高考英语语法查缺补漏讲义.pdf

高考英语语法查缺补漏讲义 第一部分：动词家族 一、动词的分类：1.实意动词(也叫行为动词)如，look vi.see vt.(1)有使役动词，如 get,have,ask (2)使动词，如 surprise (3)感官动词，如 see hear notice 2.助动词：do does did is am are was were will would have has had 3.系动词：is am are was were get become turn grow go keep stay remain look taste smell sound feel 4.情态动词：can could may might must should ought to 二、谓语动词与非谓语动词：1.行为动词都有 7 种形式：（1）do 动词原形 （2）does 动词三人称单数 （3）did 动词过去式 （4）done 动词的过去分词 （5）doing 动词的现在分词 （6）doing 动名词 （7）to do 动词不定式 2.什么是谓语？时态公式包括主动和被动都是谓语，共 16 种；情态动词+动词原形也是谓语 注意：只要看到 am is are was were 都是谓语 3.什么是非谓语？不是完整的时态公式的动词是非谓，如：doing/being done/having done done to do/to be done/to be doing/to have done/to have been done 4.谓语的意义：（1）谓语是句子的心脏，有谓语才叫句子。（2）谓语的数量就是句子的数量。（3）谓语一定是动词。三、什么是简单句？简单句的五种基本句型：1.主语+谓语 2.主语+谓语+宾语 3.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语 4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 5.主语+系动词+表语 练习：找出句子中的谓语 1.They are working on the farm now.2.Seeing is believing.3.All of us like him very much.4.She became a doctor in 1998.5.The books lying on the floor are mine.6.Suddenly it begins to rain.7.To catch the train,I got up early yesterday.8.I always find her happy.9.He wonders if I still study English.10.The letter which I received the day before yesterday was from a friend of mine.11.We always work hard at English.12.He said he didnt come.13.They love each other.14.What did you buy?15.She watched her daughter playing the piano.16.Your job today is to help the old.17.Speaking doesnt mean doing.18.By the time I got to the station,the train had left.19.The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage.20.It takes me an hour to get there.21.Go back where you came from.22.We must do whatever the people want us to do.重要概念：1.介词短语和副词一定不能作主语和宾语。2.只有动词才能做谓语。3.冠词后面要有名词，这个名词前面可以有形容词。a/the book a/the interesting book 4.形容词修饰名词，做定语。（口诀：形修名）5.副词修饰动词、形容词和另一副词，做状语。（口诀：副修动、副修形、副修副）6.长的句子要先数清楚谓语的个数，然后找连词。有 5 个连词就说明要有 6 个句子。句子比连词多一个。7.英语的词类有 10 种：名、动、形、副、数、代、介、连、冠、感叹词。8.英语的句子成分有 8 种：主、谓、宾、定、状、补、表语、同位语 9.动词是唯一的一个可以担任全部八种句子成分的词。10.代词就是代替名词的词类。语法基本与名词一样。第二部分：定语、补语、同位语、表语 定语：先找到名词或者代词，在它们的前后常有定语。this/that those/these his/my Toms beautiful three smiling praised 练习：1.We have a two-day weekend,so we have more spare time.2.The handsome young man speaking at the meeting now is the new chairman of our department.3.China is a developing country in the east;America is a developed country in the west.4.There are thirty women teachers in our school.5.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.6.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.7.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.补语：在宾语后面，补充说明宾语就是宾语补足语。通常在感官动词后或使役动词后。1.感官动词 He will find the girl 主 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 2.使役动词 He will ask/tell/order/get the girl to work 12 hours a day.(带 to 的不定式)He will have/make/let the girl work 12 hours a day.(省 to 不定式)He raised his voice to make himself heard.He will have/get the machine repaired tomorrow.练习：1.He told us to leave here,for he would have his hair cut.2.His father named him Tom.3.They painted their boat white.4.He can make me happy.5.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.6.We noticed everything in the lab in good order.7.He made himself understood by giving vivid examples.8.The boy broke the precious vase,so his mum had him working in the garden the whole morning.9.I will have your son write a report about the accident.同位语：在名词或代词后，与这个名词或代词是同一个人或物的单词或者短语都是同位语。Tom,my good friend,will help me tomorrow.Beijing,the capital of China,is a big city.I have finished reading a book,Gone with the Wind.We all like him.I will do it myself.表语：系动词后面的单词，短语或句子都是表语。1.The flowers in the garden smell sweet.2.Our campus becomes very beautiful in spring.3.The leaves of the trees turn green in spring every year.4.Our plan is to have picnic this weekend.5.The students got very excited watching the football game.6.Our suggestion is that you give up smoking for the sake of your health.7.The girl went blind when she was 21 years old.important/interesting/else here/there/upstairs/downstairs now/then/today/yesterday/tomorrow under the tree smiling by the sea praised in class yesterday to attend the meeting tomorrow that you planted yesterday.who want to see the movie.everything girl sons trees work one those car(1)smiling behind him.现在分词短语，表示正在做(2)killed in the room yesterday.过去分词，表示被动(3)steal money from home.省 to 不定式，表示已做完或常做(4)honest.形容词，表示宾语的状态(5)upstairs.副词，表示宾语的位置或状态(6)in the box.介词短语，表示宾语的位置(7)a spy.名词，表示宾语的身份 高考英语所有的连词 1.as soon as 2.=the moment=the minute 3.=the second=the instant=the while 4.=immediately=instantly=directly 5.hardly/scarcely/barelywhen 6.=no sooner than 7.once 8.every time=each time=any time 9.by the time 10.the first/second time 11.the last time 12.next time 13.when 14.while 15.as 16.until 17.not.until 18.after 19.before 20.if 21.unless=if.not.22.whether 23.whether or not 24.where 25.because 26.in that 27.now that 28.since 29.for 30.so.that.=such.that.31.in order that=so that 32.than 33.as if=as though 34.the way 35.if only 36.only if 37.though=although 38.even if=even though 39.so long as=as long as=on condition that 40.provided=providing 41.suppose=supposing 42.seeing 43.considering 44.in case 45.what 46.which 47.who 48.whose 49.why 50.how 51.how long 52.how soon 53.how often 54.how old 55.how many 56.how much 57.how far 58.for fear that 59.however 60.however many 61.however much 62.whoever 63.whatever 64.whichever 65.wherever 66.whenever 67.no matter how 68.no matter who 69.no matter what 70.no matter where 71.no matter when 72.no matter which 73.no matter how many 74.no matter how much 75.and 76.both.and.77.but 78.or 79.not only.but also.80.not.but.81.neither.nor.82.either.or.高考英语所有的连词 as soon as=the moment=the minute =the second=the instant=the while =immediately=instantly=directly (一.就.)hardly/scarcely/barelywhen=no sooner than 一就;once(一旦.就.);every time=each time=any time(每次.);by the time(在.之前;截止到.时为止）；the first/second time(当第一/二次.的时候）;the last time(当上次/最后一次.的时候.);next time(当下次.的时候.);when(1.当.时 2.既然.3.什么时候);while(1.在.期间.2.虽然.3.然而.);as(1.一边.一边.;随着.;正当.2.因为/既然.3.按照.的方式 4.像.一样.5.虽然.；尽管.6.正如.);until(直到.);not.until(直到.才.);after(在.之后);before(1.在.之前 2.没了来得及.就.3.过了.才.4.趁.还没.);if(1.是否.2.如果.);unless=if.not.(除非.;如果不.);whether(是否；无论);whether or not 无论 where(1.在哪里；2.在.的地方);because(因为);in that(因为；在于.);now that(既然.);since(1.=now that 既然.2.自从.);for(因为);so(所以);so.that.=such.that.(如此.以至于.);in order that=so that(如此.以至于.);than(比.);as if=as though(仿佛，好像);the way(按照.的方式);if only(要是.就好了）;only if（只要.）;though=although(尽管.);even if=even though(即使.;就算.);so long as=as long as=on condition that (只要.）;provided=providing(如果.;只要.);suppose=supposing (如果.);seeing(因为，鉴于.);considering(因为，鉴于.;考虑到.);in case(万一，以防）;what（1.什么 2.多么 3.所.的.);which(1.哪一个 2.=that 用于定语从句);who(1.谁.2.=that 用于定语从句）;whose(1.谁的；2.=of which 或=of whom.的.);why(1.为什么 2.=介词+which 用于定从);how(1.怎么.2.多么.);how long(多长时间；多长);how soon(多久以后);how often(多长时间一次）;how old(多大岁数）;how many(多少);how much(多少);how far(多远）;for fear that（唯恐；以免）;however（1.无论怎么.2.无论多么.);however many(无论多少);however much(无论多少);whoever(无论谁.；凡是的人);whatever(无论什么；凡是的事)whichever(无论哪一个.);wherever(无论哪里);whenever(无论何时);no matter how（1.无论怎么.2.无论多么.);no matter who(无论谁.);no matter what(无论什么，凡是的事)no matter where(无论哪里);no matter when(无论何时);no matter which(无论哪一个.);no matter how many(无论多少);no matter how much(无论多少);and(和.);both.and.(.和.;既又)but(但是.);or(或者.;还是.);not only.but also.(不但.而且.);not.but.(不是.而是.);neither.nor.(既不.也不.);either.or.(或者.或者.;不是.就是.);高考英语所有的介词 1.about 2.above 3.across 4.after 5.against 6.along 7.among 8.between 9.round/around 10.as 11.before 12.behind 13.below 14.beneath 15.beside 16.besides 17.but 18.beyond 19.by 20.of 21.off 22.during 23.down 24.up 25.except 26.for 27.from 28.in 29.like 30.unlike 31.near 32.on 33.opposite 34.at 35.over 36.past 37.since 38.through 39.throughout 40.till/until 41.to 42.towards 43.with 44.without 45.via 合成介词:46.inside 47.into 48.onto 49.out of 50.outside 51.upon 52.within 53.without 短语介词:54.according to 55.because of 56.due to 57.instead of 58.owing to 59.thanks to 60.next to 61.up to 双重介词:62.but for 63.except for 64.from among 65.from behind 66.from under 67.in between 高考英语所有的介词 about（1.大约 2.关于）;above（在 之上；高于）;across（1.横过 2.在 对面）;after（在 之后）;against（1.反对 2.顶着，靠着 3.衬着）;along（沿着，顺着）;among（在多个当中；属于.同类）；between（在；两个之中）;round/around（1.在 周围；围绕着 2.大约）；as（1.像 一样 2.作为.）；before(在之前)behind（在.后面）;below（在下面；低于）;beneath (在下面)beside(在 旁边);besides（除 之外还有）;but(除 之外);beyond（1.超出 的范围 2.在 之后）;by（1.在 的旁边 2.被 3.通过 方式 4.截止到;在 时间之前）;of（的）;off (1.关掉 2.脱离);during（在 期间）;down（向下）;up（向上）；except（除 之外）;for（1.为了 2.对于 来说 3.因为）;from（从）;in（在 里面）;like（像）;unlike(不像);near（在 附近）;on（在 上）;opposite（1.在 的对面 2.与 相反）;at（在）;over (1.越过 2.超过，多于);past（超过，路过）;since(自从);through(穿过，通过);throughout 贯穿，遍及；till/until（直到）;to（1.到 2.对于）;towards(1.朝，向 2.对于);with（1.具有 2.对于 3.用 4.在 的情况下 5.因为）;without 没有，离开了 via（1.通过某人/某物 2.途经）;合成介词:inside（在里面）;into（进入里面）;onto（到 的上面）;out of（从 出来）;outside（在 外面）;upon（在 之上）;within（在范围内；不超过 的范围）;without（没有，离开了人/物）短语介词:according to（根据）;because of（由于）;due to（因为，由于）;instead of（代替，而不是）;owing to（由于）;thanks to（因为，由于）;next to（仅次于;在 旁边）;up to (多达)双重介词:but for 倘没有，要不是;except for 除.外;from among 从.中间 from behind 从.后面;from under 从下面;in between 在中间，在.期间，在两个之间;第三部分：英语的强调句：一、强调句的陈述句：It is/was+强调部分+that+剩余部分.先看一个普通句子：The woman met the boy in the street last week.变强调句：1.It was in the street that the woman met the boy last week.2.It was last week that the woman met the boy in the street.3.It was the boy that the woman met in the street last week.注意：强调句一定不能强调“谓语”，谓语必须用“do/does/did+动词原形”来强调。例如：He loves music.强调谓语：He does love music.I live here.强调谓语：I do live here.She watched a film yesterday.强调谓语：She did watch a film yesterday.二、强调句的一般疑问句：Is/Was it+强调部分+that+剩余部分?变强调句：Was it the woman that met the boy in the street last week?三、强调句的特殊疑问句：强调部分（特殊疑问词，如 when/where）is/was it that+剩余部分？变强调句：Where was it that the woman met the boy last week?Who was it that the woman met in the street last week?四、含情态动词的强调句：It must/cant be+被强调部分+that+剩余部分。变强调句：It must be in the street that the woman met the boy last week.It cant be the boy that the woman met in the street last week.五、含“not until”的强调句：It is/was not until 短语或从句+that+剩余部分.陈述句：I didnt recognize him until he took off his glasses.强调句：It was not until he took off his glasses that I recognized him.陈述句：I didnt realize my mistake until last week.强调句：It was not until last week that I realized my mistake.六、含有各种状语从句的强调句：连词有 after,before,when,where,because 等 例如 1：My father bought me a car after I graduated from college.强调句：It was after I graduated from college that my father bought me a car.例如 2：I found the key where you planted the trees yesterday.强调句：It was where you planted the trees yesterday that I found the key.例如 3：He wants to marry you because you are beautiful.强调句：It is because you are beautiful that he wants to marry you.例如 4：He wants to marry you,not only because you are beautiful,but also because you are clever.强调句：It is not only because you are beautiful,but also because you are clever that he wants to marry you.练习：用强调句翻译句子 1.正是在你昨天读报纸的时候她来过了。2.究竟是谁告诉你这个消息的？3.你到底什么时候要来看我？4.直到我上周在医院遇到他才知道他妹妹生病一个月了。第四部分：leave 除了作“离开”解以外，还有以下几种特殊用法 一、作“留下”、“丢下”、“落下”，常表示某物落在/忘在某地。如:Youd better leave your address and telephone number.你最好留下你的地址和电话号码。Better take off your shoes and leave them outside.最好把鞋脱掉,放在外面。I left my key in the reading room.我把钥匙忘在阅览室了。二、表示“留给”、“交给”，一般与介词 with 或 to 搭配。如:Leave it with/to me and Ill see what I can do.把它交给我,我就知道该怎么办。He has left a number of books to me.他把好些书都留给了我。We didnt find him so I left a message with his neighbours.三、leave 的复合结构：leave 作使役动词,表示使/让保持某种状态。1.用现在分词作宾语补足语 They walked off and left me sitting there alone.他们走开了,让我一个人坐在那儿。Dont leave the water running when you brush your teeth.刷牙的时候不要让水一直流着。2.用过去分词作宾语补足语 Did you leave the doors and windows properly fastened?你把门窗关好了吗?He left a few questions unanswered.他还有些问题没有作答。3.用不定式作宾语补足语 Leave him to do it himself.让他自个儿去做。They killed the bison,cut off the skins and left the bodies to rot.他们把野牛杀死剥皮，尸体就任其腐烂。4.用形容词作宾语补足语 Leave the door open when you go out.出去时，不要关门。His illness left him very weak.他生病以后，身体很虚弱。I am tired and disappointed.Please leave me alone.5.用副词作宾语补足语 Please leave your baby here,and I will take care of him.6.介词短语等作宾语补足语 He rushed to work,leaving his bag on the table.他匆忙去上班了，把包落在桌子上。Dont leave the dog in the room when you go to the cinema.7.用名词作宾语补足语 His parents both died last year,leaving him an orphan.他父母去年双双去世,留下他成为一个孤儿。四、leave 的过去分词 left，常用作后置定语，表示“剩下的”。如:Ive got two tickets left for tonights film.今晚的电影票我有多余的两张。Is there any water left in the bottle?瓶子里还有水吗?注意:remaining 也可表示“剩余的”，它则只能作前置定语。请看 99 年上海高考试题:看一道题：The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the_.A.20 dollars remained B.20 dollars to remain C.remained 20 dollars D.remaining 20 dollars 五、leave 还可作名词，表示“休假”、“假期”。如:I have 3 weeks leave.我有三个星期休假。My best friend,Joan is spending her leave in Beijing.我最好的朋友琼正在北京度假。He asked his teacher for sick leave.他向老师请病假。第五部分：状语从句的梳理 专题一、as 的用法总结 1.We talked as we were walking.一边.一边.2.Just as he got off the bus,he saw his old friend Tom.正当.的时候 3.As time went by,the children grew up.随着.4.Do it as I told you yesterday.按照.的方法 5.He runs as fast as a horse.像.一样 6.We can stay here as it begins to rain.因为 7.Young as he is,he knows a lot.虽然 8.As we all know,the earth turns around the sun.As is reported,he got married last year.As we hoped,he won the game.正如.专题二、固定句型 1.On her retirement,she went travelling in Europe.On hearing the news,she got excited.2.at the sight of sth 一看到 at the sound/voice/noise of sth 一听到 at the thought/idea of sth 一想到 at the news of sth 一听到 的消息 At the thought of the party,everyone felt excited.At the news of his promotion,he jumped with joy.3.Immediately he came,I told him the news.I will come instantly you call.Directly I received her letter,I rushed to the hospital.4.the moment=the minute=the second=the instant=the while=as soon as (时态和用法完全一样)I fell in love with Hainan the instant I saw it.Tell me the moment you get the results.The second I saw him,I knew there was no hope.5.hardly/scarcely/barelywhen=no sooner than.He had hardly spoken out the words when he saw his son.I had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked.6.当 hardly,scarcely,barely,no sooner 位于句首时,要用倒装语序。No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.Hardly had he finished when she rose to ask him a question.注意：三个相关的固定句式：7.sb.was doing sth when(suddenly)sth happened.当时正在做某事这时(突然)某事发生了 8.sb.was about to do sth when sth happened.=was on the point of doing sth when sth happened.当时正要做某事这时某事发生了 9.sb.had(just)done sth when sth happened.当时刚做完第一件事这时第二件事发生了 专题三、高中英语状语从句翻译练习 1.I wont call you unless something unexpected happens.2.Leave your key with her in case you lost yours.3.I will call you once I get news.4.Whatever the weather is like tomorrow,we will set leave.5.John thinks it wont be long before he finds a new job.6.He found it increasingly difficult to read,for his eyesight was beginning to fail.7.Youd better not leave the medicine where kids can get it.8.Whatever happens,we shall not lose heart.9.Parents dont mind what job I do as long