英语四级作文写作技巧链接版.ppt

1Lecture of Writing 2Lecture Arrangement考核要求大学英语四级作文评分原则及标准英语写作困境与对策四级写作中如何选词四级写作中如何造句四级作文常用句型四级写作如何组段历年作文题型分析写作小结四级作文模拟3一、考核要求四六级大学英语写作考试时间均为30分钟，分值占总分的15%。四级要求考生写出一篇不少于120词的短文，试卷上可能给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图作文，或给出段首句要求续写;或给出关键词要求写成短文。要求能够正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。写作的内容包括日常生活和一般常识。短文写作部分的目的是测试学生运用英语书面表达思想的初步能力。4二、大学英语四级作文评分原则及标准首先，卷面一定要清晰、干净、整洁。不要乱涂乱画，若有删节，在文字的中间画道横线第二，段落按要求写，要求写几段就写几段。一般情况下，中间一段长，开首段和结尾段较短，让人第一感觉就是内容充实。第三，开好头，结好尾。第四，按要求的字数写，可以比要求的字数稍微多一点。字数少了给人的感觉是缺乏内容，字数太多了，文章显得繁琐，阅卷老师心理会烦，你的分数会受影响。5具体评分标准：n2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，但多数为严重错误。n5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。n8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。n11分切题。表达思想清楚、文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。n14分切题。表达思想清楚、文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。n只写一段者：04分；只写两段者：09分(按规定写三段的作文)6三、英语写作困境与对策三、英语写作困境与对策一、滔滔不绝“意识流”有一部分考生在考试时一见到作文题，便感到很对自己的胃口，觉得有很多内容要写。于是乎千言万语涌上心头，写着前一句想着后一句。往往前句尚未写完便接上了后一句，辛辛苦苦写了一大堆（甚至有写11个自然段的）犹觉余意未尽。结果令判卷的老师头疼不己，无法继续往下看。意识流创作有两种表现：自由分段语言杂乱8我们不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落：一篇120词左右的作文一般不会超过12句话，把这12句话根据题目要求分配到各段中去，每一段大约只说那么几句话，绝不多说。事实上往往是说得越多，错误越多。因此，跟着提纲走，每一段不要写得太多，点到为止，见好就收，这才是最稳妥的对策。对策:9二、真情流露没必要n考试时，监考老师通常发现有的考生坐在那里根本就是在玩深沉，他在那里思考人生的伟大哲理；他在那里要想出一个观点，想出一个理由，想出一个措施，非要显得与众不同。陷入这种境地的考生，显然犯了一个根本性的错误。参考时间为40分钟的作文，一般应该在35分钟之内完成，再用几分钟的时间检查语言错误。n不管原因也好，措施也好，某一考生想到的任何一点，很可能命题人早已料到，而且肯定会被成千上万的考生重复无数遍。因而曾经令自己激动一时的想法，在判卷的老师看来全无感觉。规定式作文的拓展空间本来就非常有限，所以“真情流露”是没有必要的。10对策：n写作的三个角度：语言第一位；结构第二位；内容第三位n要求：结构简单，语言卓越，内容只要相关即可11三、用词贫乏，句式单一 许多考生的作文错误倒不多，相当符合语法要求，但用词贫乏，过多使用如more and more,I think,as you know等表达，并且句子结构过于简单。统计结果表明，差的作文中简单句多，而好的作文简单句少；差的作文从句、连词、分词结构出现的频率大大低于好的作文；差的作文中关键词和同义表达出现的频率低于好的作文。用词的丰富和句式的多样应该主要通过多看好文章，仔细琢磨好文章中的用词和句子来提高。换句话说，也就是要从阅读中学习写作。12四级写作中如何选词13Compare the Following SentencesnWes sh ho ou ul ld dusedifferentwaystogettoknowthesociety.nWeo ou ug gh ht t t to omakeuseofvariousmethodstogettoknowthesociety.nWea ar re e s su up pp po os se ed d t to otakeadvantageofdiversemeanstogettoknowthesociety.14选词的基本原则尽量用四级范围内的积极的,活跃的，常用的词或词组。尽量用表达最贴切,最生动,最有力的词或短语。尽量用最符合所写话题,所用文体的词或表达。15四级考生在措词方面存在的问题：1、可供“调遣”的词汇量贫乏，用词大部分局限于中学词汇。比如，我们一提到“重要的”，大多数同学首先会想到“important”这个单词，那么提升一下的话就可以想到它的如下同义词：significant,vital,crucial,critical，etc162、表达相近意义时，常重复用一个词，用词单调。Eg.Big=great,large,huge,vast,titanic,enormous etc.17策略 1、调动大学期间学过的更生动，更丰富的词汇表达意思。Eg.引起、导致 Cause,lead to,result in,bring about,give rise/birth to182、用具体，生动，有针对性的词语。Eg.利用 Use,make use of,make(good,effective,wide,wise,full)use of sth,take(full)advantage of193、文中如需要多次表达同一词义时，以同义词，近义词等避免重复使用同一词。Eg.适应Adapt to,adjust to,makefit,get used to,be accustomed to20实例赏析21Computer and I I never forget the very exciting day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present,which interested me so that I indulged myself in searching a lot of useful information I had expected,and enjoyed a lot of pleasing classic music.That night I was sleepless,feeling that the whole world belonged to me.22Computer and In I never forget the exceedingly thrilling day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present,which exerted a tremendous fascination on me so that I indulged myself in googling an army of useful information I had expected,and enjoy a sea of melodious classic music.That night I was sleepless,feeling that the whole world belonged to me.23nexceedingly替换very nthrilling替换exciting nsth.exert a tremendous fascination on sb替换sb.be interested in sth.ngoogle替换search nan army of替换a lot of 24 For a start,we can,freely,search desired information at any moment.Little by little,our knowledge will be well enriched,and our horizons will be greatly broadened.Additionally,we can get huge recreations online by chatting,playing games,or delivering email.25nFor a start 替换To begin with nWe can,freely,search用了插入语的写作手法 nour knowledge will be well enriched,and our horizons will be greatly broadened.用了非常精彩的被动 nAdditionally替换In addition/Besides nDeliver 替换 send 26 There is no denying that,however,computers can function in the disservice of human beings,in a way,especially the growing violence,*,porn pictures,AV-films emerging on the screen,which leads quiet a few net citizens to copying.27nThere is no denying that,however,computers can function in the disservice of human beings,这个句子有三个精彩之处，n首先There is no denying that这个句型，还有however 作为插入语，function in the disservice of替换 do harm to nEmerging代替appearing(fading代替disappearing)nNet citizen网民，属于精彩用词 28 As a classic proverb goes that no garden has no weeds.Computers do play a positive role in the development of people lives,despite a slice of unfavorable impacts.We should,therefore,take advantage of the fruits and avoid the opposite facet.29nNo garden has no weeds替换Every coin has two sides nComputers do play，do强调 nPositive 替换 important/good等 nA slice of 替换 a part of nUnfavorable 替换 bad nImpacts 替换 effects/influences nWe should,therefore,take advantage of使用插入语 nFruits(而且fruits用的非常形象，merits/virtues)替换advantage(defects替换disadvantage)nFacet替换aspect 3029个最经典的替换词31n1.individuals,characters,folks 代替(people,persons)n2.positive,favorable,rosy(美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding 代替 good n3.dreadful,unfavorable,poor,adverse(有害的)代替bad n如果 bad 做表语，可以有 be less impressive 代替 neg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games,enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms.When it approaches to graduation,as a result,they find their academic records are less impressive.32n4.(an army of,an ocean of,a sea of,a multitude of,many,if not most)代替 many.n注：用many,if not most一定要小心，many后一定要有词。nEg.Many individuals,if not most,harbor the idea that.同理用most,if not all,代替most.n5:a slice of,quiet a few,several代替some 33n6:harbor the idea that,take the attitude that,hold the view that,it is widely shared that,it is universally acknowledged that)替think(因为是书面语，所以要加that)n7:affair,business,matter 代替 thing n8:shared 代 common n9.reap huge fruits代替get much benefitn10:for my part,from my own perspective 代替 in my opinion34n11:Increasingly),growing 代替more and more。所以当修饰名词时用 increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用 increasingly(注意没有growingly 这种形式.nEg.sth has gained growing popularity.nSth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.n12.little if anything,或 little or nothing 代替 hardly n13.benefitial rewarding代替helpfuln14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser,代替customer n15.exceedingly,extremely代替very 35n16.hardly unnecessary,hardly inevitable.代替necessary,inevitable n17.sth appeals to sb,sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 代替 sb take interest in n18.capture ones attention 代替 attract ones attention.n19.facet,dimension,sphere 代 aspect n20.be indicative of,be suggestive of,be fearful of 代indicate,suggest,fear36n21.give rise to,lead to,result in,trigger代替cause.n22.There are several reasons behind sth代替.reasons for sth n23.desire 代替 want.n24.pour attention into 代替 pay attention to n25.bear in mind that 代替 remember 37n26.enjoy,possess 代替 have(注意process是过程的意思)n27.interaction 代替 communication n28.frown on sth 代替 be against,disagree with sth n29.to name only a few,as an example 代替 for example 38四级写作中如何造句 39善用词组 如果我们能够在单词的基础上，进一步想到与之同义的词组，那么文章就会显得与众不同，更具有英语的味道。比如上面所说的“重要的”这个单词，当我们想到important的时候，如果从语法角度再稍加考虑一下，我们会想到“be of importance”。因为，语法中规定：形容词等于of加这个形容词的名词形式。如果再提升一步，我们还学过一个常用的词组叫做“play an important role in-”。40句型多样简单句，并列句和复合句交替使用，灵活使用各种句子结构如：插入语，倒装句，强调句，非谓语动词，疑问句等。若要写好作文，要写好句子，首先要掌握句子结构和句式变化及句子类型，可通过对泛读课文经典句子的背诵提高应用语言基本句型的能力。要善于模仿。Imitation is a good way to learn.41适当用代替主动，这样能更客观的反映事实,句子开头不要总是用we/I(比如写结尾时不用 we should pay attention to 而用 Attention should be paid to.)举个经典结尾2004年六月四级作文的最后一段：It is,therefore,high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that.Thus，its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively.被动句42插入语一种是有两个逗号之间引起的成分称之为插入语第二种是有两个半破折号引起的成分称之为插入语。Jinan,the Spring City,is a famous tourist city.Other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid,material resources,and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.43比如说把副词、连接词等，作插入语放在中间，一般放在主语后、动词或者助动词前，两边分别加上逗号。如however/therefore/for example/I believe做插入语放在中间，一般放在动词，助动词前，两边分别加上逗号。比如说：Other individuals,however,take the attitude that44倒装倒装是我们写作中需要用到的。虽然略显俗套，但是却是很能满足阅卷人的主观感受的。常用的倒装形式有以下几种：45Only+时间状语 Ex:Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future.Only+介词词组 Ex:Only by planning his time carefully can he improve efficiency and make achievements46否定词位于句首（hardly when;never;not only-,but also-;seldom，scarcely,rarely）在我一生当中很难遇到这样的人 Ex:Seldom in my life have I met such a kind-hearted man.地点方位名词位于句首 Ex:In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games.47修辞 无论是汉语写作还是英语写作，修辞其实非常的重要。它是作者写作功底具体事例地展现。所谓修辞包括比喻、拟人、排比等等。这里仅举一个比喻例子，还是拿“重要的”来举例。当你用完词组之后，如果你用上下面比喻句子，则文章就会显得神采飞扬，试比较：48The bicycle is important for us.The bicycle is of importance for us.The bicycle plays an important role in our life.The bicycle,environmental friendly vehicle,plays an important role in our life.The bicycle is like the air,water,and sunshine and cannot be parted with a moment in our life.49四级作文常用句型 50没有比更的nNothing is+more+形容词+than to+Vn例句：没有比接受教育更重要的事。nNothing is more important than to receive education.51再怎么强调.的重要性也不为过。n cannot emphasize the importance of too much.n例句：我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。nWe cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.52不可否认的.nThere is no denying that+S+V.n例句：不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。nThere is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.53全世界都知道.nIt is universally acknowledged that+句子 n例句：全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。nIt is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.54毫无疑问的.nThere is no doubt that+句子 n例句：毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。nThere is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.55.的原因是.nThe reason why+句子 is that+句子n例句：我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。nThe reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.nThe reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.56虽然.nAdj+as+Subject（主词）+be,S+V n例句：虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。nRich as our country is,the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.by no means=in no way=on no account 一点也不 57愈.愈.nThe+er+S+V,the+er+S+V nMore and more=an increasing number ofn例句：你愈努力，你愈进步。nThe harder you work,the more progress you make.58我们绝对不能.nOn no account can we+V n例句：我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。nOn no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.59该是.的时候了nIt is time+S+过去式 n例句：该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。n It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.60没有人不.nThere is no one but n例句：没有人不渴望上大学。nThere is no one but longs to go to college.61不得不.nbe+forced/compelled/obliged+to+V n例句：既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。nSince the examination is around the corner,I am compelled to give up doing sports.62可想而知的、明显的、显然的nIt is conceivable that+句子 It is obvious that+句子 It is apparent that+句子 n例句：可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。nIt is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.63过去.年来，.一直.nFor the past+时间，S+现在完成式.n例句：过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。nFor the past two years,I have been busy preparing for the examination.64.是值得的nIt pays to+V n例句：帮助别人是值得的。nIt pays to help others.65不遗余力的nSpare no effort to+V n我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。nWe should spare no effort to beautify our environment.66让.明白.事nbring home to+人+事 n例句：我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。nWe should bring home to people the value of working hard.67与.息息相关nbe closely related to n例句：做运动与健康息息相关。nTaking exercise is closely related to health.68养成.的习惯nGet into the habit of+Ving；make it a rule to+V n我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。n We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.69因为.nDue to/Owing to/Thanks to+N/Ving,n例句：因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。nThanks to his encouragement,I finally realized my dream.70令人不满意nLeave much to be desired n例句：我们的交通状况令人不满意。nThe condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.71对.造成一大威胁nPose a great threat to n例句：污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。nPollution poses a great threat to our existence.72尽全力去.ndo ones utmost to+V=do ones bestn例句：我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。nWe should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.73四级写作如何组段74一篇完整的作文包括三部分：引言，正文和结论。又称：三段论。一个完整的段落包括三部分：主题句，推展句和结论句。因此，可以说，文章是段落的扩展，段落是文章的压缩。75第一段第一段：1.1.现象现象/现状说明段现状说明段 2.2.图画图画/图表描述图表描述段段 第二段第二段：3.3.对立观点陈诉段对立观点陈诉段 4.4.利弊说明段利弊说明段 5.5.意义阐述段意义阐述段 6.6.原因列军段原因列军段 7.7.举例段举例段 第三段第三段：8.8.归纳结论段归纳结论段 9.9.趋势预测段趋势预测段 10 10建建议措施段议措施段 新东方10大功能段落四级作文的三段式结构题型题型 第一段第一段第二段第二段第三段第三段现象解释型现象解释型描述现象描述现象 说明现象产生的说明现象产生的原因原因 表明个人观点态表明个人观点态度或阐述个人做度或阐述个人做法法 对比选择型对比选择型 表明一方或双方表明一方或双方观点观点 表明一方的观点表明一方的观点及理由，或指出及理由，或指出双方观点的不足双方观点的不足之处及理由之处及理由 表明个人的观点表明个人的观点或阐述个人的做或阐述个人的做法法 问题解决型问题解决型 提出问题提出问题 分析问题，给出分析问题，给出解决方案解决方案 表明个人的观点表明个人的观点或阐述个人的做或阐述个人的做法法 应用文应用文描述事实描述事实 阐述事实阐述事实 表明观点或提出表明观点或提出建议建议 第一句话：现象现象 宽泛的扣题宽泛的扣题第一句话通式第一句话通式 状语状语 引入引入 主体主体n 时间、地点时间、地点 大家大家/越来越多的人越来越多的人 sth.很怎样很怎样/越来越越来越n 条件条件 认为有一个现象认为有一个现象n1.状语：状语：na 时间时间+地点地点 currently/previously in China/in our highly civilized and industrialized societyn n b 条件和伴随条件和伴随 eg：随着社会的发展：随着社会的发展 With the development of our societyWith our society developing increasingly fastern2.引入：引入：n a 大家都认为大家都认为 It is generally acknowledged thatn b 越来越多的人认为越来越多的人认为 an increasing number of people maintain/deem/reckon thatn 有一个广泛的现象有一个广泛的现象 a wide-spread phenomenon in the contemporary society is thatn3.主体：主体：n a 语法变难语法变难 be+adj.=be of+n.is of great/increasing significance、necessity、popularity、help/use/valuen b 词变难词变难 用以下牛词进行修饰：用以下牛词进行修饰：adv.veryextremely extraordinarily tremendously significantly adj.importantvital essential prevalent indispensable第二句话第二句话 引入引入 “由远及近由远及近”n1.描述身边事实描述身边事实 可排比或细分至不同情况；可排比或细分至不同情况；n2.过去对比现在（问题解决型文章专用）过去对比现在（问题解决型文章专用）in the past however，now；n3.举个例；举个例；n4.名人名言（可编造）名人名言（可编造）my professor once told us that as a famous proverb goes that(3)第三句话 中心 简短、强调n1.关于这个问题，不同的人有不同的看法关于这个问题，不同的人有不同的看法 concerning this question,peoples viewpoints differ dramaticallyn 2.因此，如何解决这个问题成了大家关心的事因此，如何解决这个问题成了大家关心的事 therefore,how to has become a matter of concern for manyn 3.为什么会有这个现象呢？大家都关心其原因为什么会有这个现象呢？大家都关心其原因 why does/is?Everyone expresses serious concerns for the reasons 二段中心句 n（1）万能二段开头）万能二段开头 nA.There are several possible solutions that can address this difficulty 或或reasons that can be account for this phenomenon或或 factors that may give rise to/contribute to this consequencenB.The acknowledged by most people are as followsn（2）二段拓展法（虚实结合）二段拓展法（虚实结合）eg：To begin with,university can provide us with knowledgenA针对词的拓展：针对词的拓展：a 主语名词主语名词-并列同功能主语并列同功能主语 as well as other+主语的属性或类别主语的属性或类别 eg：university as well as some other academic institutions；parents as well as some other relatives of us；airplane as well as some other advanced transportationsn b 谓语前加表示谓语前加表示“极其、很极其、很”等程度深的等程度深的adv.如如considerably、dramatically等等n c 宾语前加双宾语前加双adj.如如not only adj.but also adj.nB 插入句中的拓展：插入句中的拓展：a 主语后加同位语主语后加同位语 1.大家认为它是大家认为它是 eg：university,which people consider as 2.属性属性+功能功能 eg：university,the place for educate the talented peoplenb 实义动词前的万能插入语：实义动词前的万能插入语：to a large extend（很大程度上）；（很大程度上）；directly or indirectly（直接或间接地）；（直接或间接地）；as a matter of fact（事实上）如：（事实上）如：computers，to a large extend，influence our life c 宾语后用非限定性定语从句宾语后用非限定性定语从句 which can/may/willneg：knowledge,which may ass