2018届英语阅读理解,主旨大意.ppt
阅读理解主要有以下几种题型阅读理解主要有以下几种题型:主旨大意题主旨大意题事实细节题事实细节题 词义猜测题词义猜测题推理判断题推理判断题Read some questions.Where can we possibly see these questions?1.The main idea of the passage is that _.2.What is the passage mainly about?3.Which of the following statements can best sum up the passage?4.Which of the following can summarise the main idea of the passage?5.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?6.The authors main purpose in writing this passage is to _.7.The first paragraph is mainly about _.8.What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1?9.What does the author mostly want to tell us in the last paragraph?Where can we possibly see these questions?1.The main idea of the passage is that _.2.What is the passage mainly about?3.Which of the following statements can best sum up the passage?4.Which of the following can summarise the main idea of the passage?5.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?6.The authors main purpose in writing this passage is to _.7.The first paragraph is mainly about _.8.What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1?9.What does the author mostly want to tell us in the last paragraph?What do these questions have in common?They are about _ of a passage/paragraph.the main idea1.The main idea of the passage is that _.2.What is the passage mainly about?3.Which of the following statements can best sum up the passage?4.Which of the following can summarise the main idea of the passage?5.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?6.The authors main purpose in writing this passage is to _.7.The first paragraph is mainly about _.8.What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1?9.What does the author mostly want to tell us in the last paragraph?此类题此类题题干中常含有题干中常含有_sum up,summarisemain idea,mainly about,Read the following questions.1.The best title for the passage might be _.2.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?3.Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?They are about _.titles此类题题干中常有_title,headline,be entitled阅读理解阅读理解（主旨大意题）（主旨大意题）主旨大意题包括：文章主旨文章主旨段落大意段落大意文章标题文章标题【主旨大意题解题策略】【主旨大意题解题策略】阅读时，文章的阅读时，文章的开头、结尾开头、结尾（或段落的（或段落的段首、段尾）特别重要，因为它们往往包含段首、段尾）特别重要，因为它们往往包含文章的中心议题。有时候，文章（或段落）文章的中心议题。有时候，文章（或段落）中没有明确的主题句，则需要我们根据所提中没有明确的主题句，则需要我们根据所提供的信息归纳出文章（或段落）的主旨大意。供的信息归纳出文章（或段落）的主旨大意。同时要注意提炼文章的同时要注意提炼文章的关键词关键词。此外，标题。此外，标题类题目还要追求语言的生动和趣味性。类题目还要追求语言的生动和趣味性。【主旨大意题应考技巧】【主旨大意题应考技巧】技巧技巧1 1：速读头尾，速读头尾，明确主题明确主题技巧技巧4 4：同义概括，同义概括，或取其一或取其一技巧技巧2 2：定位中心句定位中心句技巧技巧3 3：无明显主题句时无明显主题句时找高频词找高频词技巧技巧1 1：速读头尾，明确主题速读头尾，明确主题 大多数文章的主旨可能出现在大多数文章的主旨可能出现在开头或结开头或结尾尾，于是头尾显得很重要。因此，做主旨大，于是头尾显得很重要。因此，做主旨大意题时，我们可以先浏览一下头尾，试图抓意题时，我们可以先浏览一下头尾，试图抓住大意。住大意。Passage 1Passage 1Badnewssells.Ifitbleeds,itleads.Nonewsisgoodnews,andgoodnewsisnonews.Thosearetheclassicrulesfortheeveningbroadcastsandthemorningpapers.Butnowthatinformationisbeingspreadandmonitored(监控)indifferentways,researchersarediscoveringnewrules.Bytrackingpeoplesemailsandonlineposts,scientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfartherthandisastersandsobstories.“Theifitbleedsruleworksformassmedia,”saysJonahBerger,ascholarattheUniversityofPennsylvania.“Theywantyoureyeballsanddontcarehowyourefeeling.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.YoudontwantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.”titleResearchersanalyzingwordofmouthcommunicationemails,Webpostsandreviews,facetofaceconversationsfoundthatittendedtobemorepositivethannegative(消极的),butthatdidntnecessarilymeanpeoplepreferredpositivenews.Waspositivenewssharedmoreoftensimplybecausepeopleexperiencedmoregoodthingsthanbadthings?Totestforthatpossibility,Dr.Bergerlookedathowpeoplespreadaparticularsetofnewsstories:thousandsofarticlesonTheNewYorkTimeswebsite.HeandaPenncolleagueanalyzedthe“mostemailed”listforsixmonths.Oneofhisfirstfindingswasthatarticlesinthesciencesectionweremuchmorelikelytomakethelistthannonsciencearticles.HefoundthatscienceamazedTimesreadersandmadethemwanttosharethispositivefeelingwithothers.Readersalsotendedtosharearticlesthatwereexcitingorfunny,orthatinspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticlesthatleftthemmerelysad.Theyneededtobearoused(激发)onewayortheother,andtheypreferredgoodnewstobad.Themorepositiveanarticle,themorelikelyitwastobeshared,asDr.Bergerexplainsinhisnewbook,“Contagious:WhyThingsCatchOn.”What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Sad Stories Travel Far and WideB.Online News Attracts More PeopleC.Reading Habits Change with the TimesD.Good News Beats Bad on Social NetworksPassage 1Passage 1Badnewssells.Ifitbleeds,itleads.Nonewsisgoodnews,andgoodnewsisnonews.Thosearetheclassicrulesfortheeveningbroadcastsandthemorningpapers.Butnowthatinformationisbeingspreadandmonitored(监控)indifferentways,researchersarediscoveringnewrules.Bytrackingpeoplesemailsandonlineposts,scientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfartherthandisastersandsobstories.“Theifitbleedsruleworksformassmedia,”saysJonahBerger,ascholarattheUniversityofPennsylvania.“Theywantyoureyeballsanddontcarehowyourefeeling.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.YoudontwantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.”Researchersanalyzingwordofmouthcommunicationemails,Webpostsandreviews,facetofaceconversationsfoundthatittendedtobemorepositivethannegative(消极的),butthatdidntnecessarilymeanpeoplepreferredpositivenews.Waspositivenewssharedmoreoftensimplybecausepeopleexperiencedmoregoodthingsthanbadthings?Totestforthatpossibility,Dr.Bergerlookedathowpeoplespreadaparticularsetofnewsstories:thousandsofarticlesonTheNewYorkTimeswebsite.HeandaPenncolleagueanalyzedthe“mostemailed”listforsixmonths.Oneofhisfirstfindingswasthatarticlesinthesciencesectionweremuchmorelikelytomakethelistthannonsciencearticles.HefoundthatscienceamazedTimesreadersandmadethemwanttosharethispositivefeelingwithothers.Readersalsotendedtosharearticlesthatwereexcitingorfunny,orthatinspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticlesthatleftthemmerelysad.Theyneededtobearoused(激发)onewayortheother,andtheypreferredgoodnewstobad.Themorepositiveanarticle,themorelikelyitwastobeshared,asDr.Bergerexplainsinhisnewbook,“Contagious:WhyThingsCatchOn.”What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Sad Stories Travel Far and WideB.Online News Attracts More PeopleC.Reading Habits Change with the TimesD.Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks主题句的位置往往由文章体裁所决定位置往往由文章体裁所决定。议论文议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往采用“总分总”的模式，第一段提出论点，然后是论据部分，最后一段得出结论(论点的重申)，所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段。说说明文明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段。而新闻报道新闻报道却是报道一个人物事迹或重大事件等，主题句常出现在首段首句。记叙文记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子很可能是主题句。技巧技巧2 2：定位中心句：定位中心句以下是寻找主题句的四个小窍门：1.段落中出现表示转折转折的词语（如however,but,infact,actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句。2.开头出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.作者有意识地重复的观点重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出反复出现的词语现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4.表示总结或结论总结或结论的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等词。Passage 2 Passage 2 Awarmdrinkofmilkbeforebedhaslongbeenthebestchoiceforthosewantingagoodnightssleep.Butnowastudyhasfounditreallydoeshelppeoplenodoffifitismilkedfromacowatnight.Researchershavediscoveredthat“nightmilk”containsmoremelatonin(褪黑激素),whichhasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety.Thestudy,byresearchersfromSeoul,SouthKorea,involvedmicebeingfedwithdriedmilkpowdermadefromcowsmilkedbothduringthedayandatnight.titleThosegivennightmilk,whichcontained10timestheamountofmelatonin,werelessactiveandlessanxiousthanthosefedwiththemilkcollectedduringdaytime,accordingtothestudypublishedinTheJournalofMedicinalFood.Nightmilkquickenedthestartofsleepandcausedthemicetosleeplonger.Whiletheeffectofcowsmilkharvestedatdifferenttimehasnotbeentestedonhumansuptonow,takingmelatonindrugshasbeensuggestedtothosewhoarestrugglingtofallasleepatnight.Previousstudieshavealsoindicatedthatmilkcanbeexcellentforhelpingsleepbecauseofthecalciumcontent,whichhelpspeopletorelax.Milkisalsosugarfreeandadditivefreewithnutritionistsrecommendingskimmedmilkasthebestchoicebeforebedasitistheleastfattening.Themorefatyoutakeinbeforebedtime,thegreaterburdenyouwillputonyourbodyatnight.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Night Milk and SleepB.Fat,Sugar and HealthC.An Experiment on MiceD.Milk Drinking and Health任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。技巧技巧3 3：无明显主题句时找高频词：无明显主题句时找高频词Passage 3Passage 3Sometimesyoullhearpeoplesaythatyoucantloveothersuntilyouloveyourself.Sometimesyoullhearpeoplesaythatyoucantexpectsomeoneelsetoloveyouuntilyouloveyourself.Eitherway,youvegottoloveyourselffirstandthiscanbetricky.Sureweallknowthatweretheappleofourparentseyes,andthatourGrandmasthinkweregreattalentsandourUncleRobertsthinkthatwewillgototheOlympics,butsometimesitsalothardertothinksuchnicethoughtsaboutourselves.Ifyoufindthatbelievinginyourselfisachallenge,itistimeyoubuildapositiveselfimageandlearntoloveyourself.main ideaSelfimageisyourownmindspictureofyourself.Thisimageincludesthewayyoulook,thewayyouact,thewayyoutalkandthewayyouthink.Interestingly,ourselfimagesareoftenquitedifferentfromtheimagesothersholdaboutus.Unfortunately,mostoftheseimagesaremorenegativethantheyshouldbe.Thuschangingthewayyouthinkaboutyourselfisthekeytochangingyourselfimageandyourwholeworld.Thebestwaytodefeatapassiveselfimageistostepbackanddecidetostressyoursuccesses.Thatis,makealistifyouneedto,butwritedownallofthegreatthingsyoudoeveryday.Dontallowdoubtstooccurinit.Itverywellmightbethatyouareexperiencinganegativeselfimagebecauseyoucantmovepastoneflaworweaknessthatyouseeaboutyourself.Well,rollupyoursleevesandmakeachangeofitasyourprimarytask.Ifyouthinkyouresillybecauseyouarentgoodatmath,findatutor.Ifyouthinkyoureweakbecauseyoucantrunamile,gettothetrackandpractice.Ifyouthinkyouredullbecauseyoudontwearthelatesttrends,buyafewnewclothes.Butremember,justbecauseyouthinkitdoesntmeanitstrue.Thebestwaytogetridofanegativeselfimageistorealizethatyourimageisfarfromobjective,andtoactivelyconvinceyourselfofyourpositivequalities.Changingthewayyouthinkandworkingonthoseyouneedtoimprovewillgoalongwaytowardspromotingapositiveselfimage.Whenyoucanpat(拍)yourselfontheback,youllknowyourewellonyourway.Goodluck!What is the passage mainly about?A.How to prepare for your success.B.How to face challenges in your life.C.How to build a positive selfimage.D.How to develop your good qualities.Passage 3Passage 3Sometimesyoullhearpeoplesaythatyoucantloveothersuntilyouloveyourself.Sometimesyoullhearpeoplesaythatyoucantexpectsomeoneelsetoloveyouuntilyouloveyourself.Eitherway,youvegottoloveyourselffirstandthiscanbetricky.Sureweallknowthatweretheappleofourparentseyes,andthatourGrandmasthinkweregreattalentsandourUncleRobertsthinkthatwewillgototheOlympics,butsometimesitsalothardertothinksuchnicethoughtsaboutourselves.Ifyoufindthatbelievinginyourselfisachallenge,itistimeyoubuildapositiveselfimageandlearntoloveyourself.Selfimageisyourownmindspictureofyourself.Thisimageincludesthewayyoulook,thewayyouact,thewayyoutalkandthewayyouthink.Interestingly,ourselfimagesareoftenquitedifferentfromtheimagesothersholdaboutus.Unfortunately,mostoftheseimagesaremorenegativethantheyshouldbe.Thuschangingthewayyouthinkaboutyourselfisthekeytochangingyourselfimageandyourwholeworld.Thebestwaytodefeatapassiveselfimageistostepbackanddecidetostressyoursuccesses.Thatis,makealistifyouneedto,butwritedownallofthegreatthingsyoudoeveryday.Dontallowdoubtstooccurinit.Itverywellmightbethatyouareexperiencinganegativeselfimagebecauseyoucantmovepastoneflaworweaknessthatyouseeaboutyourself.Well,rollupyoursleevesandmakeachangeofitasyourprimarytask.Ifyouthinkyouresillybecauseyouarentgoodatmath,findatutor.Ifyouthinkyoureweakbecauseyoucantrunamile,gettothetrackandpractice.Ifyouthinkyouredullbecauseyoudontwearthelatesttrends,buyafewnewclothes.Butremember,justbecauseyouthinkitdoesntmeanitstrue.Thebestwaytogetridofanegativeselfimageistorealizethatyourimageisfarfromobjective,andtoactivelyconvinceyourselfofyourpositivequalities.Changingthewayyouthinkandworkingonthoseyouneedtoimprovewillgoalongwaytowardspromotingapositiveselfimage.Whenyoucanpat(拍)yourselfontheback,youllknowyourewellonyourway.Goodluck!What is the passage mainly about?A.How to prepare for your success.B.How to face challenges in your life.C.How to build a positive selfimage.D.How to develop your good qualities.同（近）义转换表达是所有阅读考试的特点。例如，试题中是handle，原文中可能是copewith；试题中是woman，原文可能是female。充分把握这一规律，是答对阅读理解题的关键之一。所以考生应多积累同义词汇、表达。因此，跟主题句意思相同的选项，往往就是正确答案。技巧技巧4 4：同义概括，或取其一同义概括，或取其一Passage 4Passage 4Grownupsareoftensurprisedbyhowwelltheyremembersomethingtheylearnedaschildrenbuthaveneverpracticedeversince.Amanwhohasnothadachancetogoswimmingforyearscanstillswimaswellaseverwhenhegetsbackinthewater.Hecangetonabicycleaftermanyyearsandstillrideaway.Hecanplaycatchandhitaballaswellashisson.Amotherwhohasnotthoughtaboutthewordsforyearscanteachherdaughterthepoemthatbegins“Twinkle，twinkle，littlestar”orrememberthestoryofCinderellaorGoldilocksandtheThreeBears.（下文略）main ideaWhat is the main idea of Paragraph 1?A.People remember well what they learned in childhood.B.Children have a better memory than grownups.C.Poem reading is a good way to learn words.D.Stories for children are easy to remember.【主旨大意题正确选项的特征】【主旨大意题正确选项的特征】1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。【主旨大意题干扰选项的特征】【主旨大意题干扰选项的特征】1.过于笼统。所表达的内容概括的范围过大，超出或多于文章阐述的内容。2.以偏概全。所表达的内容只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别字词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。3.偷换概念。所表达的内容被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。4.无中生有。无关信息，生搬硬套，文章中未提到，或找不到依据的信息。虽然在文章中谈到，但选项内容与文章内容毫无联系。【Practice】Passage 5 Passage 5 MyhusbandandIhadbeenmarriednearlytwentytwoyearswhenIacquiredStevensJohnsonsyndrome,adisorderwheremyimmune(免疫的)systemrespondedtoavirusbyproducingpainfulblisters(水泡).Althoughmylongtermevaluationwasgood,I,whohadbeensofiercelyindependent,rapidlybecameabsolutelyhelpless.Myhusband,Scott,steppeduptotheplate,takingcareofkidsandcookingdinners.Healsobecamemypersonalcaretaker,applyingthemedicinetoallofmyblistersbecausemyhandscouldntdothejob.Needlesstosay,Ihadnegativeemotions,bouncingfromembarrassmenttoshamecausedbytotalrelianceonsomeoneotherthanmyself.Irecoveredfrommyillness,butIcouldntseemtorecoverfromthethoughtthatIlovedmyhusbandlessthanhelovedme.Thisseemingdistinctioninourlovecontinuedtoannoymefortheyearfollowingmyillness.ThenrecentlyScottandIwentonalongbikeride.Hesanexperiencedcyclist;Imquitethegreenhand.Atonepointwithastrongheadwindandsharppainbuildinginmytiredlegs,IreallythoughtIcouldntgoanyfurther.Seeingmestruggle,Scottpulledinfrontofmeandyelledoverhisshoulder,“Stayclosebehindme.”AsIfollowedhissteps,IdiscoveredthatmylegsquitburningandIwasabletocatchmybreath.Myhusbandwaspullingmealongagain.Ipraymyhusbandwillalwaysbestrongandhealthy.Butifheshouldeverbecomethestrugglingone,whetheronabikerideorwithanillness,ItrustIllbereadytocallouttohim,“Stayclosebehindmemyturntopullyoualong.”What message does the author convey in the passage?A.Strongwill.B.Selflesslove.C.Reliance(依靠)oneachother.D.Optimisticattitudetolife.【答案】C【解析】主旨大意题。根据整篇文章和倒数第二段最后一句以及最后一段点题段的描述，在作者得病后，她的丈夫一直照顾她，鼓励和支持她，给她帮助和力量；作者最后也发出感慨，倘若有一天角色互换，她也会同样给她的丈夫支持和力量。故选C项“Relianceoneachother(对彼此的依赖)”。Passage 6Passage 6 AlexLondonResearchLaboratory(AL
