2023年英语语法+简易英语语法总结.docx

2023年英语语法+简易英语语法总结 关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里 简易英语入门语法1-3级 一 语音部分： 语法（1）元音和辅音：26个字母中，a,e ,i, o ,u 叫元音，其他字母叫辅音。 音标中，发音清脆，气流不受阻碍的叫元音，发音浑浊，气流受阻碍的叫辅音。 其中声带不震动的叫清辅音，如：pt声带震动的叫浊辅音，如dg 语法（2）连读和失去爆破：句子中，当前面单词结尾是辅音，后面单词开头是元音，要连读。 如：It is a pen. Take it easy.teIk It i:zi: 当一个爆破辅音和另一个辅音连读时，往往不读，即失去爆破。 At ten that man 语法（3）辅音浊化：一个单词中，两个清辅音连读，后一个变浊辅音，叫辅音浊化。具体变法： p 变b, 如：sport, t变d如：stand, k变g,如：school 二语法部分： 语法（1）名词：表示人或物名称的词，叫名词。名词分单数和复数。复数词尾加s 名词复数词尾变化规则： 1 一般在词尾加s: house-houses, book-books, 2 以 s, x, sh, ch, o结尾，在词尾加es: bus-buses, gla-glaes, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes, 特殊：radio-radios, zoo-zoos, piano-pianos, photo-photos, 3以辅音加y结尾，y变i加es: story-stories, family-families, baby-babies, 4 以f,fe结尾，把f,fe变成ves: knife-knives,wife-wives 1 5 特殊名词复数 sheep-sheep, fish-fish, man-men, child-children, mouse-mice, woman-women, 练习：把下列名词变成复数，并翻译。 house， book， bus， gla，box，brush，watch，bird,bed,bag, potato， tomato，radio， zoo，piano，photo， story，family，baby，knife， wife，sheep，fish，man , child,mouse,woman ,cat,mat 读音规则： 1元音，浊辅音后发z，如：bags, zoos 2.清辅音后发s, 如：maps,book 3.与t结合发ts, 如：cats, mats 4.与d结合发ds, 如：beds, birds 语法（2）代词：即代替名词的词。I我， we我们，you你，你们，he他， she 她，it它， they他（她，它）们 this这， that那， these这些， those那些. Myself我自己 语法（3）动词：表示人或物动作，状态的词。 be: is,am,are 实意动词：play, study, go,do, pa, 语法（4）句子结构： 主+谓+宾：I like this pen. They study English. We close our books. 我喜欢这支钢笔。 他们学习英语。 我们合上书。 主+系+表：I am a man. She is a girl. He is old. 我是一个男人。 她是一个女孩。 他老了。 语法（5）谓语动词的第三人称单数形式：在主+谓+宾句子结构中，当主语是第三人称单数名词或代词时，动词词尾要加“s”, 加“s”的方法和名词复数一样。 I like English.He likes English. We play a ball.XiaoMing plays a ball. 其他词如：watch-watches, papaes, dodoes, gogoes, studystudies, 2 主+谓+宾句子的否定和一般问句： I dont like English. Do you like English? Yes, I do. No,I dont. He doesnt like English. Does he like English? Yes, he does. No, he doesnt. 语法（6）常见句式： 主语+不及物动词 The little girl smiled.The sun is rising. She is sleeping. Does the coat fit? 主语+及物动词+宾语 She knows English. He left school last year. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 He told us a story. She paed her bread. I ll lend you fifty dollars. 主语+系动词+表语 I am a teacher. She looked tired. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语 The news made us sad. He found the room empty. 语法（7）物主代词的用法：表示“谁的”即物主代词。 以下物主代词必须和名词一起使用: my, our, your, his, her, its, their, 以下物主代词必须单独使用: mine, ours, yours, his, hers, -, theirs. 例如：This is my book. This book is mine. These are our pens . These. pens are ours.表示人所有用 s,如：Anns father Toms pen 表示物所有用of,如：the name of the book书名 3 语法（8）一些简单的句子结构知识 1 肯定句：英语肯定句语序基本和中文一样。如： I am a teacher. I study English hard. I can swim. 2 否定句：主+谓+宾结构用do not=dont does not=doesnt表示：如 He doesnt study English hard. I dont get up at six every day. 主+系+表结构只需在is ,am ,are后加not即可，如： I am not a teacher. Tom isnt in the claroom.3 一般问句: 主+谓+宾结构用do does在句首表示：如 Does he study English hard? Do you get up at six every day? 主+系+表结构只需把is ,am ,are提前到句首t即可，如： Are you a teacher? Is Tom in the claroom.? 4 特殊问句: 特殊问句用特殊疑问词加一般问句，如 Why are you a teacher? When Is Tom in the claroom.? What can you see in the picture? 语法（9）动名词和不定式 英语语法规定，动词不能做谓语以外的成分。如需要做其他成分，动词要做形式的变化。 如：我喜欢游泳。I like swimming.（I like to swim.）划线部分就是动词做宾语时的两种形式的变化。前者语法上叫动名词，后者语法上叫不定式。又如： My father likes reading a book. Xiao Ming likes playing football. Lily likes dancing. We like watching TV. May likes listening to misic. Ben likes learning English. I like to draw pictures. I like to watch TV.May likes to play the piano. 语法（10）现在进行时: 表示正在进行的动作要用“主语+be+动词-ing”的形式，我们把这种形 式叫现在进行时。如： The boys are playing football. My mother is cleaning the room. I am flying a kite.1) What are you doing? Im/Were dancing .What is he/she doing? Hes/Shes washing .What are they doing? Theyre . 4 2) Are you ? Yes, I am.(No, Im not.) Is he/she ? Yes, he/she is.(No, he/she isnt.) Are they ? Yes, they are.(No, they arent.) 动词加ing的方法： 1一般直接加：playing, watching TV, 2 辅音加不发音e结尾，去e加： dance-dancing have lunch-having lunch 3 重读闭音节一个元音加一个辅音结尾，双写辅音加ing: running, beginning 语法（11）人称代词的主格和宾格：人称代词有主格和宾格两种形式： 主格：I we you he she it they 宾格: me us you him her it them 主语用主格，宾语用宾格：I like them. -They like me. 语法（12）基数词和序数词：表示人或物个数的词叫基数词。如：one（1）, two（2）, 表示人或物顺序的词叫序数词。如：first（第一）, second（第二）, third（第三）fifth（第五）, ninth（第九）, twelfth（第十二）, twentieth（第二十）.除以上七个词，二十以内序数词只需将基数词尾加s即可。如：fourth, sixth 语法（13）一般将来时：表示将来要进行的动作或状态用（shall,will或be going to），我们称为一般将来时。I /We shall go to the cinema this afternoon.今天下午我们将去看电影。 He will go out for a walk. 他将去处散步。 shall 和will可用be going to 代替。如：I am going to look after my mother this afternoon.1) What are you going to do? Im/Were going to study in America .What is he/she going to do? Hes/Shes going to be a policeman .What are they going to do? Theyre going to .2) Are you going to ? Yes, I am.(No, Im not.) Is he/she going to ? Yes, he/she is.(No, he/she isnt.) Are they going to ? Yes, they are.(No, they arent.) 5 语法（14）一般过去时：表示过去进行的动作或状态用一般过去时。 肯定句中一般用动词后缀ed的方法表示。如： I watched TV yesterday. 昨天我看电视了。 I played cards with XiaoMing last Sunday.上周日我和小明玩牌了。 I studied English this morning. 一般过去时词尾-ed的加法： 1 直接加-ed： watch- clean 2. 以e结尾,加-d： live- phone 3 .以 “辅音+y”结尾y变i加-ed： study- carry 4. 重读闭音节结尾只有一个辅音,双写辅音加-ed： stop- chat -ed的发音： ed- d playplayed listenlistened cleancleaned repairrepaired ed- t watchwatched looklooked helphelped ask-asked ed- Id visitvisited waitwaited 特殊动词： do - am/is- are have/has- come- go- see- take- 句型： What did you do last night? I watched TV.When did you get up this morning? I got up at six. 6 Where did you go last summer? I went to Hainan with my patents.一些特殊动词的过去式：go-went, has/have-had, do-did. 一般过去时否定句和疑问句用did做助动词。如： Did you go to school last Sunday ? I didnt go to school last Sunday.语法（15）现在完成时态 （一 ）现在完成时态（主语+have/has+过去分词）表示: 1.开始于过去持续到现在(也许还会持续)的动作。如： I have studied English since 1988. They have been Beijing since 1949. He has lived here for two years.2 未指明具体时间，表示说话前已经完成，但结果影响至今的动作。如： He has gone to Shanghai.(=He went to Shanghai and he is not here now.) I have opened the window.(=I opened the window and the window is opened now.) （二） 现在完成时的构成： 主语+have/has+过去分词（一般同过去式，常用特殊过去分词见下表） is/am was been are were been become became become begin began begun break broke broken bring brought brought buy bought bought come came came cut cut cut do did done draw drew drawn 7 drink drank drunk drive drove driven find found found get got got give gave given go went gone grow grew grown have/has had had hold held held keep kept kept know knew known lay laid laid leave left left make made made read read read ring rang rung run ran run say said said see saw seen show showed shown sing sang sung sit sat sat sleep slept slept speak spoke spoken stand stood stood swim swam swum take took taken teach taught taught 8 write wrote written （三） 现在完成时态和过去时态的区别： 1 现在完成时态一般不和明确指出时间的状语连用。 I havent seen him recently.I saw him yesterday. I have written to him twice.I wrote to him last night. She has come already.She came yesterday. I have seen him this morning.说话时在上午。 I saw him this morning. 说话时在下午。 语法（16）可数名词和不可数名词：可以数清个数的名词叫可数名词。如：book, bag 不可以数清个数的名词叫不可数名词。如：rice, water,hair,skin 问可数名词多少用how many: How many birds can you see?你能看见多少只鸟？ How many people are there in your family? 你们家有几口人？ 问不可数名词多少用how much: How much is this sweater? 这件毛衣多少钱？ 语法（17）冠词：a, an ,the叫冠词。a用在后面以辅音字母开头的单词前。如：a book. an用在后面以元音字母开头的单词前。如：an apple. 特殊：an hour 语法（18）过去进行时：表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。用was/were+v-ing表示。 I was watching TV this time yesterday. 9 语法（19）被动语态： 1 概念：被动语态是把主谓宾结构中的宾语改写做主语，相当于汉语中的被字句。 改写法；原句宾语+be+过去分词+by+原句主语，例如： Adam planted 种two apple trees last year.去年 Two apple trees were planted by Adam last year. Adam picked摘 a big red apple this morning.A big red apple was picked by Adam this morning He gave Jane the big red apple later后来 The big red apple was given to Jane later. 2被动语态的作用：（1）突出动作承受者，即宾语，如：His great plan was stopped by his father.(2) 不知道或没必要指出主语时，如：My wallet was stolen. Paper was first invented in China. 3被动语态的时态： （1）一般现在时：is ,am, are +过去分词 The teacher is loved by her students. （2）一般过去时：was, were +过去分词 The story was told by her. （3）一般将来时：shall,will+be +过去分词 The model plane will be made by me. 被动语态的一种常用语：be made of 和be made from 译为 ：由制成 Newspaper is made from paper. 报纸由纸制成。（报纸是纸做的） Pepsi bottle is made of plastic.百事可乐瓶由塑料制成 语法（20）形容词和副词: 1 形容词:主要修饰名词和代词：a thin man , a dirty coat, I am hungry. 2 副词：主要修饰动词，形容词，和其它副词，:如：walk slowly, cry loudly very hungry, too quickly, very much, 3 一些形容词后加ly可构成副词:quick-quickly, happy-happily ,careful-carefully 10 语法（21）形容词和副词的比较级和最高级:用词尾加er,est 构成 单音节词和双单音节词构成法 1一般直接加er ,est：cold-colder ,coldest 2 以e结尾，加r, st : large-larger, largest 3 重读闭音节一个元音加一个辅音结尾，双写辅音加er,est: big-bigger, biggest 4 .以 “辅音+y”结尾y变i加er,est: easy-easier, easiest 特殊变化：goog/well - better, bettest many/muchmore, most badworse, worst 多音节词用more, most加在单词前表示： beautifulmore beautiful , most beautiful 例句： The train is longer than the bus. Tom is the hardest in his cla. 语法（22）句子成分与词性的关系 1名词作用 做主语: A girl stood in the middle of the road. The bag is mine 做宾语: Please open the window.做表语: This is an apple.做定语: We will meet at the school gate.做宾语补语: We made him our monitor. 2形容词作用 做定语: I have an interesting book.做宾语补语: The rain made the ground wet . We found the door open.做表语: I am happy. He looks very healthy.做主语或宾语: The new replaces the old. 语法（23）介词： 1 关于位置的：in , on, under, next to , between, in front of, behind 2 11 3 关于方法的：by (bus,train) , with, ( Dont write with pencil.) 4 和不及物动词连用连接宾语：arrive at, arrive in, look at, 语法（24）情态动词:can , could, may , might, shall, should, need, would, must 语法（25）连词和复杂句子： 1 2 3 4 5 I met him when I was croing the street this morning.His mother is worried because she hasnt had any letter from him.If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country.I was in the bath, so I didnt hear the telephone.He had a drink ,then he went home.关于时间的： in the evening/morning, on Monday, at six 6 7 8 He is too young to go to school.She has enough money to buy the house.You are not old enough to go to school.三 功能句部分 打招呼/问候 1) Hello/ Hi! 你好/ 嗨！ Good morning/ Morning! 好的早上/ 早上！Good afternoon! 下午好！Good evening! 晚上好！ 2) How do you do? 你好 3) How are you? 你好吗？(Im) Fine/Very well/OK, thank you./好， 谢谢你。 4) Glad to meet/see you.(, too.) 看见你很高兴 Nice to meet/see you.(, too.) 介绍 1) 自我介绍 Im/My name is .我是/我的名字是 .2) 介绍他人 This is Mr/ Mrs/ Mi .这是先生/ 太太/ 小姐 . 道别 Goodbye! Bye-bye/ Bye! 认人 1) Who's he/she? 他/她是谁？ He's/ She's .他/ 她是 . Who's that? That's /It's/He's/She's .2) Are you Mr.Smith? Yes, I am.(No, I am not.) 是， 我是。不 ， 我不是 Yes, we are.(No, we aren't.) 是， 我们是。不， 我们不是。 Is he/she? 他/她是？ Yes, he/she is.(No, he/she isn't.) 5 姓名 What's your name? My name is . What's his/her name? His/Her name is . 姓名是一种符号，它是社会上人们相互区别的标志。但人们在取名时却赋予了它某种特殊的含义，希望它体现某种精神或象征某种事物，能给自己带来好运等。那么，你知道下面这些英美姓名的含义吗？ English Chinese Meaning Alice 艾丽斯 真理 Ann 安 高雅 Grace 格雷斯 优美、雅致 Jane 简 明亮的火焰 Jone 琼 年青 Linda 琳达 美丽 Lucy 露茜 光明 Mary 玛丽 辛劳 Mona 莫娜 和平使者 Read 里德 读书 13 Smith 史密斯 铁匠 White 怀特 白色 Blue 布鲁 蓝色 Clark 克拉克 聪明 David 大卫 可爱 Frank 弗兰克 自由 Jim 吉姆 取代者 John 约翰 神的恩典 Mark 马克 战神之子 Peter 彼得 石头 Victor 维克托 征服者 Jack 杰克 刚强 Black 布莱克 黑色 Brown 布朗 棕色 Green 格林 绿色 Red 雷德 红色 6 年龄 How old are you? 你多大了？ I'm . How old is he/she? He's/She's . 14 7 认物 1) What's this/that? 这/那是什么？ It's a book./an apple . What are these/those? 这些/那些是什么？ They're .2) Is this/that/it? Yes, it is.(No, it isn't.) Are these/those/they? Yes, they are.(No, they aren't.) 8 祝贺 Happy New Year (to you)! 新年快乐 Thank you.(and) You too.谢谢你 Merry Christmas (to you)! 圣诞快乐 Thanks.The same to you.Happy birthday (to you)! 生日快乐 Thank you (very much).Thanks (a lot). Happy Mother's/ Father's/ Children's/ Women's/ Teachers' Day (to you)! 9、感谢 Thank you (very much).非常谢谢你That's all right.没关系 Thanks (a lot).非常感谢 That's OK.没关系 10、位置 Where is it? It's (in front of the car).它在哪儿？ 它(在汽车前面)。 Where is he/she? He's/She's (over there).他/她在哪儿？ 他的(那里) Where are they? They're (in the office.) 他们在哪儿？ 他们是(在办公室里。 11、来自