《试卷》2015英语二考研英语真题.doc

2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating withor even looking ata stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they cling to their phones, even without a 1 on a subway. Its a sad realityour desire to avoid interacting with other human beingsbecause theres 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldnt know it, 3 into your phone. This universal protection sends the 4 : “Please dont approach me.” What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, an executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as “weird.” We fear well be 7 . We fear well be disruptive. Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this uneasiness, we 10 to our phones. “Phones become our security blanket,” Wortmann says. “They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .”But once we rip off the band-aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesnt 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . “ When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own,” The New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didnt expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, “not a single person reported having been embarrassed.” 18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those without communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. Its that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1.A signal B permit C ticket D record2.A nothing B little C another D much3.A beaten B plugged C guided D brought4.A message B code C notice D sign5.A under B beyond C behind D from6.A misapplied B misinterpreted C misadjusted D mismatched7.A judged B fired C replaced D delayed8.A unreasonable B ungrateful C unconventional D unfamiliar9.A comfortable B confident C anxious D angry10.A attend B turn C take D point11.A dangerous B mysterious C violent D boring12.A bend B resist C hurt D decay13.A lecture B debate C conversation D negotiation14.A trainees B employees C researchers D passengers15.A reveal B choose C predict D design16.A voyage B flight C walk D ride17.A went through B did away C caught up D put up18.A In turn B In fact C In particular D In consequence19.A unless B whereas C if D since 20.A funny B simple C logical D rareSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured peoples cortisol, which is stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home,” writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damaske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes, “It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work.” Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesnt measure is whether people are still doing work when theyre at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, its not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But its not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what theyre supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleaguesyour familyhave no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if theyre teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, theyre your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So its not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home .A offered greater relaxation than the workplace.B was an ideal place for stress measurement.C generated more stress than the workplace.D was an unrealistic place for relaxation.22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?A Working mothers. B Childless husbands.C Working fathers. D Childless wives.23. The blurring of working womens roles refers to the fact that .A their home is also a place for kicking backB they are both bread winners and housewivesC there is often much housework left behindD it is difficult for them to leave their office24. The word “moola” (Para. 4) most probably means .Askills BenergyCearnings Dnutrition25. The home front differs from the workplace in that .Afamily labor is often adequately rewardedBhome is hardly a cozier working environmentChousehold tasks are generally more motivatingDdivision of labor at home is seldom clear-cutText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college studentsthose who do not have a parent with a college degreelag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” an achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesisthat a relatively modest intervention could have a big impactwas based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the rules of the game, and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when colleges dont talk about the class advantages and disadvantages of different groups of students. ”Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students educational experiences, many first-generation students lack insight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students like them can improve.”26. Recruiting more first-generation students has .A reduced their dropout rates B narrowed the achievement gapC missed its original purpose D depressed college students27. The authors of the research article are optimistic because .A their findings appeal to students B the recruiting rate has increasedC the problem is solvable D their approach is costless28. The study suggests that most first-generation students .A are from single-parent families B study at private universitiesC are in need of financial support D have failed their collage29. The authors of the paper believe that first-generation students .A may lack opportunities to apply for research projectsB are inexperienced in handling their issues at college C can have a potential influence on other students D are actually indifferent to the achievement gap30. We may infer from the last paragraph that .A universities often reject the culture of the middle-classB students are usually to blame for their lack of resourcesC social class greatly helps enrich educational experiencesD colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didnt talk about energy; we didnt talk about passion.”Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”- orientedand not by coincidence. “Lets not forget sportsin male-dominated corporate America, its still a big deal. Its not explicitly conscious; its the idea that Im a coach, and youre my team, and were in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaningand, as Rakesh Khurana, another professor, points out, increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars” of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still cant have it all and books like Sheryl Sandbergs Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion”, youll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As a linguist once said, “You can get people to think its nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace thats fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your workand how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become .A less strategic B less energeticC more objective D more emotional 32. “Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to .A sports culture B gender differenceC historical incidents D athletic executives33. Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to .A revive historical terms B promote company imageC foster corporate cooperationD strengthen employee loyalty34. It can be inferred that Lean In .A voices for working womenB appeals to passionate workaholicsC triggers debates among mommiesD praises motivated employees35. Which of the following statements is true about office speak?A Linguists believe it to be nonsense. B Regular people mock it but accept it.C Companies find it to be fundamental.D Managers admire it but avoid it.Text 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the eco