英语国际音标发音标准附发音器官示意图.pdf

第 5 页 第一局部 英语国际音标发音标准 国际音标英语语音 元音 单元音 前元音 i:i e 中元音 :后元音 u:u :a:双元音 开合双元音 ei ai i u au 集中双元音 i u 辅音 爆破音 清辅音 p t k 浊辅音 b d g 摩擦音 清辅音 f s h 浊辅音 v z r 破擦音 清辅音 t tr ts 浊辅音 d dr dz 鼻音 浊辅音 m n 舌那么音 浊辅音 l(l)半元音 浊辅音 w j 第 6 页 语音知识：1)字母：语言书写形式。元音字母只有 a,e,i(y),o,u 2)音素：音最小单位。英语共 48 个音素，其中元音音素 20 个，辅音音素 28个。3)元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节主要音。4)辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节主要音。5)音节：由元音与辅音构成发音单位。apple，student，teacher，understand。6)开音节：a)辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike home due；b)辅音+元音 he，go，hi。7)闭音节：a)辅音+元音+辅音 bad，bed，sit，hot，cup；b)元音+辅音 it。8)前中后元音：根据舌位变化，元音又可分为前元音、中元音与后元音。舌位在口腔前部时候发出元音叫做前元音，舌位在口腔中部时候发出元音叫做中元音，同理，舌位后缩到口腔后部发出元音就叫做后元音。928 个辅音按发音时是否振动声带分为清辅音与浊辅音。按发音时以不同方式调动不同发音器官来分类，英语辅音又可分为爆破音、摩擦音、破擦音、鼻音、舌边音、半元音。第二局部 发音器官图及说明 发音主要分为三局部：喉部、口腔、鼻腔。A、喉部发音器官：1气管 2声带(包括声门)3会厌软骨 B、口腔发音器官：4舌：a.舌端 b.舌前部 c.舌后部 d.舌根 5硬腭 6.软腭 7上齿龈 8牙齿 9唇 l0小舌 C、鼻腔第 5 页 26 个英文字母音标表 第三局部 发 音 标 准 一、元音发音 I 单元音 发音方法描述：发音时舌尖轻抵下齿，前舌部向上腭抬起，口形扁而平。发音时间延续较长。例词：Be meat sheep secret believe 例句：I dont believe it.He feels very weak.发音方法描述：发音时舌尖抵下齿，舌前部向硬腭抬起，口形扁平，发音时间短促。例词：It big rich visit loaded business 例句：Its a very big city.I feel a bit dizzy.发音方法描述：第 6 页 舌尖抵下齿，前舌部向硬腭抬起，口形扁平，气流从口腔泄出，声带振动。发音时间短促。例词：Fed best them wedding refresh 例句：Well fed,well bred.I will never forget petty.发音方法描述：舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬，双唇开口度较大，并向两边平展，发音短促。例词：At have flat stand saturday 例句:Im glad to know that.He was born in a happy family.发音方法描述：舌身放低后缩，舌后部隆起，口形张大，全开，声带振动。发音延续较长。例词：Art fast March party advance 例句：My father has a large farm.Please park your car in the car park.发音方法描述：舌身尽量降低并收缩，舌后部抬起。双唇收圆更收小，并稍向前突。发音延续较长。例词：Saw born course thought morning 例句：They are talking about Ford.I decided to go abroad after graduation.发音方法描述：第 7 页 舌身尽量降低并后缩，舌后部抬起，口形稍收圆，开口比长元音稍大但不向前突出。发音短促。例词：Hot boss want doctor holiday 例句：Whos knocking at the door.Lost time is never found again.发音方法描述：舌身后缩，舌后部尽量抬起，口形较小较圆，较突出。发音延长。例词：Do you tooth choose June 例句：You must follow the rules of the school.Whose shoes are these 发音方法描述：舌身后缩，舌后部抬 起，口形收圆，稍微突出，比口形略放松。发音短促。例词：Book good put wood push 例句：This book is a good cook-book.Let me have a look.发音方法描述 舌身后缩至口腔中部，舌后部稍抬起，双唇较扁，开口较大。发音短促。例词：Up but does rough thunder 例句：The old man has got much money.I went to cinema just for fun.第 8 页 发音方法描述：舌位抬高，舌身后缩并放平，口形微张，双唇扁平，双唇肌肉较紧张。发音延续较长。例词：Sir her third worth early 例句：Can I help you,sir Everybody deserves good services.发音方法描述：舌身放平，舌中部抬起，口形微开，双唇扁平，双唇肌肉放松。在词首或词中发得较模糊，在词尾时应该适当延长。例词：About again teacher writer paper 例句：We ran along the river.She is a famous professor.单元音比照 i:-i eat-it seek-sick read-rid feel-fill keep-kip meal-mill e-i bet-bit bed-bid set-sit fell-fill pen-pin -e bad-bed band-bend sad-said had-head gas-guess gat-get :-court-cot short-shot port-pot lord-lot naught-not chalk-chock u:-u poor-pull food-foot fool-full 第 9 页 cool-cook tool-took shoot-should a:-dark-duck march-much lark-luck cart-cut calm-come-cat-cut hat-hut bad-bud cap-cup ran-run wan-won双元音 发音方法描述：发音由向自然滑动，滑动过程中口形从半开到半合，舌位随之抬高。例词：Eight day face gate faithful 例句：Its pay day today.Better late than never.发音方法描述：发音时由向自然滑动，滑动过程中，口形逐渐由半开到小而圆，舌位由半低到高。例词：Old so show note close 例句：Its so cold.Please close the window.发音方法描述：发音时由向 滑动，滑动过程中口形从开到合。发此音时注意把音发足。例词：Eye tie ride knife arrive 第 10 页 例句：The kite is flying in the shy.Prices are very high these days.发音方法描述：发音时由向自然滑动，滑动过程中双唇收拢收圆，口形由大到小，舌位由低到高。例词：Out how about cloud mountain 例句：I couldnt help shouting out.The milk became sour.发音方法描述：发音时由向自然滑动，但不到舌位就停顿了。滑动过程中双唇逐渐由圆变扁，口形由大到小。例词：Boy joy join enjoy spoil 例句：He likes making noise in the class.The boy is spoilt by his parents.发音方法描述：发音时由向自然滑动，滑动过程中发音较清楚，发音较弱，双唇始终半开。例词：Ear fear here clear 例句：Im living near here.Students became all ears when their professor was teaching.发音方法描述：由向自然滑动，滑动过程中，开口程度稍稍收小。例词：Air care hair share parent 例句：Their parents stood over there.We rushed there in a tearing 第 11 页 hurry.发音方法描述：发音时由向自然滑动，滑动过程中口形由收圆变为半开。例词：Poor tour sure rural cruel 例句：The poor guy was not sure what to do.The tourists are unhappy with their tour.双元音与单元音比照ei-e wait-wet say-said fade-fed late-let pain-pen u-:coal-call boat-bought woke-walk fold-ford low-law note-naught ai-a:life-laugh pike-park mike-markbike-bark like-lark kite-cart au-pound-pun town-tunnel round-run bout-but bow-bun down-dun i-:toy-tall boy-bore loyal-law oil-all coil-call joy-jawau-:loud-lord found-ford shout-short cow-call house-horse 第 12 页 now-naught 双元音比照 u-au crow-crowd load-loud hole-how know-now code-cow flow-flower ai-au by-bow find-found mice-mouse shy-shout fly-flower climb-cloud i-here-hair beer-bear fear-fair cheer-chair peer-pair dear-dare 辅音 第一节 爆破音 发音方法描述：双唇闭紧，气流突然冲开双唇，冲出口腔。是清辅音，声带不振动。是浊辅音，声带振动。例词：Pit pay proper open happy blue baby bike bride 例句：Chongqing is famous for its hot pot.Betty walked in a busy street.发音方法描述：舌尖紧抵上齿龈，形成阻 碍，然后突然分开，气流 冲出口腔。t是清辅音，声带不振动，d是浊辅 音，声带振动。第 13 页 例词：too take touch right tight do dirt card tired sudden 例句：Dont tell my teacher,Tom.David told me that Doctor Li would be his tutor this year.发音方法描述：舌后部抬起，紧贴软腭，形成阻碍。气流冲开阻碍后冲出口腔。k是清辅音，声带不振动，g是浊辅音，声带振动。例词：Kick book like dock occasion gate get egg ghost guide 例句：The book teaches us how to cook.All that glitters is not gold,第二节 爆破音比照 p-b pig-big park-bark rope-robe pull-bull cap-cab play-blame t-d tell-dell tear-dear right-ride heart-hard town-down seat-seed k-g class-glass back-bag pick-pig dock-dog coat-goat could-good 摩擦音 发音方法描述：第 14 页 下唇轻触上齿，气流由唇齿问缝隙通过，摩擦成音。f是清辅音，声带不振动，v是浊辅音，声带振动。例词：Fly far wife off laugh very village live over save 例句：There are fifteen girls in my class.Im living in a flat by the river.发音方法描述：舌尖轻触上齿背部，气流从舌齿问缝隙送出。是清辅音，声带不振动。是浊辅音，声带振动。例词：Thank think thief mouth teeth This those then that smooth 例句：You should think of it.This book is better than that.发音方法描述：舌端靠近上齿龈，气流从舌端与齿龈间通过，形成摩擦音。s是清辅音，声带不振动，z是浊辅音，声带振动。例词：So sir pencil piece dress zoo zone zero use eraser 例句:Did you see the snake in the grass Please close the window.发音方法描述：舌身抬起靠近硬腭，舌端抬向上齿龈，形成狭长通道，气流由此通过，双唇稍微收圆并略突出。是清辅音，声带不振动 第 15 页 是浊辅音，声带振动。例词：She sheep wish sure special Pleasure garage decision vision division 例句：She is a shy girl.What do you usually do in your leisure time？发音方法描述：发音时口张开，在通过声门时发出轻微摩擦，气流经过口腔时不受阻碍。h是清辅音，声带不振动。例词：He her how who ahead 例句：How are you He doesnt have any hope.发音方法描述：舌尖卷起，抬向上齿龈后部，但不发生摩擦，舌两侧稍收拢，口形略突出，气流通过时发出轻微摩擦，r是浊辅音，声带振动。例词：Right run cry bread primary 例句：Those red roses are very pretty.第 16 页 Ill attend a press conference.第四节 摩擦音比照 f-v ferry-very fan-van safe-save few-view leaf-leave fail-veil-thick-this worth-worthy bath-bathe thief-these south-southern thank-than-s thing-sing thin-sin thought-sought thank-sank both-boss faith-face s-z rice-rise sink-zinc race-raise sip-zip place-please face-faze -s she-see shed-said show-sew shame-same sheep-seek shy-sign r-l(摩擦音与舌边音比照)read-lead rice-lice arrive-alive right-light red-led rate-late-d(摩擦音与爆破音比照)there-dare than-dam thus-dose they-day then-den that-dad 第 17 页 第五节 破擦音 发音方法描述：舌尖舌端抬高，贴住上齿龈后部形成阻碍，气流冲出阻碍摩擦成音。口形稍突出，略成方形。是清辅音，声带不振动，是 浊辅音，声带振动。例词：Child check teach catch Job page just judge 例句：Children always like chicken and French fries.Just have fun.发音方法描述：舌身与tr相似，舌尖向上卷起，并抵住上齿龈后部，气流冲出舌尖与齿龈之问阻碍，双唇收圆，稍向前突出。tr是清辅音，声带不振动，dr是浊辅音，声带振动。例词：Try tree true track Dry dream drive 例句：You should have another try.Let it drip dry.发音方法描述：舌端贴住上齿龈，形成阻碍，气流冲破阻碍，口形扁平。ts是清辅音，声带不振动，dz是浊辅音，声带振动。例词：第 18 页 pets coats gets tests points roads seeds reads lands 例句：She wants to buy some dates.Will your friends join us 第六节 破擦音比照 t-d cheap-jeep chin-gin church-judge choice-joy choke-joke search-surge tr-t train-chain trunk-chunk trip-chip treat-cheat trees-cheese truth-choose dr-d drug-jug dressed-jest drudge-judge drain-jane draw-jaw drew-june t-ts search-suits teach-treats catch-cats watch-whats each-eats inch-its ts-dz seats-seeds bats-beds carts-cards pets-pads coats-codes bits-bids 第七节 鼻音 发音方法描述：第 19 页 双唇紧闭，软腭下垂，气流从鼻腔送出。在词末时，须略延长，以防止吞音。例词：Me my come tomorrow farm 例句：Poets like to write poems about the moon.He is a handsome boy.发音方法描述：舌尖紧贴上齿龈，软腭下垂，形成阻碍，气流由鼻腔送出。在词末时，须略延长，以防止吞音。例词：Need name know skin strange 例句：This is a nice tune.I spent nine nights in writing the paper.发方法描述：软腭下垂，舌后部向软腭抬起，堵住口腔通道，气流从鼻腔送出。词末时发音清晰有力，略微延长。例词：Bank song singing longer English 例句：Shes good at singing English songs.I need a long string.第八节 舌边音 第 20 页 发音方法描述：元音前读清晰，舌端抵上齿龈，气流从舌一侧或两侧泄出；辅音前或词末发模糊，舌端也抵上齿龈，但是与清晰音相比，舌前部低，舌后部高，发音略长。例词：Late like long low close All sell pull little kettle 例句：Lily likes wearing long hair.Sue is a bright little girl.第九节 鼻音、舌边音比照 n-l net-let know-low need-lead nine-line night-light snow-slow n-sin-sing than-thank son-song thin-thing tin-ting win-wing n-m now-mow noon-moon son-some ton-Tom thin-theme tine-time 第十节 半元音 发音方法描述：舌后部向软腭抬起，舌位高，口形收圆并稍向前突出，发音第 21 页 短促，一经发出，立刻向后面元音滑动，起辅音作用。例词：We week want where whether 例句：The weather is getting warm.Would you like to tell me the way to the railway station？发音方法描述：舌前部尽量向硬腭抬 起，双唇平展，口微 开，舌面与硬腭稍有摩擦，该半元音一经发出，立刻向后面元音滑动，起辅音作用。例词：Yes you young yak year 例句：略 第十一节 半元音与其它音比照 w-v wise-vise went-vent wire-via worse-verse wane-vain wine-vine w-:/water-alter waltz-ought wolf-off wall-all water-order want-on j-d 第 22 页 yet-jet yam-jam yoke-joke young-jump yes-jets yard-jar j-i/i:year-ear yeast-east yearn-in yet-it Yale-ill yes-is读音规那么 元音字母a,e,i,o,u在重读音节中一般读音规那么 a e i o u 重读开音节：ei i:ai u ju:u:重读闭音节：e i u 注意：除了符合读音规那么词以外，还有一些词是例外，需要逐个记忆。重读开音节：一个辅音加e结尾单词,元音字母a,e,i,o,u 经常发长音 如:cake theme bike close consume 重读闭音节：元音字母a,e,i,o,u 经常发短音 如:have bed sit love bus 常见字母组合在单词中读音：是由两个字母搭配而成一种固定组合 1.两个辅音字母在一起，通常只发其中一个辅音字母音。两个一样或不同辅音字母在一起时，只发其中一个辅音字母音。如：wright know sign bomb 如：letter copper class ladder 另外：两个辅音字母在一起时，两个辅音字母也可都发音。如：itself soft accept almost 2.两个元音字母在一起，通常只发其中一个元音字母根本音。两个元音字母在一起时，发第一或第二个元音字母根本音。如：boat people soul sea 如：great believe height 3.字母c在e,i,y前边读 s，其他读作 k。如：cell centre city cinema cycle cynic 其他：cat cake call 4.字母g在e,i,y前边读 d ，其他读作 g。如：age agent 第 23 页 giant gin gym technology 其他：good get 5.s后清辅音 k p t 要浊化为 g b d 音。如：sky skill stop student space sport 6.字母组合ai一般发 ei e i 音。如：ei straight e said i Britain mountain 7.字母组合er发长音 :与短音 两种情况：在重读音节中er一般发长音 :在弱读音节中一般发短音 如：:person prefer thermos father teacher letter 8.字母组合ea发 i i:e 音。如:i real really idea i:tea beat heat e bread head spread 9.字母组合or发 :与 :两种音。如：:horse nor corn :worse worst work world forget tutor 10.字母组合ou常发 au 如:au loud count house double trouble country enough 在ght前发 :fought thought bought 少数情况发 u could would should 特例：au south 与 southern 11.字母组合tion有两种发音t n,n 如:t n question n situation nation invitation 12.有些单词中某些字母不发音 第 24 页 如：hour climb build grandpa Christmas know listen 失音规那么：某一个或者几个音脱落，把单词短语与句子快速连缀成串。单词间失音有四种类型：1.前一词以“持续音t d结尾，后一词以辅音开头，那么其中t d失音有：st+辅音 ft+辅音 xt+辅音 ld+辅音 zd+辅音 td+辅音 wt+辅音 md+辅音 nd+辅音 nt+辅音 lt+辅音 vd+辅音 如：last class next day bend back settled there refused both 2.前一词以破音/擦音+t d完毕，后一词以辅音开头，那么其中t d失音。pt+辅音 tft+辅音 kt+辅音如完结于skt那么脱k而不是t bd+辅音 gd+辅音 dvd+辅音 vd+辅音 如：kept quiet swept valley rubbed gently 注：后一词如始于h那么td很少脱落如：kept her waiting 3.动词否认结尾缩写形式 nt 中t失音,无论后一词以元音还是辅音开头。如：You mustnt lose it.Doesnt she know He wouldnt overeat.4.前一词以t 完毕，后一词以t 或d开头，那么前面t往往失音。如：Ive got to go.What do you want 不完全爆破 实质上也存在不发音现象:如果前面单词结尾与后面单词开头是两个或者同一个破擦音(p b t d k g)那么前一音保存口型与发音时间却并不发音。但是听者能感到这个音存在。如:cut down step down slab glass stick to jump pass get cracking break down think back take care let go get back step by step 派生词重音与词根一致 如：like act possible dislike active impossible 前缀：a-,ab-,ac-,ad-,al-,de-,dis-,em-,en-,in-,mis-,pre-,re-,trans-,un-第 25 页 重音一般在第二个音节 如：aback decide indeed unable 带后缀-ary,-ery,-ory,-ize,-ism,-ist,-ment,-mony词重音一般在第一个音节 如：additory acidize acrimony 带后缀-aim,-ain,-cur,-duce,-eem,-ere,-firm,-gn,-lt,-oin,-oke,-ose,-pt,-rce,-self,-ume 词重音一般在第二个音节 如：herself abduce confirm 带后缀-ade,-ain,-ee,-eer,-esque,-ete,-ine,-ique,-oon词重音一般在最后一个音节 如：abrade antique aeromarine 带后缀-eous,-ian,-ic,-ics,-ious,-ish,-it,-liar,-sion,-tal,-tion词重音一般在倒数第二个音节 如：familiar condition abolish 有些复合词,重音在第一个音节上 如：anyone breakfast daybreak 多音节词一般重读倒数第三音节 如：capacity opportunity possibility 词性变化时,重读音节会变化 名词、形容词一般在第一个音节上重读。动词一般在第二个音节上重读 如：(n.)contrast desert object produce (v.)contrast desert object produce 特殊读音 1音连读：前面词以元辅音结尾，后面单词以元音开头，这样结尾辅音要与开头元音连读。not at all，half an hour，I love you and all、after all。2失去爆破：辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟是爆破音、破擦音与摩擦等，前面辅音要失去爆破。good girl，good student，good job，expression，school，extreme。3音同化：两个特殊音碰到一起，会发出变异成特殊音。Would you do it I am glad to meet you、Cant you see it last year，this year。