矿山测量在地下水利建设的改进毕业论文外文翻译.pdf

外文文献 IMPROVEMENTS INMINESURVEY I NGIN UNDERROUND HYDROTECHNICALCON STRUCTION V.A.Zhilkin UDC 528.514:627.8 The construction of underground structures for hydropower and hydro technical projects is a very complex type of work.For major high-head hydropower schemes,the underground works,unlike those for transportation,are characterized by very complex arrangements with different shapes and overall dimensions,and are set at different elevations and angles relative to one another.The group of underground structures for a high-head hydroelectric station are presented in Fig.i.Improvements to and application of new construction technology for underground hydropower and hydro technical structures,necessitate raising the organizational standard of mine surveying work,which is a component of all the technological processes.They require a higher accuracy compared to other work carried out in hydro technical construction.At the present stage of development of underground hydropower construction,the complexity of execution,and the volume of mine surveying work are increasing,and the times allotted for their completion are diminishing.As a result,there arises the necessity for further development and improvement in mine-surveying methods and in means of measurement in underground hydro technical construction.The object of the principal mine-surveying work,both surface and underground,is to ensure concurrent execution of the whole complex of rock tunneling activities within a single mathematical link-up and system of coordinates and elevations,for all structures of the hydropower project with different grouping systems.Lay-out and surveying work is a complex and laborious part of mine-surveying measurements and calculations,because underground hydro technical structures have complicated mathematical configurations.Divergent and convergent zones,inclined headrace and tailrace tunnels,emergency spillways with varying slopes and cross sections,bell mouthed zones of fan shaped profile,etc.Carefully prepared mine-surveying documentation establishes the standards for the completed underground hydraulic structure.It is capable of solving any technical questions in practice,which may arise during operation or reconstruction of under-ground structures.On underground hydro technical-construction projects,mine surveying is carried out in accordance with Manual VSN-160-69,which was brought into use on projects of underground hydropower construction by order of the Minister for Power and Electrification of the USSR,No.145,dated Sept.3,1971.In the construction of underground hydraulic structures,raising the accuracy of mine surveying and the productivity of labor in its execution,also the standard of the work carried out,depend in large measure on the refinement of the optical devices and instruments used.The most common procedure in mine-surveying work in building underground hydraulic structures is linear measurement,it is,therefore,very important to standardize this work,using highly accurate instruments.Instruments used for measuring distances are numerous and of different designs.In this category are various Invar wires,tapes,phase-type range finders,equipment for a short-based parallax method of measuring distances e.g.,2 m long,highly accurate Invar staffs with end marks.Of the phase-type range finders,we use the mine-surveying photoelemeter MSD-Im,which guarantees measurement of distances up to 500 m with a standard deviation of(5-10-6D).It is used for laying out the underground survey transverses.The devices use d for linear measurements may also take the form of optical attachments placed on standard mine-surveying instruments.Special marks and rods may serve as the objects for sighting.Falling into this category are:the differential range finders DD-5 and DNR-06,which are used to make tachometric surveys when finishing excavation cuts at portals and shaft platforms.Recently,on projects of the State Trust for Construction of Special Hydraulic Structures(Gidrospetsstrol),basic reducing tachometers BRT-006 have begun to be used,and the accuracy of work and the output of mine surveyors have improved.Fig.i.Schematic arrangement of the underground structures for the Nortek hydroelectric station,I)Hydroelectric-station building;2)ist stage conduits;3)2nd stage conduits;4)permanent headrace tunnels;5)transport tunnel No.3;6)intermediate headrace tunnel;7)transport tunnel;8)emergency spillway with surface intake;9)transport tunnel;i0)loading tunnel;ll)emergency tunnel with submerged intake;12)3rd horizon construction tunnel;13)transport tunnel No.i;14)2nd horizon construction tunnel;15)ist horizon construction tunnel;16)per permanent water intakes.In underground excavations,for measuring and setting out horizontal and vertical angles,and for determining directions,optical theologizes of varying accuracy are being used.Modern theologizes are complex optical instruments which enable readings to be made with a single microscope;this is common to both circles and located alongside the telescope,an important factor for underground work.The theologizes of latest manufacture are fitted with high-quality short-length telescopes,which can be turned through the zenith with either end,which is of special value under the restricted conditions encountered underground(Table i).Highly accurate theologizes TEO-010,TI,and T2 guarantee measurement of angles with a SD of They are used for establishing the underground mine-surveying datum.Theologizes T5,Tusk,T5v,TI5,T30,and OMT30 guarantee measurement of angles with a SD of they fall into the engineering category,and are used for laying out and surveying underground.Industry has now commenced putting out new angle-measuring instruments with improved technical and operational characteristics,viz.,2T2,2T5k,2T5,2TlSk,which are being introduced on projects in the USSR.It can now be concluded that angle-measuring instruments being used in mine surveying work meet the current level of underground hydro technical construction.Use is made of levels of various designs and accuracies in establishing datums for levels in mine surveying,in carrying out underground leveling work,and in setting out the design slopes for tying-ln levels for underground setting out and surveying.In recent years,levels NI,N2,NS3,N3,and NS4(Table 2)are being used in underground hydro technical construction.The use of optical compensators instead of spirit levels on leveling instruments has raised the output of underground work.In establishing orientation points for shafts and dictums for underground mine-surveying the directional angles are determined by gyroscopic theologies with automatic tracking,type GI-B2mmanufactured in Hungary.Consequent with the increase in shaft depths at high-head hydropower schemes,when constructing very long diversion tunnels the geometric methods formerly used for establishing orienting points do not produce the required accuracy for mine-surveying work.The way out of the situation was to adopt a physical method of establishing orientation points,using gyroscopic theologizes.In practice,gyrotheologizes ensure determination of bearings with a SD of to 12.In transferring elevations into shafts and to benchmarks for the underground mine-surveying datum system,automatic range finders types DA-2 are used.The transfer of a b e n c h m a r k is carried out twice.The discrepancy between the two values in practice does not exceed Ah=(0.01+0.0002H),where is the depth of the shaft,m.In transferring coordinates into shafts,for establishing the underground mine-surveying datum system so as to provide for headings to be driven to connections,optical devices of the precision-zenith-planned(PZL)type are used,which give a vertical projection.Verticality of the line-of-sight is ensured with a prism compensator attached to a pendulum.The accuracy of vertical projection with a PZL is expressed by A=0.27+O.0141H,and in practice the error per I00 m of height amounts to A=1.68 mm.The use of vertical-projection instruments for transferring coordinates into shafts,in combination with a gyroscopic establishment of orientation points for the underground mine-surveying datum system,is a promising new trend.The transfer of coordinates is effected by the following method(Fig.2):A traverse mark i is fastened to the floor of the shaft;a zenith plummet PZL 2 is placed over the mark;in the line of the vertical optical beam 3,a screen 4 is mounted over the shaft well;the position of the vertical optical beam is marked on the screen,giving point 5,which corresponds to the position of the traverse mark 1.The coordinates for point 5 are obtained from the geodetic-datum surface marks.The coordinates of point 1 are adopted as being equal to those for point 5.The point obtained on the screen and its coordinates serve as the base for determining the coordinates of all other marks of the underground mine-surveying datum system.Establishment of orientation points on the line of an underground traverse 6 is carried out by a gyrotheodolite set up at point I.The establishment of orientation points along two plumb lines in a shaft well is carried out in a similar manner.In constructing the hydraulic tunnel,48.4 cm long,for transferring the flow of the Arpad River into Lake Seven,location of the orientation points for shafts up to 665 m deep,and establishment of the underground mine-surveying datum for horizontal and vertical lay-outs,in accordance with a special program,using gyroscopic theologies,automatic range finders DA-2,highly accurate theologizes and levels,and calibrated types,made it possible to drive very long headings to connections,with a high accuracy(Table 3).A tunnel of this length,with driven headings to connections(holding outs)up to 9 km long,has been constructed for the first time in the tunnel construction practice of both the Soviet Union and abroad.The method used in mine-surveying work,employing the optical technology described,has ensured the accurate driving of headings to connections,in tunnels of various lengths and in other hydraulic structures,for the Toktogul,Charka,Nortek,Vilyui,Karnataka,Kapchagai,Ust-llim,and Sayano-Shushenskoe hydroelectric stations and other similar projects.Mine surveyors control underground excavations strictly along the design axis or along direction lines displaced parallel thereto,which are carried across from reference points in the underground mine-surveying datum system.Subsequent control of headings is effected by directional illuminated indicators,laser indicators,and special illuminated marks.In tunnels constructed with heading machines,the visual control system has found the widest application;for this,information readings on the movement of the heading machines are made visually from screens or scales.Light-projection control systems,with a screen on the tunnel-drlving equipment,constituted the first step in the improvement of methods of mine-surveying control.In these systems the light emitter is installed in the tunnel and the screen with a coordinate grid is fixed to the tunnel-delving equipment.Falling into this category are illuminated direction indicators of type UNS-2,which are currently being used by Gidrospetsstrol in conjunctions with tunnel-driving equipment,in the construction of the Tanagra hydraulic tunnel in Tadzhikistan SSR.Last year,the Soviet Union was making a routine effort to develop a laser device for use with tunnel-driving equipment.A trial model was developed and is being operated in the Tanagra hydraulic tunnel,now under construction.Work on the development of laser devices for controlling tunnel-driving machines should be continued,because a serial production of such devices meeting the requirements and conditions of underground hydro technical construction has not been organized.This work should be conducted in two stages.First,laser devices should be developed with a visual method of recording the position of the laser beam;second,a photoelectric method for recording the position of the laser beam.Construction of high structures by the slip-form method is used widely on hydropower construction projects.This progressive method,which sharply increases the industrial capacity of the construction work,is being introduced also in placing the lining of vertical underground hydro technical structures.With this method,mine-surveying work is carried out in accordance with a program and methodology which is widely adopted by the Soviet Union in building high smoke stacks and cooling towers for thermal and nuclear-electric power plants.This method is based essentially on the use of preclusion-type optical zenith plummets which guarantee vertical projection with an accuracy of mm per i00 m of structure height.Extensive mine-surveying work is involved in the course of carrying out underground rock excavation.In mine surveying,measurement of distances is the most laborious operation and,in some situations,direct measurement of length is impossible.Therefore,it is very important to use mine-surveying instruments with range flinders which have their base incorporated in the instrument.Such instruments exclude use of the raising mechanisms employed for mine surveying in underground excavation.As distinct from mine surveying for underground construction for various other purposes,it is necessary,in driving tunnels and excavating for underground hydraulic structures,to carry out such surveys to a greater accuracy,with very strict tolerances,as this is governed by structural and technological construction conditions.On underground hydro technical construction projects,the Soviet Union uses the linear intersection method widely.This meets the required technological accuracy of 1cm,but requires a large expenditure of time,particularly when surveying structures of large section.The Union has been occupied with questions of improving mine surveys for many years,and in this period various methods and trends in their execution have been developed and tested.Presented in Table 4 are the characteristics of instruments used in mine surveying in underground construction.The methods and instruments presented in Table 4 ensure an accuracy of mine-surveying length measurements,within the range I:i00 to 1:150.This means that in mine surveying,a point on the surface of an underground structure at a distance of i0 m from the instrument is fixed with an accuracy of cm.Such an order of accuracy does not meet the engineering requirements for hydro technical construction.Furthermore,the methods and instruments under examination require considerable surveying time and interruption of rock-excavation work,which cause certain difficulties during operation.For stereo photogrammetric methods it is essential to have special unwieldy expensive equipment and specially equipped mountings,which are not always feasible under construction conditions.On Soviet projects,investigations were also conducted on the questio