人大考博语法基础.ppt

语法基础从句名词性从句that-从句wh-从句whether或if引导的名词性从句1、名词性that-从句主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要去伦敦。表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来没人见过他。同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.近来没人 见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.很高兴你对工作感到满意。1、名词性that-从句(1)作宾语 prep.+that(F)in+that(因为，在于),except/but+that(除了)（T）如果要做介词的宾语，前面要用先行词it作形式宾语，或去掉介词。也可以在前面用fact/idea等词，此时从句作同位语。(W)Im aware of that I mistake him for somebody else.Im aware of it that I mistake him for somebody else.Im aware of the fact that I mistake him for somebody else.Im aware that I mistake him for somebody else.1、名词性that-从句(1)作宾语如果主句的谓语动词有think,believe,expect,assume,imagine,suppose等动词，而后面做宾语的that-从句又含有否定意义，否定形式应移至主句，而不是仍旧放在从句中。I dont believe he is leaving without a word.I dont suppose he will come.1、名、名词性性that-从句从句(2)作同位作同位语以that-从句为同位语的名词往往是抽象名词。常见的名词有：belief,fact,hope,idea,doubt,opinion,proposal,suggestion,promise,certainty,answer,evidence,result,explanation,news,possibility,probability,truth,knowledge,statement,likelihood,exception等。They came to the decision that they must act at once.1、名词性that-从句(3)作主语 It+be+adj.+that-clauseIt is necessary thatIt is important thatIt is obvious that It+be+n.+that-clause It is a surprise thatIt is a fact thatIt is common knowledge that It+be+V-ed+that-clauseIt is believed thatIt is known to all thatIt has been decided that It+vi.+that-clauseIt appears thatIt happens thatIt occurred to me that2、名词性wh-从句wh-词包括who whom,whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever 等连接代词和where,when,how，why等连接副词。wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样以外，还可以充当介词宾语，宾语补足语和间接宾语等。直接宾语：In ones own home one can do what one likes.间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to.介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go.if和whether引导的名词从句的区别(1)whether后面能紧接or not,if后面则不能紧接or not。对：I dont care whether or not she will apologize to me.对：I dont care if she will apologize to me or not.错：I dont care if or not she will apologize to me.(2)if引导的名词从句通常只能作动词宾语，不能用作主语。对：Whether(or not)John comes doesnt concern me.错：If John comes doesnt concern me.定语从句关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等。Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?Thats the way(that/in which)he did it.不能用how引导以the way为先行词的定语从句。Dont trust such men as overpraise you to your face.(as在从句中作主语)He is the same person as I saw yesterday.(as 在从句中作宾语)Ill never make friends with such selfish people as they are.(as在从句中作表语)1 限定性定语从句（restrictive attributive clause）从句通常紧跟在它所说明的词之后，中间不用逗号分开。译成“的”，将从句译在它所说明的词之前。Light is the energy that enable the leaf to make plant food.（光是使叶子为植物制造养料的一种能。）2 非限定性定语从句（non-restrictive attributive clause）只是对主句的先行词作附加说明。从句用逗号与主句分开（有时还可放在括号内）。Mechanical energy is changed into electric energy,which in turn is changed into mechanical energy.（机械能转变为电能，电能又转变为机械能。）The factory,which is small,produces a large quantity of machines every day.工厂虽小，但它每天都要生产大量的机器。The sun heats the earth,which makes it possible for plants to grow.（太阳晒热大地，这就使植物有可能生长。）指代主句的整个意思。3.as,which引导非限制性定语从句的用法比较1）位置as引导的定语从句，可放在主句之前、之后或插在主句中间，常译为“象”、“如”、“这”。As we know,the steady rise in quality owes much to the improvement of our equipmentMetals have many good properties,as has been mentioned.The volume of trade between the two countries,as is expected,has increased more than fourfold.which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在句末，译为“这”。The sun heats the earth,which makes it possible for plants to grow.3.as,which引导非限制性定语从句的用法比较2）指代Which可指代主句全部内容，也可以代表主句中的一部分；as只能指代全部。对：He can write a letter in Chinese,which Mary can not.错：He can write a letter in Chinese,as Mary can not.状语从句(1)when,as,whileWhen Tom returns,Ill give him the key.（表示一个动作紧接着另一个动作发生）John sang as he worked.（表示两个动作同时发生，持续时间较短）While there is life there is hope.（表示两个动作同时发生，持续时间较长）When it comes to 谈及，涉及到(2)until/tilluntil引导的从句，可以放在句首；till引导的从句一般放在句末。Until(Before)you told me I had no idea of what he said.Jones did not announce the news till(before)he was sure of it.not until放在句首时，主句的主谓要倒置，表示加强语气。Not until Mary had heard that sound,was she really frightened.(3)no soonerthan,hardly/scarcelywhen(4)so that,in order that（为了，以便）从句中，谓语常含有may,might,can,could should等情态动词。Lets hurry up so that we may finish the work in time.I lent him my bike in order that he could save some time.(5)for fear that,lest,in case（以免，以防）这三个连词引导的从句常用should构成虚拟式。We are studying hard for fear that we should fail in the exams.(6)so/suchthat,so(that)。He worked so hard that he sometimes forgot his meals.It was such a beautiful night that I wanted to have a walk.We worked fast and well,so(that)we overfulfilled our production plan.(7)because,as,since在回答why的提问时，必须用because。此外，该从句一般放在主句后。since和as引导的从句语气较弱，用来说明比较明显的、为大家所知的原因和理由，不用于回答why的提问。通常放在句首。They produced fine works because they write from life.Since we live near the sea,we enjoy a healthy climate.在it引导的强调句中，如果强调的是原因状语，只能用because，不能用since和as。对：It was because he was ill that the boy was absent.错：It was since/as he was ill that the boy was absent.(8)now(that),seeing(that),considering(that),in thatNow(that)you have finished your work,youd better have a rest.（用now that指出现一种新情况。）(9)though,although从句中用了though或although，主句中不能再用but。Although he talks a great deal,there is not much in what he says.(although比较正式，可用于各种文体。)No goals were scored,though it was an exciting game.(though常用于口语。)though可以单独用作副词。常放在句尾，用逗号分开，表示“可是”。Smith will probably agree;you never know,though.(10)even though/if,asHob always enjoys sailing,even though/if the weather is rough.（语气较强，不能用even although.）Child as he was,he had to earn his living.(as 引入的让步副词从句，语气更强。被强调的词要放在as之前，名词放在句首时，不带冠词，如该句。)(11)whilewhile引导的让步副词从句，一般放在句首，含有前后对照的意思。While he is respected,he is not liked.(12)if/unlessif可用于虚拟条件句；unless则一般不用于虚拟条件句，它本身有否定含义，在意义上相当于“ifnot”。We will succeed if we try.用unless引导的从句谓语动词只能用肯定式。对：You will never succeed unless you try.错：You will never succeed unless you do not try.祈使句/省略句+and/or“祈使句/省略句+and”表示“if从句+主句”；“祈使句/省略句+or”表示“unless/if not从句+主句”。Another week and I will finish the book.(=If you give me another week,I will finish the book.)Wear your coat,or you will catch cold.(=Unless you wear your coat,you will catch cold.)(13)as,(just)asso,as if,as thoughJust as we sweep our room,so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。(14)provided/providing that,suppose/supposing that(15)only if,if only“只要就”，“只有才”。Ill help you only if(if only)you tell me the truth.比较结构(1)asas（和一样，象一样），not so/asas（不如，不象，和不一样）asas用来进行同等程度比较,第一个as前可用almost,just,nearly 等词修饰。在第二个as引导的从句中，和主句相同的成分可以省略，但不同性质的比较一般不能省略。Tom has almost as many English books as Mary(has).This is as wise a plan as the other is foolish.not so/asas用来进行不同等程度比较。The melting point of copper is not so/as high as that of iron.（铜的熔点不如铁的高。）(2)more/-erthanHe has more books than his brother.This problem is more complicated than we have expected.在比较级前，还可以加程度副词much,still,a lot,far,by far等。(3)the,the（越，越）The sooner,the better.（越快越好。）The greater the number of the free electrons in a material,the better is the conductivity of the material.（材料中自由电子的数量越大，该材料的导电性越好。）(4)not morethan（不及，不如，比不上）相当于lessthan/not soasThis insulating material is not more effective than that one.（这种绝缘材料不如那种有效。）This insulating material is less effective than that one.This insulating material is not so effective as that one.这三句意义基本相同，其中以第三种表达方式较为常见。(5)no more than Jane is no more careful than Tom.（Jane和Tom都不小心。）(6)no less than Jane is no less eligible than Tom.（和一样）The value of X is no less than(=as many as)eight.（多达）The strike was nothing less than a national catastrophe.（正是）(7)not lessthan（至少不比差）Jane is not less diligent than Mary.(=Jane is more diligent than Mary.)(8)Times+as+asLine A is five times as long as Line B.（A线是B线5倍长。）(9)As A is to B,so is C to D.=A is to B what C is to D.As water is to fish,so is air to man.=Water is to fish what air is to man.