英语句子成分及简单句5种基本句型.pdf
英语句子成分及简单句 5 种基本句型 一、英语句子成分 根据英语词汇在英语句子中的地位和作用,英语句子的成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语、同位语及独立成分等。其中，主语和谓语是句子的主要成分，一般情况下，一个句子不能缺少这两种成分。现将不同句子成分的用法列举如下：1.主语：表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，置于句首。如：Its getting cold.天冷起来了。Now everything is ready.现在一切都准备好了。The teacher is very kind to us.老师对我们很好。2.谓语：说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征，由动词或动词短语充当，位于主语之后。如：Mother bought me a birthday present.妈给我买了个生日礼物。We have finished our work already.我们已经完成了工作。3.表语：表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征，一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词的词、短语或句子充当，位于系动词之后，形成英语独有的主系表结构。如：Be careful!小心!All the students are lovely.所有的学生都很可爱。He looks very angry.他看上去很生气。4.宾语：指动作所涉及的人或事物，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，位于动词之后。如：He wrote many plays.他写了许多剧本。She loves swimming.她喜欢游泳。5.宾语补足语：用来对宾语进行补充和说明，一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词充当。如：He told us to stay.他叫我们留下。Ive never seen her dancing.我从未看见过她跳舞。I found it difficult to refuse him.我感到很难拒绝他。6.定语：对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明，一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当，位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在所修饰的词之后。如：Its an interesting story.那是一个有趣的故事。Do you have time to help us 你有时间帮助我们吗 Who is the woman being operated on 正在动手术的女人是谁 7.状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语或整个句子等，一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当。如：We like English very much.我们非常喜欢英语。Her uncle lives in Canada.她叔叔住在加拿大。She was lying in bed reading.她躺在床上看书。United we stand,divided we fall.团结则存，分裂则亡。8.同位语：若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且后者对前者起解释说明的作用，句法功能也一样，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。如：This is my friend Harry.这是我的朋友哈利。We students should study hard.我们学生应该努力学习。Ms Wang,our English teacher,is our good friend.王女士，即我们的英语老师，是我们的好朋友。9.独立成分：与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系，如插入语、感叹语、呼语等，一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。如：Hes a nice person,to be sure.肯定他是一个好人。Strange to say,he did pass his exam after all.说也奇怪，考试他竟然通过了。二、英语简单句五种基本句式 英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五种基本句式。这五种基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：S 十 V 主谓结构 S 十 V 十 P 主系表结构 S 十 V 十 O 主谓宾结构 S 十 V 十 O1 十 O2 主谓双宾结构 S 十 V 十 O 十 C 主谓宾补结构 说明：S=主语;V=谓语;P=表语;O=宾语;O1=间接宾语;O2=直接宾语;C=宾语补足语 五个基本句式详解如下：十 V 句式 在此句式中，V 是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi.)。例如：He runs quickly.他跑得快。They listened carefully.他们听得很仔细。He suffered from cold and hunger.他挨冻受饿。My ink has run out.我的钢笔水用完了。十 V 十 P 句式 在此句式中，V 是系动词(link v.)，常见的系动词除了be 之外，还有感官类:look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell；变化类：become，go，get，grow，turn，fall ill/asleep；状态类：keep，stay，remain，stand/sit still等。例如：He is older than he looks.他比看上去要老。He seen interested in the book.他似乎对这本书感兴趣。The story sounds interesting.这个故事听起来有趣。The desk feels hard.书桌摸起来很硬。The cake tastes nice.饼尝起来很香。The flowers smell sweet and nice.花闻起来香甜。You have grown taller than before.你长得比以前高了。He has suddenly fallen ill.他突然病倒了。He stood quite still.他静静地站看。He becomes a teacher when he grew up.他长大后当了教师。He could never turn traitor to his country.他永远不会背叛他的祖国。注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO 句式，例如：He reached his hand to feel the elephant.他伸出手来摸象。They are tasting the fish.他们在品尝鱼。They grow rice in their home town.他们在家乡种水稻。Hes got a chair to sit on.他有椅子坐。Please turn the sentence into English.请把这个句于翻译成英语。十 V 十 O 句式 在此句式中，V 是及物动词(vt.)，因此有宾语。例如：I saw a film yesterday.我昨天看了一部电影。Have you read the story 你读过这个故事吗 They found their home easily.他们很容易找到他们的家。They built a house last year.他们去年建了一所房子。Theyve put up a factory in the village.他们在村里建了一座工厂。They have taken good care of the children.这些孩子他们照看得很好。You should look after your children well.你应该好好照看你的孩子。十 V 十 O1 十 O2 句式 在此句式中，V 是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get，而且双宾语还可以借助介词来易位，如：give sb.sth.=give sth.to sb；He gave me a book/a book to me.他给我一本书。He brought me a pen/a pen to me.他带给我一枝钢笔。来源:学&科&网 He offered me his seat/his seat to me.他把座位让给我。注意下列动词后双宾语易位后介词的变化：Mother bought me a book/a book for me.妈妈给我买了一本书。He got me a chair/a chair for me.他给我弄了一把椅子。Please do me a favor/a favor for me.请帮我一下。He asked me a question/a question of me.他问了我个问题。注意：英语中还有一部分动词不能直接加双宾语，必须用介词 of 引起另一个宾语，如：rob，cure，rid，warn，remind等。They robbed the old man of his money.他们抢了老人的钱。Hes warned me of the danger.他警告我注意危险。The doctor has cured him of his disease.医生治好了他的病。We must rid the house of the rats.我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。This film reminds me of my childhood.这部电影使我想起了童年。十 V 十 O 十 C 句式 在此句式中，V 是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常作宾语补足语的词有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子：You should keep the room clean and tidy.你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。They made the girl angry.他们使这个女孩生气了。We made him our monitor.我们选他当班长。(名词)His father told him not to play in the street.他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。(不定式)My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.(现在分词)Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.(过去分词)常接 to do 作宾补的动词有:tell,ask,advise,help,want,would like,order,force,allow 等。注意：动词 have,make,let,see,hear,notice,feel,watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，必须省略 to，但在被动语态中不能省略。如：The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。He was made to do the work all day.I heard her sing in the next room last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱歌了.She was heard to sing in the next room last night.
