语法篇专题特殊句式强调倒装省略thereb.ppt
专题十三专题十三 特殊句式(强调、倒装、省略、特殊句式(强调、倒装、省略、there bethere be)一、强调句一、强调句定义:强调句是一种修辞方式,是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感定义:强调句是一种修辞方式,是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式。而使用的一种形式。强调方式主要有以下几种结构:强调方式主要有以下几种结构:类型类型例句例句 用助动词用助动词“do/doesdid动词原形动词原形”来强调来强调谓语动词。谓语动词。He does know the place well.Do write to me when you get there.用形容词用形容词 very,only,single,such,last 等修饰名等修饰名词或形容词来加强词或形容词来加强语气。语气。The last thing she needed was more work.Thats the very textbook we used last term.You are the only person here who can speak Chinese.How dare you buy such expensive jewels?用倒装句(将要强用倒装句(将要强调的句子或被强调调的句子或被强调的部分置于句首)的部分置于句首)来加强语气。来加强语气。On the table were some flowers.Many a time have I climbed that hill.用强调句型:用强调句型:“It is/was被强调的部分被强调的部分that/who原句其他部分原句其他部分”。被强调的。被强调的部分为部分为“人人”时用时用who/that,否则都用,否则都用that。注意:被强调部分不能是谓注意:被强调部分不能是谓语动词。语动词。It was on Monday night that all this happened.Its me who he blamed.It was what you did that made me satisfied.It is I who/that am in charge of the factory.用用in the world,on earth,at all等介词短语可以表达更强等介词短语可以表达更强的语气(常用于疑问句的语气(常用于疑问句)。Where in the world could he be?What on earth is it?【考点一】考查【考点一】考查not.until 结构的强调句,其结构为:结构的强调句,其结构为:It is/was not until+被强调部分被强调部分+that+其他部分。其他部分。【即学即练】【即学即练】单项填空单项填空It _ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks _ I found we had a lot in common.A.was until;whenB.was until;thatC.wasnt until;whenD.wasnt until;that答案:答案:D 【考点二】考查复合句中的强调句型【考点二】考查复合句中的强调句型【即学即练】【即学即练】单项填空单项填空Was it _ he was seriously ill that he didnt come to school yesterday?A.although B.that C.because D.since_ he came back home that we knew what had happened.A.When it was B.It was whenC.Was it when D.When was it答案:答案:C B 【考点三考点三】考查强调句的特殊疑问句考查强调句的特殊疑问句其结构是:疑问词其结构是:疑问词+is/was+it+that+其他部分,但这类句型如出现其他部分,但这类句型如出现在宾语从句中,其结构为:疑问词在宾语从句中,其结构为:疑问词+it+is/was+that+其他部分。其他部分。Where was it that you met the Frenchman?【即学即练即学即练】单项填空单项填空_ electricity plays an important part in our daily life?A.Why was it that B.Why is it thatC.Why is it D.Why it is that答案:答案:B 【难点一】正确判断强调句型【难点一】正确判断强调句型用一个恰当的词完成下列句子,使之完整、正确。用一个恰当的词完成下列句子,使之完整、正确。It was the school gate _ I met an old friend of mine after class.Was it in this palace _ the last emperor died?解析:强调句型的强调部分必须是对解析:强调句型的强调部分必须是对 that/who 之后句子的某一成之后句子的某一成分表示强调,如果把分表示强调,如果把“It is(was).that”去掉,该句意思完整。题去掉,该句意思完整。题如果去掉如果去掉It was与横线部分,则成分不完整,与横线部分,则成分不完整,the school gate 前应前应该加上该加上at才能作状语,才能构成强调句型,所以题才能作状语,才能构成强调句型,所以题为定语从句应为定语从句应填填where;题;题若去掉若去掉Was it与横线部分,句子完整,故应填与横线部分,句子完整,故应填that,为强调句型。为强调句型。【难点二】强调句型与【难点二】强调句型与It is/was+时间时间+when/before从句;从句;It be+时间时间+since从句;从句;It be long.before.等句型的区别。等句型的区别。用一个恰当的词完成下列句子,使之完整、正确用一个恰当的词完成下列句子,使之完整、正确It was at midnight _ I got back home yesterday.It was midnight _ I got back home yesterday.It is two years _ I began to learn English.It may be many years_ the situation improves.解析:通过分析题干可知,题解析:通过分析题干可知,题是强调句型,被强调的是时间状语,是强调句型,被强调的是时间状语,空白处应填空白处应填that;题;题以名词的方式来表示时间,其后从句是以名词的方式来表示时间,其后从句是when引导的定语从句;题引导的定语从句;题表示表示“自从自从以来已有多久以来已有多久”,用,用since来来引导;题引导;题用的是用的是“It was+时间段时间段+before从句从句”表示表示“过了多长过了多长时间才时间才”。二、倒装句二、倒装句定义:为了强调、突出等目的而颠倒原有语序的句式叫做倒装句,定义:为了强调、突出等目的而颠倒原有语序的句式叫做倒装句,颠倒了的成分可以恢复原位而句意基本不变,句法成分不变。倒装颠倒了的成分可以恢复原位而句意基本不变,句法成分不变。倒装句分为三种:句分为三种:完全倒装:指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。完全倒装:指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。部分倒装:指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前。部分倒装:指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do,does或或did,并将其置于主语之前。,并将其置于主语之前。形式倒装:在语法上又被称为前置。它的特点是,只把强调的内容形式倒装:在语法上又被称为前置。它的特点是,只把强调的内容提置句首,主谓并不倒装。提置句首,主谓并不倒装。具体用法见下表:具体用法见下表:倒装类型倒装类型例句例句部分倒装部分倒装Only in this way can you solve this problem.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.完全倒装完全倒装Up went the rocket into the air.Such would be our home in the future.On top of the hill stands a tall tree.Here comes the bus.形式倒装形式倒装What an interesting talk they had!The more you listen to English,the easier it becomes.Whatever reasons you have,you should carry out your promise.【考点一】部分倒装【考点一】部分倒装部分倒装主要有以下几种情况:部分倒装主要有以下几种情况:(1)句首状语为否定词(组)或半否定词(组)的句子。这类词或句首状语为否定词(组)或半否定词(组)的句子。这类词或短语主要有短语主要有never,neither,nor,little,seldom,rarely,hardly,scarcely,no sooner,not only,in no way,at no time,few,not,no等。等。Little does he care about what I said.(2)only+状语放在句首,要部分倒装。注意,状语放在句首,要部分倒装。注意,only修饰主语不倒装。修饰主语不倒装。Only by this means is it possible to explain it.(3)so/such.that结构中的结构中的so或或such位于句首。位于句首。So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.(4)“neither/nor助动词系动词情态动词主语助动词系动词情态动词主语”表示表示“某某人或某事亦非如此人或某事亦非如此”;“so助动词系动词情态动词主语助动词系动词情态动词主语”表示表示“某人或某事亦是某人或某事亦是如此如此”。注意:注意:当陈述部分既有肯定又有否定或者谓语动词既有实义动当陈述部分既有肯定又有否定或者谓语动词既有实义动词又有助动词时,可用下面两个句型:词又有助动词时,可用下面两个句型:It is the same with.或或So it is with.。Jack is a student and he studies hard.It is the same with Tom.“so主语助动词系动词情态动词主语助动词系动词情态动词”表示表示“某人或某事确某人或某事确实如此实如此”。I reminded you not to forget the appointment.So you did.(5)if引导的虚拟条件句含有引导的虚拟条件句含有were,had,should时时,可省略可省略if,再把再把were,should或或had移到从句句首。移到从句句首。Had you come earlier,you would have met him.(6)用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。May you succeed!【考点二】完全倒装【考点二】完全倒装全部倒装即完全倒装有以下几种情况:全部倒装即完全倒装有以下几种情况:(1)There be结构。另外,在此结构中可以用来代替结构。另外,在此结构中可以用来代替be动词的动词动词的动词有:有:exist,seem,happen,appear,live,rise,stand等。等。There exist different opinions on this question.(2)“Here/There/Now/Then+come(或或be等等)+主语主语”结构。结构。本句型中本句型中there是副词是副词,应重读应重读,强调地点。而强调地点。而There be句型中句型中there本身没意义。本身没意义。Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.There comes the bus.此句型中的主语必须是名词。如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。此句型中的主语必须是名词。如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。There she comes.(3)表示方向的副词表示方向的副词out,in,up,down等置于句首等置于句首,要用全部倒装。但要用全部倒装。但主语是代词时用部分倒装。主语是代词时用部分倒装。In came Mr White.Away went the boy.Out she went.(4)表示地点的介词短语表示地点的介词短语(如如:on the wall,under the tree,in front of the house等等)放在句首时,要全部倒装。放在句首时,要全部倒装。On the top of the hill stands a pine tree.They arrived at a house,in front of which sat an old man.(5)用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。Long live the Peoples Republic of China!(6)其他形式的完全倒装。其他形式的完全倒装。Present at the meeting was Mr.Green,a headmaster.(形容词短语)(形容词短语)East of the city lies a new railway.(副词短语副词短语)First to be completed was the seven-storey teaching building.(不定式短语不定式短语)Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay.(过去分词过去分词)Lying on the floor was a boy aged 15.(现在分词短语现在分词短语)三、省略句三、省略句省略句是英语的一种习惯用法。按照语法的分析,句子应该具备的省略句是英语的一种习惯用法。按照语法的分析,句子应该具备的成分,有时出于修辞上的需要,在句中并不出现,这种句子叫做省成分,有时出于修辞上的需要,在句中并不出现,这种句子叫做省略句,这种语法现象称为略句,这种语法现象称为“省略省略”。其特点是:虽然省去句子语法。其特点是:虽然省去句子语法构造所需要的组成部分,但仍能表达其完整的意义。省略形式多样,构造所需要的组成部分,但仍能表达其完整的意义。省略形式多样,从单词、短语到分句,都可以省略,而且各有一定的衔接关系,不从单词、短语到分句,都可以省略,而且各有一定的衔接关系,不容臆断。容臆断。省略用法见下表:省略用法见下表:省略类型省略类型例句例句不定式的省略不定式的省略He may leave if he wishes to.I prefer not to.状语从句中的省状语从句中的省略略While(you are)cycling,dont forget the traffic lights.He opened his lips as if(he were)to speak.The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.Whenever(it is)possible,he will come to my help.so,not 替代词的替代词的省略省略Get up early tomorrow.If not,you will miss the first bus.He may not be at home then.If so,leave him a note.【考点一】考查状语从句的省略【考点一】考查状语从句的省略在以在以when,while,if,as if,though(although),as,whether,once,whenever等连词引导的状语从句中,若从句的主语是等连词引导的状语从句中,若从句的主语是it或与主句的或与主句的主语相同,且在谓语中含有主语相同,且在谓语中含有be动词时,常省略从句的主语和动词时,常省略从句的主语和be,引,引导词后直接跟不定式、分词、形容词、介词短语等。导词后直接跟不定式、分词、形容词、介词短语等。Look out for cars when(you are)crossing the street.While(I was)walking along the street,I heard my name called.He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.Unless(it is)necessary,youd better not refer to the dictionary.【考点二】不定式符号【考点二】不定式符号to的省略的省略感官实义动词感官实义动词see,hear,feel,watch等和使役动词等和使役动词 have,make,let等后等后接不定式作宾补时接不定式作宾补时,省略不定式省略不定式to;do nothing but,cant(help/choose)but等结构常接省略等结构常接省略to的不定式;在口语中,为了避免的不定式;在口语中,为了避免重复,不定式可以省去和句子前部重复的动词原形而只保留重复,不定式可以省去和句子前部重复的动词原形而只保留 不定式不定式符号符号 to。I watched him disappear in the distance.Sandy could do nothing but admit to his teacher that he was wrong.【考点三】替代词【考点三】替代词so/notso/not的省略的省略用于避免重复前面说过的内容,替代词用于避免重复前面说过的内容,替代词so/not代替肯定或否定的内代替肯定或否定的内容。可与容。可与believe,do,expect,fear,guess,hope,say,speak,suppose,think,Im afraid,if等连用等连用。否定时否定时hope与与guess 只用只用I hope not 和和I guess not 形式,而形式,而think,believe,suppose等其他词可有两种否定形等其他词可有两种否定形式式 ,即,即:I think not 或或I dont think so。Will you be able to finish your report today?I hope so.The boys are not doing a good job at all,are they?I guess not.【考点四】日常交际中的省略【考点四】日常交际中的省略在情景会话中,答语常常省略不会引起歧义的主语、谓语或宾语部在情景会话中,答语常常省略不会引起歧义的主语、谓语或宾语部分,而只保留对方希望了解的内容。在复合句或并列句中,也有省分,而只保留对方希望了解的内容。在复合句或并列句中,也有省略主、谓、宾的情况。略主、谓、宾的情况。【即学即练】【即学即练】单项填空单项填空Can I speak to Mr.Wang,please?_A.Who are you?B.Im Wang.C.Speaking.D.Are you John?How about seeing the new movie at the theatre tonight?_,but Ive got to go over my notes for tomorrows exam.A.All right B.Sounds great C.I cant D.No,I am terribly sorry答案:答案:C B不定式的省略问题不定式的省略问题用恰当的词完成下列句子,使之完整、正确。用恰当的词完成下列句子,使之完整、正确。My parents encouraged me to go to college,but I didnt want_.Are you a sailor?No,but I used_.解析:在特定语境中为了避免重复,当不定式再次出现时,在动解析:在特定语境中为了避免重复,当不定式再次出现时,在动词词(如:如:want,wish,hope,try,plan,like,love,hate,have,ought,be going),某些形容词,某些形容词(如:如:glad,happy,pleased,delighted等等)后往往后往往只保留只保留to,而省略后面的动词,否定形式的省略则用,而省略后面的动词,否定形式的省略则用not to,但当,但当不定式后有不定式后有be,have,have been时,要保留时,要保留be,have和和have been。因此,第因此,第题填题填to;而;而题填题填to be。四、反义疑问句四、反义疑问句反义疑问句即附加疑问句,是对陈述句所表示的事实或观点提出反义疑问句即附加疑问句,是对陈述句所表示的事实或观点提出疑问的句子。附加疑问实际上是一种简略的一般疑问句。反义疑疑问的句子。附加疑问实际上是一种简略的一般疑问句。反义疑问句由两部分组成:前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简问句由两部分组成:前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简短的疑问句,两部分的人称时态应保持一致。短的疑问句,两部分的人称时态应保持一致。组成反意疑问句的两部分:前肯后否,前否后肯。组成反意疑问句的两部分:前肯后否,前否后肯。常见考点见下表:常见考点见下表:陈述部分陈述部分反义疑问句部分反义疑问句部分例句例句祈使句祈使句用用will you表示表示“请求请求”,或用或用wont you 表示提醒对表示提醒对方注意;方注意;在否定的祈使句后,只能用在否定的祈使句后,只能用will you。Lets引导的祈使句表示引导的祈使句表示“建建议议”时,反意疑问句部分用时,反意疑问句部分用shall we。Look at the blackboard,will you/wont you?Lets go home,shall we/shant we/may I?Let me/us have a try,will you/wont you?Dont forget,will you?感叹句感叹句用用be的一般现在时的否定式的一般现在时的否定式 What fine weather,isnt it?含实义动含实义动词词need,dare用助动词用助动词do的适当形式的适当形式He needs help,doesnt he?主、谓语是主、谓语是I am.时时 用用arent IIm working now,arent I?主语是主语是everything,nothing,anything主语应用代词主语应用代词itSomething is wrong with my radio,isnt it?主语是主语是everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,nobody,no one,none,neither 主语需用复数代词主语需用复数代词they(也可用也可用he)Everyone is here,arent they?No one knows about it,do they?Somebody borrowed my coat yesterday,didnt they?主语是指示代词主语是指示代词this/that或或 these/those 主语与之对应用主语与之对应用it或或they This is a plane,isnt it?These are grapes,arent they?主语是不定代词主语是不定代词one时时 主语可以用主语可以用one,也可用也可用he(美式英美式英语语)One should be ready to help others,shouldnt one?含有否定词:含有否定词:few,little,seldom,ha-rdly,not,no,no one,nobody,nothing,none,neither等等反意疑问句部分反意疑问句部分用肯定提问用肯定提问 He is never late for school,is he?He hardly knows anything about computer,does he?含的否定词是通过含的否定词是通过加前缀或后缀构成加前缀或后缀构成 反意疑问句部分反意疑问句部分用否定结构用否定结构 It is unfair,isnt it?He was unsuccessful,wasnt he?有否定含义的词在有否定含义的词在陈述部分作动词的陈述部分作动词的宾语宾语用肯定结构,也用肯定结构,也可用否定结构可用否定结构 You got nothing from him,did you?主语是从句、不定主语是从句、不定式、动词式、动词ing形式形式主语应该用主语应该用itWhat you need is more important,isnt it?主从复合句主从复合句根据主句的谓语而定;根据主句的谓语而定;若主从复合句为含若主从复合句为含I think/believe/suppose.that.结构,与从句的主、结构,与从句的主、谓语保持一致。谓语保持一致。They agreed that the United States shouldnt make a war on Iraq,didnt they?I dont think he will come,will he?I suppose(that)he is serious,isnt he?并列句并列句谓语根据邻近从句的谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定谓语而定I wont go there,but he will go instead,wont he?含有含有have/had todont/didntYou have to water the plants,dont you?there be句型句型用用thereThere was a hospital here,wasnt there?含有含有had better用用hadntWe had better go there at once,hadnt we?含有情态含有情态动词动词mustmust表示表示“必须必须”,反意疑,反意疑问句部分为问句部分为mustnt.?/neednt.?must表示推测时,反意疑问表示推测时,反意疑问句部分与句部分与must后面的动词呼后面的动词呼应。应。We mustnt be late,must we?You must go home now,neednt you?/mustnt you?Tom must be at home now,isnt he?含含used to表示表示“过过去常常去常常”didnt+主语或主语或usednt+主语主语He used to live in China,usednt/didnt he?would rather/like to+v.wouldnt+主语主语He would rather stay at home,wouldnt he?含有含有ought to,陈陈述部分是肯述部分是肯定的定的shouldnt/oughtnt+主主语语You ought to do this work,shouldnt you?谓语动词谓语动词是是have(当当“拥拥有有”讲时讲时)用用have形式或用形式或用do形式形式 You have a nice house,havent/dont you?He hasnt a house of his own,has he?He doesnt have a house of his own,does he?五、五、There be 句型句型There be 结构主要用以表达结构主要用以表达“某处某处(某时某时)有某人有某人(某物某物)”,其基本其基本句型为句型为“There be+某物或某人某物或某人+某地或某时某地或某时”,其中其中there 是引导词,是引导词,没有词义;没有词义;be是谓语动词;是谓语动词;“某人或某物某人或某物”是句子的主语是句子的主语;“某地某地或某时或某时”作句子的状语作句子的状语,多为介词短语。多为介词短语。构成构成例句例句基本基本结结构构There beThere is a flower in the bottle.There are four chairs and a small bed in the room.特殊特殊结结构构 在正式文体中,某在正式文体中,某些表示存在、些表示存在、发发生、生、出出现现、坐落等意、坐落等意义义的不及物的不及物动词动词也可也可以与以与there连连用,如:用,如:appear,seem,come,remain,exist,live,stand,lie,arise等。等。There exist many ancient temples in the country.There lies a small village in the mountain.There remains nothing more to be done.There followed the First World War.There flashed through his mind the image of a heroic fighter.基本用法如下表:基本用法如下表:特殊特殊结构结构there+情情态动词态动词+be表示表示“预见预见”、“可能可能”、“必然必然”或或“过过去去习惯习惯存在存在”等。等。There might be some desserts if you wait a bit.There ought to have been someone on duty all the time.There shall be no more wars.there to be 或或there+being形式,形式,称称为为非限定存在非限定存在句,可以作主句,可以作主语语、宾语宾语、介、介词补词补足足语语,状,状语语等。等。There being a railway station in the town is a great help.We expect there to be no objections.【考点一】【考点一】There be句型的主谓一致句型的主谓一致当当There be 后面的名词是两个或两个以上时,后面的名词是两个或两个以上时,There be 结构中的结构中的be动词要遵循动词要遵循“就近一致就近一致”原则,即和紧随其后的名词在人称和原则,即和紧随其后的名词在人称和数上保持一致。数上保持一致。There is a pen and two books on the desk.【考点二】【考点二】There be句型的反意疑问句句型的反意疑问句在在There be的句型的反意疑问句中,反问部分的结构为的句型的反意疑问句中,反问部分的结构为be(not)there。There are some trees in your school,arent there?there be句型的非谓语形式句型的非谓语形式用用be动词适当形式填空动词适当形式填空There_ no bus,we had to walk home.No one would have dreamt of there_ such a fine place.I dont want there_ any misunderstanding.There_ a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.解析:解析:There be 句型有不定式、动词句型有不定式、动词-ing形式,在句中作主语、形式,在句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语等。注意它们在句子中的成分及与句子中其他宾语、定语或状语等。注意它们在句子中的成分及与句子中其他成分的搭配关系。题成分的搭配关系。题中的答案应该是中的答案应该是being,“There being+名名词词”构成独立主格结构,在句中作状语;题构成独立主格结构,在句中作状语;题的答案应该是的答案应该是being,there being在句子中作介词在句子中作介词of的宾语(的宾语(there be结构若出现在介结构若出现在介词词for的后面则要用动词不定式);题的后面则要用动词不定式);题答案答案to be,there to be可可以作动词以作动词want,expect,prefer 的宾语;题的宾语;题答案为答案为being,There being a bus stop用作主语。用作主语。六、祈使句六、祈使句用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句,用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句,祈使句最常用于表达命令,因此也常称为命令句。祈使句最常用于表达命令,因此也常称为命令句。祈使句因对象祈使句因对象(即主语)是第二人称,所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一(即主语)是第二人称,所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时。般现在时。祈使句类型如下:祈使句类型如下:类型类型例句例句 无主语式无主语式Dont be so sure.Never come late.有主语式有主语式(表示强调表示强调)You,water the flowers.You,girls clean the floor.祈使句祈使句+and+陈述句陈述句=If.,+主句;主句;祈使句祈使句+or+陈述句陈述句=If.not.,+主句主句注意:上述句型用注意:上述句型用and表示顺承结果,用表示顺承结果,用or表示转折结果,且主句表示转折结果,且主句通常用一般将来时。通常用一般将来时。【即学即练】【即学即练】单项填空单项填空Work hard,_ you will pass the exam.A.but B.or C.and D.thus答案:答案:C1.It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village _ the hostess cooked such a nice dinner.(2010安徽)安徽)A.where B.that C.when D.which解析:选解析:选B。考查强调句型。本题难点,在于强调部分中含有一个。考查强调句型。本题难点,在于强调部分中含有一个定语从句定语从句“that she had bought in the village”。2.Johns success has nothing to do with good luck.It is years of hard work _ has made him what he is today.(2010湖南湖南)A.why B.when C.which D.that解析:选解析:选D。考查强调句型。句意为:约翰的成功绝非偶然,正是。考查强调句型。句意为:约翰的成功绝非偶然,正是多年的努力使得他成就了今天的成绩(成为他现在的样子)