was in the bond business.n n3.I am no drinker,nor smoker.n n4.Everyone was away on holiday.Substitution&.Reiterationn nClose examination of the results of the investigation led to a reorganization of the department.n nEven to borrow money is wrong,according to Kant,because if everyone did borrow money,there would be no money left to borrow.n nA bachelors degree is a necessary requisite for matriculation.n nClose study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department.n nEven to borrow money is wrong,according to Kant,because if everyone did this,there would be no money left to borrow.n nThe bachelors degree is necessary for matriculation.Comparen n我们能够去掉不良作风，保持优良作风。n n不懂就是不懂，不要装懂。n n 他今晚回来吗？n n 我想会回来的。n n你没有搞好，我是不满意的。得罪了你就得罪了你。n n他说他的，我干我的。n n穷也有穷的好处。Examples(1.1)n.Pron.n nOurs will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation.We have stood up.n n英译汉不如英译法容易。n n我们提倡和平共处的原则，这项原则目前在世界上已越来越得人心了。Examples(1.2)n.n.n n非洲人民正在为争取非洲的彻底解放进行着艰巨的斗争。n n另一种方法是化学方法。n n电子管通常用来放大，而真空管是电子管的另一名称。Examples(1.3)n nVerbal substitution，clausal substitution:do,do so,do that,do this,do the samen nso+do+Subject,so+S+do,so+be+S,n nso+S+ben nNeither n nIf so,if notn n你不愿意落后，她也不愿意落后。n n在任何情况下，功不包括时间，但功率却包括时间。n n你答应了帮助他就应当帮助他。n n成绩有两重性，错误也有两重性。Examples(2)n n这儿是块宝地!要不是块宝地，怎么人越来越多？n n说一个人自私，并非因为他只图自己的利益，而是因为他不顾邻人的利益。n nCf.不同省略n n我属于你，你也属于我。(v.)n n Dr.Bethune set to work as soon as he came to the front.(pron.)Examples(3)n n野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源。n n中国人民历来勇于探索、勇于创造、勇于革命。Reiteration as stylistic features or rhetorical techniques n nScrooge went to bed again,and thought and thought and thought it over and over.n nThe jail might have been the infirmary,the infirmary might have been the jail.n n沉默啊，沉默啊！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默在灭亡。n n他们偷，他们抢，他们欺诈，谁也不敢惹他们。Translation of Reduplicationsn n亲亲热热n n慌慌张张n n破破烂烂Near and dearHurry and scurryWorn and tornn n平平安安n n支支唔唔n n犹犹豫豫Safe and soundMutter and mumbleShilly-shallyn n老老实实n n勤勤恳恳n n忠心耿耿Honest and sincereDiligent and earnestLoyal and devotedn n口口声声n n欣欣向荣n n沉甸甸n n大大咧咧To keep on sayingFlourishingHeavycarelessTranslation of Chinese Idiomsn nLiteral translation:n n口蜜腹剑n n调虎离山n n攻其不备n n史无前例n nLiberal Translation:n n粗枝大叶n nCf.With big branches and large leavesn n To be crude and carelessn n扬眉吐气n nCf.To raise the eyebrows and let out a breath n nTo feel proud and elatedExamplesn n我要有个三长两短，你给玉山捎个话！n n刘雨生把老谢的话，一五一十，告诉了邓秀梅和李月辉。n nPartial Translation:n n不学无术不学无术n n长吁短叹长吁短叹n n这断子绝孙的阿这断子绝孙的阿Qn nTo borrow its English Counterpartn n充耳不闻n nTo turn a deaf ear ton n赴汤蹈火n nTo go through fire and watern n乱七八糟n nAt sixes and sevensn n打草惊蛇n nTo wake a sleeping dogn n挥金如土n nTo spend money like watern n掌上明珠n nThe apple of ones eyesn n对牛弹琴n nTo cast pearls before swineTranslation of Culture-loaded Words n n南柯一梦n nA fond dream or illusory joyn n四面楚歌n nTo be besieged on all sidesn n罄竹难书n n(of crimes)too numerous to mention Other skills in Idiom Translationn nLiteral translation+liberal translationn ne.g.她一个单身人，无亲无故。n nVersion:But this girl was all by herself and far from home,without a single relative or friend to help her.n nLiteral translation+a noten ne.g.司马昭之心，固已路人皆知。n nVersion:This Sima Zhao trick is obvious to every man in the street.n n(Note:Sima Zhao was a prime minister of Wei(220-265)who nursed a secret ambition to usurp the throne.The emperor once remarked:“Sima Zhaos intention is obvious to every man in the street.)Positive and Negative Translation 1.Different Habitual Usagen n1)油漆未干！n n2）在他还没来得及阻拦我之前，我已经跑出教室。n n3）如果没有他的帮助，我早就失败了。Words with Negative Meaningn nV.Fail,miss,lack,refuse,ignore,neglect,deny,excluden nN.Absence,failure,refusal,exclusionn nAdj&adv.Few,little,far from,free from,short of,otherwise,tooto,hardly,seldomn nConj.Unless,before,until,(rather)thann nPrep.Without,above,beyond,instead ofExamples n n他不愿接受那笔款子。n n我们完全不知道他的计划。n n这次演出根本没有失败，而是十分成功。n n他宁愿饿死，不愿行窃。2.Implicitness or Emphasisn nTell your old story to someone who believes it.n nIll see you dead before I accept your terms.n nI couldnt feel better.n nIt is a wise man that never makes mistakes.n n1.他不老实，我不能信任他。n n2.说是说了，没有结果。n n3.他不来，我不去。n n4.东边闪电出日头，西边闪电必有雨，南边闪电天气热，北边闪电有雷雨。n n5.不进则退Hypotactic vs.Paratacticn n1.I met a man who had a son whose wife sold cookies that she had baked in her kitchen that was fully equipped with electrical appliances that were new.n n2.The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.n n3.When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect,it seems to me that there are two causes,of which one goes much deeper than the other.n nHypotactic:The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives.n n The American Heritage Dictionaryn n所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。n