英国文学简史重点汇总及简答题(完整).docx

英国文学简史Conquests & InfluencesA. Early period: The Roman conquest(1) The Roman civilization罗马文明(2) Christianity基督教(3) Flouringof towns along military roads(兴旺)B. The English conquest:(1) Three tribes : the Angles, Saxons and Jutes(2) Tribal society-feudalism社会封建制度C. Medieval period: The Danish and Norman conquest(1) The French-Speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066(2) Establishment of feudalism封建制度(3) French words came to EnglishD. Anglo-Saxon Poetry (499-1066)1.Anglo-Saxons: the ancestors of todays Englishmen2.The beginning of history of English literature3.Features: AlliterationRhymes metaphorsUnderstatements押韵的比喻头韵保守陈述4.The only great work: Beowulf【Beowulf】贝奥武夫 ( A folk song or poem )1. A national epicof the English people.(史诗般的作品)2. Paganpoetry & No representative figure(没有代表性人物)(异教徒的)3. A folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxon from Northern Europe.4. Praises mans energy, intellect and love of life; and exposes the social vices.(社会的黑暗面)Features of Beowulf: 1.Alliteration 2.MetaphorsThe significance of Beowulf3.Understatements隐喻1.This gloriousepic presents us a vivid picture of the life of Anglo-Saxon(辉煌的)people and highly praises the brave and courageous spirit of the fighting against thevices.2.The epic reflects the situations the pagan tribalismand of the era of the(部落文化)Christianizedfeudal society.(基督教化)3.The epic gives the vivid portrayalof a great national hero, strong and(写照) courageous people and his kinfolk.(亲属)Feudal England1.The chief features of the society was division into two classes: Landlords andpeasants.( 地主和农民)2.The peasants rising shook the feudal system in England to the root.The Romance1.The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry (骑士精神).2.The English versions of romances were translated from French or Latin.3.The romance of King Arthur is the most important for the history of Englishliterature.4.The romances culmination与他的圆桌骑士in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight国王(顶点)(metrical romance 有韵侓的浪漫)5.The romances summing up inThomas MalorysLe Morte（托马斯·马洛里）DArthur(in English prose)散文亚瑟王之死6. Le Morte D Arthuris a collection of stories about King Arthur, and translatedfrom French by Sir Thomas Malory.【Langland】朗格兰Piers the plowmanwritten by William Langland shows the existence农民皮尔斯of English popular literature.The English Ballads英国民谣Ballad：a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourthlines rhymed. （The most important department of English folk literature is theballad.）The various ballads of Robin Hoodare gathered into a collection called:(罗宾汉)罗宾汉事迹The Geste of Robin Hood【Chaucer】乔叟 （the founder of English poetry）The three periods of Chaucers career1. Works translated from French, asThe Romaunt of the Rose玫瑰传奇2. Works adapted from the Italian, asTroilus and Criseyde特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达3.The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集 which is purely EnglishThe Canterbury Tales Social Significance1. A true-to-life picture of Chaucers time2. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms mens rights资产阶级to pursue their earthly happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached bythe church 3. As a forerunnerof lifeof humanism, he praises mans energy, intellect and love先驱者4. Attack social evils of his time，now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is aChaucers Languagemaster of world-pictures. His verse is among the smoothest in English. There(诗)(微不足道的)are pages where, in spite of triflinghardly a single word will offer difficulties to a man of tolerablein modern English.differences in spelling and grammar,reading(可容忍的)Chaucers Contribution1. He introduced heroic couplet to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxonalliterative verse.2. He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English) ,thus establishing English as the literary language.3. He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern Englishlanguage.名词解释1Alliteration is regular repetition of the same sounds-usu. Initial consonants ofwords or of stressed syllables-in Old and Middle English verse: Kindest tokinsmen and keenest for fame in Beowulf Alliteration is also known as initialrhyme or head rhyme.2Epicis a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and史诗reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.3Ballad : a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second andfourth lines rhymed.4Heroic Couplet：A traditional form for English poetry: it reflects to rhymediambic pentameter lines in pairs. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered byGeoffrey Chaucer in the Canterbury Tales.Part two：Old English in Transition (P27)1. The New Monarchy朝：君主集中制）新君主制 （the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy都铎王2. The Reformation(the Protestant Reformation 新教改革；宗教文化精神改革)3. The English Bible：Then appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in1611 under the auspices of James and so was sometimes called the King JamesBible. (The result is a monumentliterature.)of English language and English(不朽的作品)3. The Enclosure Movement(圈地运动)4. The Renaissanceand Humanism(文艺复兴)（人道主义）(1). The Renaissance: an intellectual movement sprang first in Italy in the 14thcentury and gradually spread all over Europe.(2). People had a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.好奇心 (3) People showed the keen interest in the activities of humanity.(4). People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a futureworld.5. Humanism is the essence（本质）of the Renaissance.A. The Renaissance, therefore, is a history period in which the Europe humanistthinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in MedievalEurope, to introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Romancatholic church.B. Humanism(1) .Humanism emphasized the dignity and potential of the individual and theworth of life in this world.(2) .Man is the measure of all things.(3) .Man has ability to perfect themselves, to develop the individual.(4) .Man should enjoy the present life.【Thomas More】托马斯·莫尔1.Utopia is Mores masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation（dialogue） between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager.(航海者)2. The name Utopia comes from two Greek words meaning no place and wasadopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.The Flowering of English Literature（P38） The Elizabethan Age ( Poetry,Drama and Prose 散文)【Sir Philip Sidney】西德尼Sir Philip Sidney is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry.His collection of love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella1591 爱星者与星星,(十四行诗)contains his best poetic compositions of 108 sonnets and 11 songs.HisApology for Poetryis one of the earliest English literary essays. It为诗辩护was written to answer an attack on poetry and drama as “the school of abuse.”【Edmund Spenser】斯宾塞 ( The Poets Poet of the period )The Shepheardes Calendar 牧羊人日历1579Spensers greatest work, The Faerie Queene荣光女王/仙后It is an allegorical work（寓言作品）dedicated to Queen Elizabeth . Spenserian stanzaA nine-line stanza of 8 lines in iambic pentameter斯宾塞诗节：plus an iambic hexameter 6-foot line.一共九行诗，前八行行扬格五步音，第九行抑格六步音（abab baba c）Spensers position in English literature : Spenser has held his position as a modelof poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can betraced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.培根 （famous for his Essays；Of Studies 随笔集）【Francis Bacon】The founderof English materialist philosophy. 唯物主义哲学1) his inductive method of reasoning and learning() proved to be seminal归纳推理法and critically important to the development of modern science and the progressof humankind2) his thought system represented the beginnings of materialism in Englishphilosophy（英国唯物主义哲学）Bacon was the founder of modern science in England.The English version of his part forms hisAdvancement of Learning学问的发展.Then followed hisNew Instrument新工具论.A wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, studies, youth and many others.作品文风：Clearness, brevity and forceEnglish Drama : the miracles（神迹剧）the morality（道德剧）the interlude（幕间剧）the classical dramaThere was a group of so-called “university wits”（Lyly，Peele，Marlowe，大学才子Greene，Lodge and Nash）who wrote for the stage of the time.【Marlowe】马洛：the most gifted of the “university wits”works:Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝The Jew of Malta马耳他岛的犹太人Doctor FaustusMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneersMarlowe first made blank verse浮士德博士（Marlowes masterpiece）of English drama.（拓荒者）the principal medium（留白：对莎士比亚影响重大）of English drama.P55【William Shakespeare】Drama:37Great tragedies:HamletMacbeth麦克白 King Lear李尔王四大悲剧Othello 奥赛罗四大喜剧Great comedies: A Midsummer Nights Dream仲夏夜之梦 The Merchant ofVenice威尼斯商人(“grave comedy”) As You Like It皆大欢喜 Twelfth Night第十二夜In Sonnet 18, he eulogizes the power of artistic creation Blank verse is the principal form of his dramasShakespeares sonnets, 154 in total, were first published as a collection in 1609The Shakespearean or English sonnet rhymed “abab cdcd efef gg”Themes: love、Beauty、mortality、the effects of timeStyle: grace in form, depth in thought, and vivacity in toneFeatures of Shakespeares Drama:(1)Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature.(2)Shakespeare was a great master of the English language.(3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms：the song, the sonnet, the couple, andthe dramatic blank verse.(4)Shakespeares dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation.(5)Shakespeares long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge ofdramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting.评价：1.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of theEnglish Renaissance, and one of the greatest playwright or poet in the whole world.2.All English writers of any importance cannot escape from Shakespearesinfluence.(影响单一：文艺复兴)【Ben Jonson】本·琼森（ 他的去世标志着伊丽莎白时代的结束 ）he was the last great Elizabethan and probably the first poet laureate（桂冠诗人）and the first literary dictator（Roman Tragedies:Sejanus 席阶纳斯Cateline 克蒂琳Comedies:）in English history.文学泰斗Every Man in His Humor个性互异Volpone, or the Fox 福尔彭奈，或狐狸The Alchemist 炼金术士Bartholomew Fair 巴梭罗缪市集 his reputation as a playwright was established by the success of his first comedy,Every Man in His Humour个性互异Jonsons comedies are “comedies of humours”幽默的喜剧 （behaviour, thoughts andmanner of speech） In 1616 he published his Works , the complete collection of his poetry作品 bring the classic form of the tree unitiesunity of action, unity of time, andunity of placeback to the stage（致带回舞台）把古典的三一原则情节一致，时间一致和地点一 the heroic couplet（that he used in the poem was to become a英雄双韵体）tyrannical bogue in the next century, and his emphasis on “nature” the basicprinciple in 18th century literary criticism【King James Bible】(最终形成于 3 世纪初)1) consists of 2 parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament旧约和新约2) The Old Testament: history and religious beliefs of the Jews3) The New Testament: the life of Jesus Christ and the birth and the growth of theChristian faith ( )创世4）the authorized bible came into being in 1611【The 17th Century】 basic features of the literature of the period:Seek certainty and intellectual harmony on the one hand, and to address thequestion of values through violence and sexuality The main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry.P116【John Donne】约翰邓恩 Metaphysical Poetry/Poet玄学派诗歌/诗人Basic features: wit or conceit巧智&奇思妙喻The Flea 跳蚤Valediction: Forbidden Mourning 告别The novelty consists in the comparison of two separate lovers to the legs of acompass圆规【John Milton】约翰弥尔顿The third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare, and the greatest tocome out of the 17th century.His life can be roughly divided into three phrases:1）The early phase of reading and lyric writing抒情 2）The middle phrase of service in the Puritan Revolution （ ）and清教pamphleteering（） for it小册子3）The last phrase of epic writing作品：( the greatest)史诗Two influential writings in Latin:In Denfense of the British People为英国人民辩护More in Defense of the British People再为英国人民辩护Paradise Lost ：religious work, blank verse；One notable feature of the失乐园epic is evident ambiguity in the poets attitude toward God, the devil, and man.Samson Agonistes：Verse drama, can be seen as objectifying（ ）the诗人自己坚定精神的客观写照力士参孙物化poets own unflinching spirit；Samson is Milton.Lycidas利西达斯【John Dryden】约翰德莱顿：第一位新古典主义作家 He was notorious for his frequent face-about in face of the changing politicalclimate of his day. In historical retrospect, Dryden is remembered for 2 things he did admirablywell for his countrys literature.His successful effort to prune the Elizabethan language of its formless exuberanceand turn it into a cool, lucid, plain and natural medium for English writing.He was the first Neoclassic writer in English literary history.第一位新古典主义作家He made the heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)almost the one poetic medium acceptablefor poetry.English literary criticism 英语文学批评：The father of English criticism His tragedy All for Love deals with the same story as William ShakespearesAntony and Cleopatra.【John Bunyan】约翰班扬When he was in prison he wrote-The Pilgrims Progress.is a天路历程religious allegory.宗教寓言The Celestial City in The Pilgrims Progress is the vision of an ideal happysociety dreamed by a poor tinker in the 17 century, through a veil of religious mist.thOne of the most remarkable passages is that in which Vanity Fair.名利场It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of thelanguage of the English Bible.天路历程被称为“英国人的圣经”Chapter 6P127【Neo-classicism】新古典主义：18 世纪中期到 19 世纪盛行 Alexander Pope亚历山大蒲柏】论批评【Essay on Criticism The Rape Of the Lock 卷发遇劫记：Mock epic 讽刺史诗: of five cantos about “aHomeric struggle of the teacups”Essay on Men 人论An Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot致阿布斯诺医生书The Dunciad群愚史诗P178 Richard Brinsley Sheridan：He is considered to be the only【】谢立丹important English dramatist of the 18th century.作品：The Rivals情敌The School for Scandal造谣学校:a great comedy of mannersa great comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)【Romanticism】浪漫主义P19