英语修辞手法figuresofspeech.ppt

Figures of speechFigures of speechWords are either literal or figurativenLiteral原意nWordsusedintheiroriginalmeaningsareusedliterally.nFigurative比喻义nWordsusedinextendedmeaningsforthepurposeofmakingcomparisonsorcallinguppicturesinthereadersorlistenersmindareusedfiguratively.colourfulnIn“acolourfulgarden”thewordcolourfulisusedinitsliteralsensetodescribethemanydifferentcoloursoftheflowersnin“acolourfullife”or“acolourfulcareer”thewordisusedinitsfigurativesensebecauseneitherlifeorcareerhasanycolour.The most common figures of speechnSimile直喻nMetaphor暗喻Whats the difference?nLiteraln“Heranquicklydownthestreet.”nSimilen“Heranlikeaharedownthestreet.”nMetaphorn“Hehared（如野兔般疾走奔跑）downthestreet.”similenSimileisafigureofspeechinwhichtwoquitedifferentthingsarecomparedastheyseemsimilarinaway.nThiskindofcomparisonisnormallyintroducedby“like”or“as”.Iamhungryasahorse.Yourunlikearabbit.Heissneakyasasnake.Sheishappyasaclam.Example of similenThemysteriousobject.nhasafacethatsasroundasthemoonnhashandslikegoldenarrowsnisastallasatowerblocknhasavoicelikeagong（锣）nandisasfamousasanypopstar.nBigBenExample of similenTimeflieslikeanarrownFruitflieslikeabanana（果蝇爱香蕉）metaphornAfigureofspeechwhichconsistsinsubstitutingforthenameofathingthenameofanattribute（属性）ofitorofsomethingcloselyrelated.nAnimpliedcomparisonbetweentwoobjectsthataregenerallydifferentbutsharearecognizablesimilaritywithouttheuseof“like”or“as”.Thegirlwasafishinthewater.Theclownwasafeatherfloatingaway.Platon“thegreatestthingbyfaristobeamasterofmetaphor.Itistheonethingthatcannotbelearntfromothers,anditisalsoasignofgenius,sinceagoodmetaphorimpliesanintuitiveperception（直觉）ofthesimilarityindissimilars.”Example of metaphornLifeisayo-yo（哟哟球）.Itsaseriesofupsanddowns.Mixed metaphorsnOnedangerinusingmetaphorsisthepossibilityofbeginningwithonecomparisonandendingwithanothernThisiscalledamixedmetaphor（混合隐喻；多重隐喻）Example of mixed metaphorsn“Wemustsolvetherootproblem,orthelinewillbedrawninthesand,andwellbebackinthesoupagain.”nRootcomparestheproblemtoaplantnLinedrawninthesandmeansanuncrossableboundarynSoupisafoodandmeansbeinginamessMixed metaphorsnShakespearenHamletproposes“totakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles”（是起而反抗这数不清是起而反抗这数不清的忧伤）的忧伤）nTheTallGuy(1989film)n“Sheslikeahungryleopard(豹)infullbloom.Extended metaphornJFKennedyn“Theenergy,thefaith,thedevotionwhichwebringtothisendeavour（努力，尝试）willlightourcountryandallwhoserveit,andtheglow（微弱稳定的光）fromthatfirecantrulylighttheworld.Theflowersdancedinthewind.TheEarthcoughedandchokedinallofthepollution.Thefriendlygateswelcomedus.Personification拟人nThisinvolvesturninganobjecteitherinanimate（无生命的）ornaturalintoahumanoranimalform,withhumanoranimalactionsandfeelings.Example of personificationnMycarwhines（哀鸣；惨叫）inpainasitclimbsupsteep（陡峭的）hills.nThetablegroaned（呻吟）undertheweightofthefoodplacedonit.Metonymy借代nThesubstitutionofanounforanothercloselyassociatednoun.nThesubstitutednounderives（获得）itsmeaninginthecontextitisusedbytheassociationproducedinthereadersmind.Example of metonymynIncontemporaryEnglishwhenwespeakofastatementfromthe“WhiteHouse”weunderstandthatthisisnotatalkingbuilding,butanofficialcommunicationwiththeauthorityofthePresidentoftheUnitedStateswholivesintheWhiteHouse.nThepenismightier（强而有力的）thanthesword.Hyperbole夸张nHyperboleisafigureofspeechwhichcontainsadeliberateexaggeration（故意夸大）ntocoin（创造（新词语）aphrase,thisiswhenwritersgooverthetopwiththeiruseoflanguage,suggestingthatsomethingisthestrongest,thebest,thegreatest,whichofcoursedistorts（使变形；扭曲；使失真）thetruth.Example of hyperbolenImsohungryIcouldeatahorsenIvetoldyouathousandtimes,stopexaggerating.nIvenotseenyouforages.nItsrainingdogsandcats.understatement含蓄陈述nTheoppositeofhyperbolenStatinganideainwordsthatarelessstrongthananticipated（预期的）.ntomakesomethingappearsmallerorlessimportantthanitreallyis.Example of understatementnItdoesseemtoberainingalittle.nTheresafewcarsouttoday,arentthere?euphemism委婉语nWordsorphrasesthatsubstituteanagreeableorinoffensivetermforamoredirectonethatmightembarrassorsuggestsomethingunpleasantnProfane(非宗教的;世俗的)wordsandexpressionsaregenerallytakenfromthreeareas:religion,toilets,andsex.religionnGodgosh/gollynJesusjeeznDevilOldNickToiletsnmens room/womens roomnthe little boys room/the little girls roomnrestroomnBathroomnWashmyhandsnthe head,(sailorsterminology术语)nlatrine(commonmilitaryterm)sexnSleepwithsomeonenShagnBonknExchangingbodilyfluidsnGettinglaiddeathnPassedawaynPassedonnDepartednKickedthebucketnBoughtthefarmnPushingupdaisiesnSleepingwiththefishes(掉水里淹死)ironynStatingonethingwhilemeaningtheexactopposite.northepersoncouldbetryingtoberude,eventhoughthewordsusedareseeminglypoliteetc.Example of ironynYourfriendturnsupinripped（撕裂的）jeans.Withasmirk（傻笑；假笑）,yousay,Iseeyouhaveputonyourbestclothes!sarcasmnSarcasmisaformofironythatiswidelyusedinEnglishespeciallywhenpeoplearebeinghumorous.nGenerallythesarcasticspeakerorwritermeanstheexactoppositeofthewordtheyuse,oftenintendingtoberudeortolaughatthepersonthewordsareaddressed（针对）to.Example of sarcasmnIlovebeingmarried.ItssogreattofindthatonespecialpersonyouwanttoannoyfortherestofyourlifenIdinsultyou,butyourenotbrightenoughtonotice.nNotallmenareannoying.Somearedead.Synecdoche（提喻提喻：是不直接说某一事物的名称，而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这样一种修辞手段。提喻提喻又称举偶法。）nAfigurebywhichamorecomprehensivetermisusedforalesscomprehensiveorvice vers;aswholeforpartorpartforwhole,genus（类，种；属）forspeciesorspeciesforgenus,etc.Example of synedochenAllhands weresummonedtothequarter-deck(后甲板),nwherehandsisusedtodescribesailors.Antithesis（对比）nAdirectcontrastinwhichtwosetsoffiguresaresetinoppositiontooneanother.Example of antithesisn“Andso,myfellowAmericans,asknot,whatyourcountrycandoforyou.Askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.”JFKennedysInauguralAddressWinstonChurchill,inwhichhechallengestheLuftwaffe(theGermanairforce):n“Youdoyourworst-andwewilldoourbest.”nToerrishuman,toforgivedivine（神圣的；非凡的）.Parallelism（排比）nParallelismreferstothefigureofspeechthatexpressesrelevantideasinthesameorsimilargrammaticalstructures.nIthelpsmakeasentencebrief,smoothandcoherent(连贯的)andgiveitrhythm,balanceandforce.Example of parallelismnTo have and to holdfrom this day forward,nfor better for worse,nfor richer for poorer,nin sickness and in health,nto love and to cherish,ntill death us do part.Example of parallelismnThe boy was sitting under a tree,singing a song and repairing hisbicycle.nTheboywassittingunderatree,nsingingasongnandrepairinghisbicycle.Oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）nAncientGreek:Oxus=sharpMoros=dullnOxymoron=asharpdullnessorafoolishwise.n.aselfcontradictingphrase.oxymoronnArhetoricalfigurebywhichcontradictoryorincongruous(不一致的)termsareconjoined(结合；连结)soastogivepointtothestatementorexpression;nanexpression,initssuperficialorliteralmeaningself-contradictoryorabsurd,butinvolvingapoint.n(Nowoftenloosely(宽松地)orerroneously(错误地；)usedasifmerely=acontradictioninterms,anincongruousconjunction.)Example of oxymoronnPrettyuglynCivilwarnMobilehomenDryicenWhitegoldnOldnewsnOriginalcopynVoicemailnHalfnakednFinaldraftnAlmostperfectnOpensecretnWorkingholidaynMinorcrisisnActnaturallynOnlychoicePun(双关语；俏皮话)nAplayonwordsnthehumoroususeofaword,orofwordswhichareformedorsoundedalikebuthavedifferentmeanings,insuchawayastoplayontwoormoreofthepossibleapplications;aplayonwords.Example of punnIdoitforthepunofit.nSevendayswithoutwatermakesoneweak.nWhatswrongwiththisfish?Longtimenosea.nWhatdolawyersdowhentheydie?Liestill.nTryoursweetcorn.Youwillsmilefromeartoear(笑得合不拢嘴).Example of punnOldphotographersneverdie,theyjusthaveflashbacks.nThatnewmysterynovelhasakillerstarttoit.nIwonderedwhythebaseballwasgettingbigger.Thenithitme.nHewantedtoflyakite,butitwasoverhishead.nThehospitallabisrecruiting.Theyrelookingfornewblood.Clich（陈词滥调，老生常谈）nAclichisahackneyed（陈腐的；平庸的）phraseorexpression.nThephrasemayoncehavebeenfreshorstriking（显著突出的）,butithasbecometiredthroughover-use.Example of clichnNopain,nogainnEverycoinhastwosidesnLast,butnotleast,avoidclichsliketheplague（瘟疫）瘟疫）.Paradox（自相矛盾，悖论）nParadoxisafigureofspeechinwhichastatementappearstobeself-contradictory,butcontainssomethingofatruth.nParadoxisusedforemphasisorstylisticeffect.Example of paradoxnThechildisfathertotheman.nCowards（懦夫）diemanytimesbeforetheirdeath.Zenos paradox(芝诺,希腊哲学家)nTheTortoisechallengedAchillestoarace,claimingthathewouldwinaslongasAchillesgavehimasmallheadstart（先行一点点).nAchilleslaughedatthis,forofcoursehewasamightywarriorandswiftoffoot,whereastheTortoisewasheavyandslow.Zenos paradoxn“Howbigaheadstartdoyouneed?”heaskedtheTortoisewithasmile.n“Tenmeters,”thelatterreplied.nAchilleslaughedlouderthanever.n“Youwillsurelylose,myfriend,inthatcase,”hetoldtheTortoise,“butletusrace,ifyouwishit.”Zenos paradoxOnthecontrary,”saidtheTortoise,“Iwillwin,andIcanproveittoyoubyasimpleargument.”Zenos paradoxn“Goonthen,”Achillesreplied,withlessconfidencethanhefeltbefore.Heknewhewasthesuperiorathlete,buthealsoknewtheTortoisehadthesharperwits（智慧),andhehadlostmanyabewildering(使人困惑的)argumentwithhimbeforethis.Zenos paradoxn“Suppose,”begantheTortoise,“thatyougivemea10-meterheadstart.nWouldyousaythatyoucouldcoverthat10metersbetweenusveryquickly?”n“Veryquickly,”Achillesaffirmed(断言；肯定）.n“Andinthattime,howfarshouldIhavegone,doyouthink?”Zenos paradoxn“Perhapsameternomore,”saidAchillesafteramomentsthought.n“Verywell,”repliedtheTortoise,“sonowthereisameterbetweenus.Andyouwouldcatchupthatdistanceveryquickly?”n“Veryquicklyindeed!”Zenos paradoxn“Andyet,inthattimeIshallhavegonealittlewayfarther,sothatnowyoumustcatchthatdistanceup,yes?”nYe-es,”saidAchillesslowly.n“Andwhileyouaredoingso,Ishallhavegonealittlewayfarther,sothatyoumustthencatchupthenewdistance,”theTortoisecontinuedsmoothly.Zenos paradoxnAchillessaidnothing.n“Andsoyousee,ineachmomentyoumustbecatchingupthedistancebetweenus,andyetIatthesametimewillbeaddinganewdistance,howeversmall,foryoutocatchupagain.”n“Indeed,itmustbeso,”saidAchilleswearily.Zenos paradoxn“And so you can never catch up,”the Tortoise concluded sympathetically.n“You are right,as always,”said Achilles sadly n and conceded（让步）the race.Figures of speech to do with soundnSomefiguresofspeecharechosenbecauseofthesoundtheymake.nSomepoetsorprosewritersoftenchooseawordtoechothemeaningAlliteration（押头韵）nAlliterationistherepetitionofconsonantsounds（辅音字母）Example of alliterationnAlso,avoidawkwardoraffected（做作，不自然）alliteration.Assonance（半谐音，押韵）nassonanceistherepetitionofvowel（sounds元音）.Example of assonanceOnomatopoeia（拟声；声喻法）n(pronounced:onno-motto-pay-uh)nOnomatopoeiaisafigureofspeechinwhichthesoundofawordechoesthethingitdescribes.nItisaformofsymbolisminsound.Example of onomatopoeianHiss（嘘声）nSizzle（嘶嘶声）nCuckoo（杜鹃叫）nBuzz（嗡嗡声）nBeep（嘟嘟响）nding-dong（门铃声；争吵）nBang（发巨响；重击）StanthestrongsurfersavedseveralswimmersonSaturday.TinyTommyThomsontakestoytruckstoTimmysonTuesday.Clickheretoreadmorealliterations.PrincessKittywillkissTimmyT.TippersslipsThepainmaydrainDrake,butmaybetheweightisfake.Chugchugchug!SwishswishswishYeeeeeeAhhhhhhhhGlipppGlupppGluppp