2016年高中英语名词讲解.ppt

名词考点分析考点分析 名词部分主要考察名词的名词部分主要考察名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）、名词名词的所有格的所有格、抽象名词的具体化抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配名词和冠词的搭配以及以及主谓一致等。主谓一致等。一、分类一、分类A:专有名词专有名词B:普通名词普通名词Countable nouns(可数名词可数名词)Uncountable nouns (不可数名词不可数名词)Individual Nouns（个体名词）Collective Nouns （集体名词）Abstract Nouns （抽象名词）Material Nouns （物质名词）知识要点知识要点二、数二、数(Number)(Number)A:Singular numberA:Singular number (单数单数)B:Plural numberB:Plural number (复数复数)（1）一般的词，直接在词尾加）一般的词，直接在词尾加s bookbooksmouthmouths househouses girlgirls（2）以）以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的词在词尾加结尾的词在词尾加esglassglasses boxboxes matchmathces brushbrushes（3）以）以辅音字母加辅音字母加y结尾的词，变结尾的词，变y为为i再加再加es countrycountries partyparties1.1.规则名词单复数变化规则名词单复数变化:（4 4）以）以f f或或fefe结尾的词，应变结尾的词，应变f f或或fefe为为v v再再加加-eses妻子妻子拿拿刀刀去宰去宰狼狼，小小偷遇遇见发了慌；了慌；躲在在架架后保后保己命己命，半半片片树叶叶遮月光。遮月光。wifewives knifekniveswolfwolves thiefthievesshelfshelves selfselveslifelives halfhalves leafleaves 其他情况其他情况：roofroofs beliefbelifshandkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handkerchieves scarfscarfs/scarves （5）以）以-o结尾的在词尾加结尾的在词尾加-s:radios,zoos,pianos,kilos,photos加加-es只有只有Negroes,heroes,tomatoes,potatoes（6）man/woman+n.变复数时，两个词都要变复数时，两个词都要变复数变复数 men doctors /women doctors men engineers/women engineers 2.2.不规则名词单复数变化不规则名词单复数变化:（1）单复数同形单复数同形:sheep,deer,fish,means,species,species,aircraft,Swiss spacecraft,Chinese,Japanese,（2）改变字母改变字母：foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,phenomenon-phenomena 另另：penny（pence或 pennies）（3）增加字母增加字母:child-children,ox-oxen（4）合成名词合成名词:若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数passer-bypassers-by grown-upgrown-ups3.3.名词单复数的特殊情况名词单复数的特殊情况(1)集体名词只用作复数集体名词只用作复数：police,cattle,people,poultry,the youth(2)集体名词用作不可数名词集体名词用作不可数名词:clothing,jewellery,furniture,luggage (baggage),wealth(3)集体名词视具体情况而定单复数集体名词视具体情况而定单复数：family,class,population,staff,crew,couple,public,group,team,audience(4)只有复数形式的名词只有复数形式的名词:clothes,trousers,jeans,twins,glasses,compasses,scissors,goods,thanks,wishes,wages,tears,troops,resources(5)以以s结尾但不表示复数结尾但不表示复数:mathematics,physics,politics,statistics,news,woods(森林森林),works(工厂工厂)(6)有没有有没有s结尾意义不同结尾意义不同：glass glasses,cloth clothes,work works,sand sands,water waters,wood woods,goodgoods,time times(时代时代),paper papers(论文论文),green greens(青菜青菜),custom customs(海关海关),spirit spirits(酒精酒精,情情绪绪),light lights(灯灯),experience experiences(经历经历),不可数不可数n.与可数与可数n.的转化的转化表示种表示种类：fruit,fish等等The potato is a vegetable,not a fruit.There are various fishes in the pool.表示具体的事物：表示具体的事物：success,failure,pleasure,honour,knowledge,surprise等等表示表示“一一场/一段一段/一件一件.”A heavy snow is falling.Its a timely rain.表示表示“一杯一杯/罐罐/瓶瓶”的的tea,coffee,beer,sugar,hair等等 two teas,three beers表示不同意思表示不同意思时：paper 纸(u);论文；文；试卷卷(c)room 空空间，余地（，余地（u）;房房间（c）绝对不可数绝对不可数n.fun,housework,homework,advice,information,news,progress,equipment,furniture,baggage/luggage,jewellery,machinery等(1)Tables are made of _.A.wood B.woodsC.wooden D.some woods(2)Father went to his doctor for _about his heart trouble.A.an adviceB.adviceC.advicesD.the advices(3)He gained his _by printing _of famous writers.A.wealth;work B.wealths;worksC.wealths;work D.wealth;worksABD1.I need_ cloth,for Im hoping to make _clothes.A.a lot of;many B.much;much C.many;many D.many;a lot 2.We waited _ for the bus.A.long time B.a long time C.the long time D.some long time3._work has been done to improve the peoples living standard.A.many B.A great manyC.A large number of D.A great deal ofABD4.The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took _pictures of them.A.many of B.masses of C.the number of D.a large amount of5.We have only a sofa,a table and a bed in our new apartment.We need to buy _ more furniture.A.anyB.manyC.littleD.someBD6.I hear_ boys in your school like playing football in their spare time,though others prefer basketball.A.quite a lot B.quite a fewC.quite a bit D.quite a little7.We always keep _ spare paper,in case we ran out.A.too much B.a number ofC.plenty of D.a good manyBc修饰可数名词的词：修饰可数名词的词：many,many a(n),a great/good many,a few/few,a(great/large)number of 修饰不可数名词的词：修饰不可数名词的词：much,a little/little,a great deal of,a large/great amount of 既可以既可以修饰可数名词，又可以修饰不可数名词的词：修饰可数名词，又可以修饰不可数名词的词：a lot of=lots of a large quantity of=large quantities ofplenty ofmasses of三、名词的格三、名词的格 (Case)(Case)A:A:通格通格(Common case):(Common case):主格主格 (Subject case)(Subject case)宾格宾格 (Object case)(Object case)B:B:所有格所有格(Possessive case)(Possessive case)1.1.1.1.s s s s属格：属格：属格：属格：原则上只用于表示有生命的人或物的名词。如原则上只用于表示有生命的人或物的名词。如：the teachers book;the horses tail 然而，时间、距离、太阳、地球、月亮、江河、然而，时间、距离、太阳、地球、月亮、江河、海洋、船只、国家、城市、团体机构等名词也海洋、船只、国家、城市、团体机构等名词也 可以用可以用s s属格。如：属格。如：todays newspaper;the citys transportation 一般的名词，包括不以一般的名词，包括不以s s结尾的复数名词，结尾的复数名词，在词后加在词后加s s。如：。如：the childrens book 以以s s结尾的复数名词的所有格形式只在词后加结尾的复数名词的所有格形式只在词后加。如：如：the teachers office 以以s s结尾的专有名词的所有格，既可加结尾的专有名词的所有格，既可加s s 也可加也可加。如：。如：Engels（s）letter 两者或两者以上共有的所有格形式只在后者用两者或两者以上共有的所有格形式只在后者用 所有格形式，如所有格形式，如:Tom and Mikes room 若表示分别拥有时，则要在每个名词后用若表示分别拥有时，则要在每个名词后用 所有格形式，如所有格形式，如:Toms and Mikes rooms 2.of2.of属格：属格：多用于无生命现象的名词，多用于无生命现象的名词，也可用于有生命现象的名词；当一也可用于有生命现象的名词；当一个名词有较长的定语时，就只能用个名词有较长的定语时，就只能用ofof短语来表示所有关系。短语来表示所有关系。如：the cover of the book;a toy of Li Pings younger brother3 3双重属格双重属格：既有既有s s的属格，又有的属格，又有ofof的属格。通常的属格。通常s s属格表示所有属格表示所有关系，关系，ofof属格表示部分与整体的关系。如属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:a friend of my fathers;a book of Toms4.4.表示表示“某人自己的某人自己的”的属格的属格:用用of ones ownof ones own表示，不可用表示，不可用ofof反身代词。反身代词。例如：例如：This is the house of my own.1.Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.Its_walk.A.afourhourB.afourhoursC.afour-hoursD.afourhours2.Hedroppedthe_andbrokeit.A.cupofcoffeeB.coffeescupC.cupforcoffeeD.coffeecup4.Ittookusquitealongtimetogethere.Itwas_journey.A.three-hourB.athreehourC.athree-hourD.threehoursDDC1.Miss Smith is a friend of_.A.Marys mothersB.Marys mother C.Mothers of MaryD.Mary mothers 2.Wheres your brother?At _.A.Mr.Greens B.Mr.GreenC.the Mr.Greens D.the Mr.Green3.I wonder whose bicycle it is.It might be my_ A.neighbours B.dear neighbour C.neighbour D.neighboursAAA四、名词的性四、名词的性（Gender)1.Masculine（阳性阳性）:actor,waiter,master,actor,waiter,master,prince,hero prince,hero 2.Feminine（阴性阴性）:actress,waitress,actress,waitress,mastressmastress,princess,heroine,princess,heroine1.2.3.Neuter（中性中性）:teacher,worker,teacher,worker,monkey,monkey,sheep,tree,crop sheep,tree,crop 构词法构词法+后后缀 n.adj.-al originoriginal naturenatural-ern easteastern northnorthern-ful doubtdoubtful useuseful-en goldgolden woodwooden woolwoolen-able fashionfashionable comfortcomfortable -y tastetasty wealthwealthy healthhealthy windwindy-ly friendfriendly lovelovely daydaily-ish foolfoolish selfselfish SpainSpanish-less harmharmless carecareless helphelpless useuseless+后后缀 adj.n.-ness happyhappiness weakweakness-th truetruth warmwarmth-y difficultdifficulty honesthonesty-ty cruelcruelty safesafety-ity disableddisability responsibleresponsibility +前缀前缀.后缀后缀 adj.v.en-richenrich largeenlarge-en broadbroaden softsoften-ize modernmodernize apologyapologize-ify simplesimplify purypurify+后后缀 v.-adj.-ous continuecontinous varyvarious-ed exciteexcited surprisesurprised-ing exciteexciting surprisesurprising+后后缀 adj.adv.+ly politepolitely widewidely nicenicely safesafely unfortunateunfortunately carefulcarefully shyshyly-y 结尾的尾的adj.，改，改yi+lyhappyhappily easyeasily heavyheavilyluckyluckily busybusily 以以-le结尾的尾的adj.去掉去掉e+-y gentlegently possiblepossibly comfortablecomfortably terribleterribly以以-ue结尾的尾的adj.去掉去掉e+-ly truetruly +后后缀 v.n.-tion/-sion operateoperationdecidedecision discussdiscussion preparepreparation donatedonation-ment argueargument judgejudgement governgovernment achieveachievement-al refuserefusal arrivearrival-er/or teachteacher directdirector workworker runrunner winwinner-ance acceptacceptance appearappearance 否定前后否定前后缀un+adj./adv.usualunusual willingunwillingluckilyunluckily fortunateunfortunatelyim-+adj.possibleimpossible patientimpatient politeimpolitein-+adj.dependentindependent correctincorrect convenientinconvenient ir-+adj.regularirregular responsibleirresponsibleil-+adj.legalillegal logicalillogicalmis-+v.leadmislead understandmisunderstanddis-+v./n.agreedisagree honestdishonest advantagedisadvantage