商务写作合同英语用词特点.docx
商务写作合同英语用词特点商务合同英语的用词极其探究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、精确(accurate)。详细体现在下列方面:1 、May , shall , must ,may not (或 shall not )的运用 May, shall , must ,may not (或 shall not)对学过英语的人再熟识不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。May 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),shall 约定当事人的义务(应当做什么), must 用于强制性义务(必需做什么),may not (或 shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do 不能说成 can do / shall do,不能说成 should do 或 ought to do,may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用 shall not,但绝不能用 can not do 或 must not。例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说:The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People"s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 本句中的 shall 和 may 表达精确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采纳了义务性约定,假如协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定 may 也很妥当。假如 may 和 shall 调换位置会怎么样?前半句的 shall 换用 may 后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的 may 换用 shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,似乎一出事就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。2 、正式用语(Formal Terms )合同英语有着肃穆的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。例如:因为的短语多用by virtue of,远远多于due to一般不用because of;财务年度末一般用at the close of the fiscal year,而不用in the end of the fiscal year;在之前一般用prior to,而不用before;关于常用as regards,concerning或relating to,而不会用about;事实上用in effect,而不用in fact;起先用commencement,而不用start或begin;停止做用cease to do,而不用stop to do;何时开会并由某某主持的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by somebody。其中召开不用 hold 或 call,而用convene;主持不用 chair 或 be in charge of,而用 preside;其他事项用 miscellaneous, 而不用 other matters/events;理解合同用 construe a contract 或 comprehend a contract,而不用understand a contract;认为用 deem,用 consider 少,不用 think 或 believe;情愿做用 intend to do 或 desire to do,而不用 want to do,wish to do。3 、用词专业(Technical Terms )合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言精确表达的保障。如合同出现的瑕疵、救济、不行抗力、管辖、损毁、灭失等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为 defect、remedy、Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss。另外几乎每个合同都少不了 hereinafter referred to as,whereas,in witness whereof, for and on behalf of,hereby,thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。其它例子还有:赔偿用 indemnities,而不用 compensation;不动产转让用 conveyance,而不用 transfer of real estate;房屋出租用 tenancy,而财产出租用 lease of property;停业用 wind up a business 或 cease(名词是cessation)a business,而不用 end/stop a business ;专利许可中的特许权运用费只用royalties;还款或专利申请的宽限期英文 grace;当事人在破产中的和解用 composition;以实物出资为 investment in kind;依照合同相关规定一般说 pursuant to provisions contained herein 或 as provided herein 等,不说 according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract;合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同英文表述为 Neither party hereto may assign this contract,其中 hereto 表示 to the contract,选用 Neither party to the contract 的时候较少。商务合同英语的用词极其探究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、精确(accurate)。详细体现在下列方面:4 、同义词、近义词、相关词的序列 FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to _ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated _, 19_ by and between the undersigned and _,a copy of which is annexed hereto.在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如 sell,transfer,assign and set over,right 和 tile and interest),在英文合同里非常普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如:This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B. 句中made and entered into和by and between两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows 句中for and in consideration of , covenants and agreements两组同义司和近义词并列。The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的on the terms和subject to the conditions是一个意思都表示依照本协议的条款规定。合同条款的固定模式是terms and conditions。再例如:Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date,一句中的release和discharge意思几乎相同。并列的词还有:ships and vessels support and maintenance licenses and permits charges, fees, costs and expenses any and all any duties, obligations or liabilities the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns control and management of the partnership applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules5 、拉丁词在国外合同中,拉丁词仍旧是很常见:比例税率:用 pro rate tax rate 要比 proportional tax rate 多从事慈善性服务的律师 :pro bono lawyer,不怎么用 lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance托付代理人:多用 agent ad litem不行抗力:force majuere.