2018年度考研英语二真命题与答案.doc

''2018 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）及答案及答案Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to_1_ uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will _2_ _ to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will _3_.In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to _4_ themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one _5_, each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would _6_ an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were rigged; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. _7_ left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more jolts than the students who knew what would _8_. Subsequent experiments replicated this effect with other stimuli, _9_ the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to _10_ is deeply ingrained in humans, much the same as the basic drives _11_ or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago, a co-author of the paper. Curiosity is often considered a good instinctit can _12 _ new scientific advances, for instancebut sometimes such _ 13_ can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do _14_ things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to _15_, however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to _16_ how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to _17_ to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the _18_ _ of following through on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine_ 19_ it is worth the endeavor. “Thinking about long- term _20_ is key to mitigating the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words, don't read online comments.''1. A. ignoreB. protectC. discussD. resolve 2. A. refuseB. seekC. waitD. regret 3. A. riseB. lastC. hurtD. mislead 4. A. alertB. exposeC. tieD. treat 5. A. trialB. messageC. reviewD. concept 6. A. removeB. deliverC. weakenD. interrupt 7. A. Unless B. IfC. WhenD. Though 8. A. changeB. continueC. disappearD. happen 9. A. such asB. rather thanC.regardless ofD. owing to 10. A. disagreeB. forgiveC. discoverD. forget 11.A. payB. foodC. marriageD. schooling 12.A. begin withB. rest onC. lead toD. learn from 13.A. inquiryB. withdrawalC. persistenceD. diligence 14.A. self-deceptiveB. self-reliantC. self-evidentD. self-destructive 15.A. traceB. defineC. replaceD. resist 16.A. concealB. overlookC. designD. predict 17.A. chooseB. rememberC. promiseD. pretend 18.A. reliefB. outcomeC. planD. duty 19.A. howB. whyC. whereD. whether 20.A.limitationsB. investmentsC. consequencesD. strategiesSection Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future. Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and rote memorization, but practical, reports staff writer Stacy Teicher Khadaroo in this weeks cover story. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly bamboozled by a busted bike chain? As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle. But hes also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. Schools in the family of vocational education ''“have that stereotype . that its for kids who cant make it academically,” he says. On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of Americas evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new mantra. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so. But the headlong push into bachelors degrees for all and the subtle devaluing of anything less misses an important point: Thats not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes, abachelor's degree opens moredoors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country aremiddle-skill job, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek's school is wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation's diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show student's lack of. A. academic training B. practical ability C. pioneering spirit D. mechanical memorizetion22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who. A. have a stereotyped mind B. have no career motivation C. are financially disadvantaged D. are not academically successful23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates. A. used to have more job opportunities B. used to have big financial concerns C. are entitled to more educational privileges D. are reluctant to work in manufacturing24. The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all. A. helps create a lot of middle-class jobs B. may narrow the gap in working-class jobs C. indicates the overvaluing of higher education D. is expected to yield a better-trained wirkforce25. The authors attitude toward Koziateks school can be described as. A. tolerant''B. cautious C. supportive D. disappointedText 2 While fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas still generate roughly 85 percent of the worlds energy supply, its clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewable is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line. Some growth stem from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years. In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration. President Trump has underlined fossil fuels especially coal as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the states electricity generation and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers. The question “what happens when the wind doesnt blow or the sun doesnt s shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely. The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years. While theres a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in showing climate change. What Washington does or doesnt do to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26. The word “plummeting” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to_. A. stabilizing B. changing C. falling''D. rising27. According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America_. A. is progressing notably B. is as extensive as in Europe C. faces many challenges D. has proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa, _. A. wind is a widely used energy source. B. wind energy has replaced fossil fuels C. tech giants are investing in clean energy D. there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5 Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesnt feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.31. According to Paragraph1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its A. digital products B.user information C.physical assets D. quality service 32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may _. A. worsen political disputes B.mess up customer records C.pose a risk to Facebook users D. mislead the European commission33. According to the author, competition law _. A. should serve the new market powers B.may worsen the economic imbalance C.should not provide just one legal solution D. cannot keep pace with the changing market 34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because _. A. they are not defined as customers B. they are not financially reliable C. the services are generally digital D. the services are paid for by advertisers 35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate _. A. a win- win business model between digital giants B.a typical competition pattern among digital giants ''C.the benefits provided for digital giants customers D. the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4 To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Gal Newport, anther of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Districted world, recommends building a habit of “deep work”,the ability to focus without distraction. There are a number of approaches to mastering the mastering the art of deep work- be it lengthy retreats, dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it. Newport also recommends “ deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more down in less time. At any given point, Ishold has deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar I protect this time like, I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting ,he writes.Another approach to getting more down in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day -in particular how we craft our to - do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy. The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s, that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and golds in much time detail day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well- structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Hartford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to- do list ineffective, while living room for improvisation in such a list canreap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “ be lazy.”“ Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body idleness is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done, ”he argues. Sriri Pillay an assistant of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counter - intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.“What people don't realise is that, in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”, says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to_. A.keep to your focus time B.list your immediate tasks C.make specific daily plans D.seize every minute to work''37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harvard shows that_. A.distractions may actually increase efficiency B. daily schedules are indispensable to studying C. students are hardly motivated by monthly goals D. detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is _.A. a desirable mental state for busy people B.a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD. an essential factor in accomplishing any work.39. Pillay believes that our brains shift between being focused and unfocused_.A. can result in .Psychological will-beingB. can bring about greater efficiencyC. is aimed at a better balance in workD. is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about_.A. ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the key to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)''A. Just say it B. Be present C. Pay a unique comp