英语写作段落.ppt

英语写作英语写作段落段落 段落是构成文章的一组句子。段落必须表段落是构成文章的一组句子。段落必须表达完整的意思：达完整的意思：describe somethingdescribe somethingdescribe somethingdescribe somethingargue about somethingargue about somethingargue about somethingargue about somethingquestion somethingquestion somethingquestion somethingquestion somethingdemand somethingdemand somethingdemand somethingdemand somethingdefine somethingdefine somethingdefine somethingdefine somethingreject somethingreject somethingreject somethingreject something典型的段落典型的段落Topic sentenceTopic sentenceSupporting sentencesSupporting sentencesConcluding sentenceConcluding sentenceSample writingSample writingWe all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems.Doctors habit because it causes health problems.Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organsof other organs In additionIn addition，it can bring about it can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung other health problems such as heart and lung diseasesdiseases It is clearly identified as one of the It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our societychief causes of death in our society主题句主题句?We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habithabit，because it causes health problemsbecause it causes health problems推展句推展句?1.Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer 1.Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organsto cancer of other organs2.It can bring about other health problems such 2.It can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseasesas heart and lung diseases结论句结论句?It is clearly identified as one of the chief It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our societycauses of death in our societyExerciseExerciseDirections:Read the following paragraphs and find out the topic sentence,the supporting details and the concluding sentence,if there is oneThe need for wildlife protection is greater The need for wildlife protection is greater now than ever before.About a thousand now than ever before.About a thousand species of animals are in danger of species of animals are in danger of extinction,and the rate at which they are extinction,and the rate at which they are being destroyed has increased.With mammals,being destroyed has increased.With mammals,for instance,the rate of extinction is now for instance,the rate of extinction is now about one species every year;from A.D.1 to about one species every year;from A.D.1 to 1800,the rate was about one species every 1800,the rate was about one species every fifty years.Everywhere,men are trying to fifty years.Everywhere,men are trying to solve the problem of preserving wildlife solve the problem of preserving wildlife while caring at the same time for the while caring at the same time for the worlds growing population.worlds growing population.Topic SentenceTopic Sentence：_DetailsDetails1._1._2._2._ _Concluding SentenceConcluding Sentence：_ _ The Americans and the British not only speak The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also share a large the same language but also share a large number of social customs.For example,in number of social customs.For example,in both America and England,people shake hands both America and England,people shake hands when they meet each other for the first time.when they meet each other for the first time.Also,most English men will open a door for a Also,most English men will open a door for a woman or offer their seat to a woman,and so woman or offer their seat to a woman,and so will most Americans.Both in England and in will most Americans.Both in England and in America promptness is important.That is,if America promptness is important.That is,if a dinner invitation is for 7 a dinner invitation is for 7 oclock,theoclock,the dinner guest either arrives close to that dinner guest either arrives close to that time or calls up to explain his delaytime or calls up to explain his delay Topic SentenceTopic Sentence：_ DetailsDetails1 1_2 2_3 3_ Concluding SentenceConcluding Sentence：_ Birds use many different materials to build nests.Birds use many different materials to build nests.Some birds use bits of grass.The tailor-bird of Some birds use bits of grass.The tailor-bird of Africa and India uses grass to sew leaves together.Africa and India uses grass to sew leaves together.Other birds find twigs and pebbles usefulOther birds find twigs and pebbles useful Topic SentenceTopic Sentence：_ DetailsDetails1 1_2 2_ Concluding SentenceConcluding Sentence：_主题句简介 主题句主题句 作者的首要任务是让读者知道所写段落要谈的是什么，作者的首要任务是让读者知道所写段落要谈的是什么，这就是每段的主题句的作用。因此主题句应该阐明段落这就是每段的主题句的作用。因此主题句应该阐明段落的主要思想，所有支持主题句的细节和描述都与这一主的主要思想，所有支持主题句的细节和描述都与这一主要思想有关。要思想有关。主题句的形式主题句的形式:(:(通常有以下三种形式通常有以下三种形式)肯定句（肯定句（Affirmative SentenceAffirmative Sentence）The need for wildlife protection is greater now than The need for wildlife protection is greater now than ever beforeever before反诘句（反诘句（Rhetorical SentenceRhetorical Sentence）How do you think people will solve the problem of How do you think people will solve the problem of wildlife protectionwildlife protection？不完整句（不完整句（FragmentsFragments）And the workingmanAnd the workingman？主题句出现的位置有以下四种情况：1 1）段首（）段首（At the beginningAt the beginning）主题句经常居于段首，以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握主题句经常居于段首，以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要。这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点文章的概要。这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落。的段落。2 2）段末（）段末（At the endAt the end）用推理方法展开段落时，主题句往往位于句末。用推理方法展开段落时，主题句往往位于句末。3 3）段中（）段中（In the middleIn the middle）有时为了使段落多样化，主题句也可以居于段中。有时为了使段落多样化，主题句也可以居于段中。4 4）隐含（）隐含（ImpliedImplied）有时候，尤其在写叙述性或描写性段落时，当所有的有时候，尤其在写叙述性或描写性段落时，当所有的细节都围绕着一个显而易见的主题时可以不用主题句。细节都围绕着一个显而易见的主题时可以不用主题句。ExerciseExerciseDirections:Read the following paragraphs and identify the topic sentence.If it is implied,summarize it yourself But no matter what it is called,all polyester has certain good points.It does not wrinkle easily.It dries quickly after it is washed.It holds its shape.It is strong and keeps its colors well.Topic SentenceTopic Sentence：_PositionPosition：_Black is the Black is the colourcolour of mourning.Red of mourning.Red symbolizes danger,violence,or bloodshed.symbolizes danger,violence,or bloodshed.If you are afraid,you are yellow.None of If you are afraid,you are yellow.None of these sayings is true outside the English these sayings is true outside the English speaking world.In China and Korea,white is speaking world.In China and Korea,white is the color of mourning.In Russia red stands the color of mourning.In Russia red stands for beauty and life.In Italy and Germany for beauty and life.In Italy and Germany you are yellow with anger,not with fear.you are yellow with anger,not with fear.Topic SentenceTopic Sentence：_PositionPosition：_Our chief source of fresh water is rainfall Our chief source of fresh water is rainfall that collects in lakes,rivers,and that collects in lakes,rivers,and reservoirs.Recently,however,we have reservoirs.Recently,however,we have discovered a new source,aquifersdiscovered a new source,aquifers地下蓄水层,which are rock formations containing,which are rock formations containing water.Even under deserts,vast aquifers may water.Even under deserts,vast aquifers may be waiting to be tapped.Companies drilling be waiting to be tapped.Companies drilling for oil in the Middle East have sometimes for oil in the Middle East have sometimes struck aquifers,which provide unexpected struck aquifers,which provide unexpected water supplies for arid regions.water supplies for arid regions.Topic SentenceTopic Sentence：_PositionPosition：_Suppose youre playing a game.You make a Suppose youre playing a game.You make a silly mistake and lose.Do you become angry?silly mistake and lose.Do you become angry?Or can you laugh at yourself and hope to do Or can you laugh at yourself and hope to do better next timebetter next time？Suppose you are at a Suppose you are at a special dinner.You accidentally spill some special dinner.You accidentally spill some food.Why keep worrying about how clumsy you food.Why keep worrying about how clumsy you look?Why not laugh it off and enjoy yourself look?Why not laugh it off and enjoy yourself anyway?If you can,its good sign youve anyway?If you can,its good sign youve really grown up.really grown up.Topic SentenceTopic Sentence：_PositionPosition：_Young men sometimes bring edelweiss back Young men sometimes bring edelweiss back for their girlfriends.The girls think of for their girlfriends.The girls think of the flowers as a proof of true love.the flowers as a proof of true love.Mountain climbers,guides,and hunters pick Mountain climbers,guides,and hunters pick edelweiss too.They wear it on their hats.edelweiss too.They wear it on their hats.To them it is a sign of courage and daringTo them it is a sign of courage and daringTopic SentenceTopic Sentence：_PositionPosition：_如何写好主题句 1 1）要写合乎语法的句子）要写合乎语法的句子Two causes of the American Civil WarTwo causes of the American Civil WarThere were two causes that led to the American There were two causes that led to the American Civil WarCivil War2 2）要使用限写词限定主题）要使用限写词限定主题为了正确表达观点，好的主题句经常使用关键词或词组，为了正确表达观点，好的主题句经常使用关键词或词组，即限制词（即限制词（controllerscontrollers）限制这一观点。）限制这一观点。Air travel is more convenient than train for at Air travel is more convenient than train for at least three reasonsleast three reasons 从上例主题句我们得知作者将要写从上例主题句我们得知作者将要写“air travel”air travel”（topictopic）,他将要把他将要把“train”train”（aspectaspect）和）和“air travel”air travel”作比较，作比较，并且陈述并且陈述“reasons”reasons”。由此可见，作者在。由此可见，作者在“aspect”aspect”（方面）（方面）和和“reason”reason”（原因）两方面限制他的主题。（原因）两方面限制他的主题。3 3）要注意主题的可写性）要注意主题的可写性(不能太笼统，也不能太具体不能太笼统，也不能太具体)In Hemingways story“Soldiers Home”In Hemingways story“Soldiers Home”，Krebs Krebs tells his mother that he wants no part of Gods tells his mother that he wants no part of Gods KingdomKingdom 这个句子太具体以至于无东西可写，无法展开段落。这个句子太具体以至于无东西可写，无法展开段落。In Hemingways story“Soldiers Home”In Hemingways story“Soldiers Home”，KrebKreb is is a lonelya lonely，cynical veterancynical veteran 这个句子可作为主题句，因为可以围绕这个句子可作为主题句，因为可以围绕“lonelylonely，cynical”cynical”展开展开段落。段落。Let me tell you something about overpopulationLet me tell you something about overpopulation 这个句子太笼统，作为一个段落的主题太大，难于驾驭。这个句子太笼统，作为一个段落的主题太大，难于驾驭。Why has the world population been increasing so Why has the world population been increasing so rapidly in the last decadesrapidly in the last decades？这个句子是个较好的主题句，作者用这个句子是个较好的主题句，作者用“the reasons for the reasons for overpopulation in the last decades”overpopulation in the last decades”，从，从“原因原因”（causecause）和和“时间时间”（timetime）两方面限制了主题，能在一个段落内论述。）两方面限制了主题，能在一个段落内论述。ExerciseExerciseDirections:Identify the areas which limit the topic sentences1.Soccer has become increasingly popular in 1.Soccer has become increasingly popular in the U.S.in the last ten yearsthe U.S.in the last ten yearsTopicTopic：_LimitationsLimitations：_2.Pollution has caused three major problems 2.Pollution has caused three major problems in the last decadesin the last decadesTopicTopic：_Limitations:_Limitations:_3.There are two kinds of memory:short-term 3.There are two kinds of memory:short-term and long-termand long-termTopicTopic：_LimitationsLimitations：_4.Women are playing an increasingly important part in society todayTopicTopic：_Limitations:Limitations:_5.Women are paid less for equal work than men in some companiesTopicTopic：_LimitationsLimitations：_ExerciseExerciseDirections:Write two topic sentences for each of the topics,limiting the topic in different ways TopicTopic：the study of Englishthe study of EnglishTopic Sentence 1Topic Sentence 1：_Topic Sentence 2Topic Sentence 2：_ TopicTopic：college students todaycollege students todayTopic Sentence 1Topic Sentence 1：_Topic Sentence 2Topic Sentence 2：_ TopicTopic：women in Chinawomen in ChinaTopic Sentence 1Topic Sentence 1：_Topic Sentence 2Topic Sentence 2：_段落的推展段落的推展 第一步，写出主题句：第一步，写出主题句：There are two main reasons why I have decided to attend There are two main reasons why I have decided to attend BingstonBingston University next year University next year 第二步，以数个理由推展你的主题：第二步，以数个理由推展你的主题：There are two main reasons why I have decided to attend There are two main reasons why I have decided to attend BingstonBingston University next year.First of all,there is the University next year.First of all,there is the question of money:question of money:BingstonvsBingstonvs tuition is reasonable and I tuition is reasonable and I dont even have to pay it all at once.This is very dont even have to pay it all at once.This is very important,since my father is not a rich man.With important,since my father is not a rich man.With BingstonsBingstons“deferred payment plan,”my father will be able “deferred payment plan,”my father will be able to pay my tuition without too much difficulty.The second to pay my tuition without too much difficulty.The second resaonresaon is the fine education which I feed will receive there is the fine education which I feed will receive there in agriculture,my chosen field.It is a well-known fact in agriculture,my chosen field.It is a well-known fact that that BingstonBingston hires only the finest professors in its hires only the finest professors in its Agriculture Department.Moreover,the university Agriculture Department.Moreover,the university reqiresreqires all agricultural students to get practical experience by all agricultural students to get practical experience by working on farms in the working on farms in the areawhileareawhile they are still going to they are still going to schoolschool段落分析段落分析细节:two main reasons：理由理由 1:financial consideration1:financial consideration a areasonable tuitionreasonable tuition b bdeferred payment plandeferred payment plan理由理由 2:quality of education2:quality of education a afine teachersfine teachers b bpractical experiencepractical experience在两个主要理由之下，作者用更小的细节支持它们。通常每个段落以一种方法为“主要方法”（the dominant method），必要时，可运用其它一种或数种方法作为“辅助方法”（the supporting method）。上面的示范段落使用因果法（上面的示范段落使用因果法（cause-and-cause-and-effecteffect）作为支配方法，分类法（）作为支配方法，分类法（division division and classificationand classification）作为辅助方法。作者还）作为辅助方法。作者还运用了运用了“重要性排列顺序重要性排列顺序”（the order of the order of importanceimportance）作为安排细节、组织段落的手段。）作为安排细节、组织段落的手段。There is a relationship between your blood type and There is a relationship between your blood type and your nationality.Among Europeans and people of your nationality.Among Europeans and people of European ancestry,about 42 percent have type A while European ancestry,about 42 percent have type A while 45 percent have type O.The rarest is type B.Other 45 percent have type O.The rarest is type B.Other races have different percentages.For example,some races have different percentages.For example,some American Indian groups have nearly 100 percent t