现在分词与过去分词的区别.pdf

一.教学内容：现在分词和过去分词的用法区别 （一）分词的作用 现在分词可用于：构成进行时。e.g.We are studying English.当副词作状语。e.g.The children came,singing and dancing.当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。e.g.Falling leaves danced in the air.I saw many birds flying along the river.The story is very moving.过去分词可用于：构成完成时。e.g.The play had begun when we arrived there.构成被动语态。e.g.English is widely spoken in the world.当副词作状语。e.g.Seen here,the city looks more beautiful.当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。e.g.a boy named Tom I saw the girl killed with my own eyes.Im interested in English.（二）现在分词与过去分词的两大差别 1.现在分词与过去分词的最大差别在语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。2.现在分词与过去分词的第二大差别在时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。3.把握主、被动关系的两个前提 1）弄清动词的确切含义。不少主、被动关系判断错误都是由于没弄清动词的确切含义造成的。Wrong:Girls frighten snakes.Right:Girls fear snakes./Snakes frighten girls.牢记:tire,disappoint,satisfy,terrify,interest,frighten,worry,excite,surprise,please,seat,puzzle,ect.只能作及物动词，都有“使动”的特点，都含“使”之义。2）能熟练判断分词的逻辑主语。即明白与哪个词去构成主、被动关系。分词的逻辑主语 逻辑主语就是与分词具有主、被动关系的名词或代词。它既可能是句子主语，又可能是句中宾语，或者是句中其它成分；它既可能是动作行为的发出者，也有可能是动作行为的承受者。那种认为逻辑主语就是动作行为的发出者的理解是片面的。分词的逻辑主语的位置不是固定不变的,而是“活”的随着分词所作语法成分的不同，其逻辑主语位置也不同，所以确定逻辑主语前首先要确定分词的语法成分。（1）作状语时 Seeing the teacher come in,all the students stood up.the students 是 seeing 的逻辑主语 Heated,the metal expands.the metal 是 heated 的逻辑主语 结论：分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。（2）作宾补时 I saw him reading last night.him 是 reading 的逻辑主语 His wife found his hair dyed black.hair 是 dyed 的逻辑主语 结论：分词作宾补，其逻辑主语是句子宾语。（3）作表语时 The film is moving.the film 是 moving 的逻辑主语 The visitors looked surprised.the visitors 是 surprised 的逻辑主语 结论：分词作表语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。（4）作定语时 This is an interesting book.book 是 interesting 的逻辑主语 The moved children looked serious.children 是 moved 的逻辑主语 结论：分词作定语，其逻辑主语是被修饰词（即中心词）。（5）用于复合结构中时（即在独立主格中与 with 复合结构中）With the task completed,we went out to take some fresh air.the task 是 completed 的逻辑主语 It being Sunday,they had no classes.it 是 being 的逻辑主语 结论：分词用于复合结构，逻辑主语是复合结构中的逻辑主语 附表 2：分词的逻辑主语一览表 分词所作成分 分词的逻辑主语 状语 主语 表语 宾补 宾语 定语 被修饰词 复合结构 复合结构中的逻辑主语 （三）确定分词的使用的具体步骤（1）根据句子结构确定分词的语法成分（2）找准逻辑主语（3）判断主、被动关系（4）选定现在或过去分词 1.There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed 简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是修饰 noise 的定语短语；据常识“雷声随闪电之后到来”，自然 A noise follows the sudden burst of light,noise 与 follow 是主动关系。因此，该题应选 B。2.The Olympic Games,_ in 776 B.C.,didnt include women until 1912.A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be playing 简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语；The Olympic Games 是动词 play 的承受者，且已完成(in 776 B.C.)。因此，该题选C。3.Whats the language _ in Germany?A.speaking B.spoken C.be spoken D.to speak 简析：该题应选 B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 which is spoken 4.Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists.A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.inviting 简析：该题应选 A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 who were invited 5.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A.having written B.to be written C.being written D.written 简析：该题应选 D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 which were written （四）分词作表语 共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。1.The news sounds _.A.encouraging B.encouraged C.encourage D.to encourage 简析：根据语法分析可知，sounds 在此句中用作连系动词,待选部分应作表语；The news 对于动词 encourage 来说应是主动关系，即消息鼓舞人心。因此，该题应选 A。2.How did Bob do in the exams this time?Well,his father seems _ with his results.A.pleasing B.please C.pleased D.to please 简析：根据语法分析可知,seems 在此句中用作连系动词,待选部分作表语。再根据 his father 对于动词 please 来说应是被动关系,即这个结果使他的父亲高兴。因此,该题应选 C。3.How did the audience receive the new play?They got very _.A.excite B.excited C.excitedly D.exciting 简析：该题应选 B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。（五）分词作宾语补足语 共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。1.The next morning she found the man _ in bed,dead.A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying 简析：首先，根据语法分析可知,待选部分在句中应作宾补,补充说明宾语 the man;再根据宾语 the man 对于动词 lie 来说应是主动关系,且 lie 这个动作与谓语动词 found 同时进行。因此,该题应选 A。2.Good morning.Can I help you?Id like to have the package _,madam.A.be weighed B.to be weighed C.to weigh D.weighed 简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作宾补，补充说明宾语 the package;再根据 the package 对于动词 weigh 来说,只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选 D。3.He is not good at English,so it is not easy for him to make himself _.A.understand B.understanding C.understood D.understands 简析：该题应选 C。himself 是 make 的宾语，待选部分的逻辑主语。由于英语表达能力差，说出的英语别人难于听懂，也就不易被人理解。因此，这里用过去分词来表达这一被动含义。4.If you wave your book in front of your face,you can feel the air _ against your face.A.moved B.moving C.moves D.to move 简析：该题应选 B。测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。（六）分词作状语 共同点：分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。不同点：分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。1.“Cant you read?”Mary said，_ to the notice.A.angrily pointing B.and point angrily C.angrily pointed D.and angrily pointing 简析：该题应选 A。测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词 angrily 进行干扰。若 B 答案为 and pointed angrily 时也对。2._ a reply,he decided to write again.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received 简析：该题应选 C。测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加 not。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。3.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks,_ that he had enjoyed his stay here.A.having added B.to add C.adding D.added 简析：该题应选 C。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来替代。(此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)例：The murderer was brought in,with his hands _ behind his back.A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tied D.tied 简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands，而不是句子的主语 The murderer,而 his hands 对于动词 tie 来说只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选 D。综上所述，现在分词与过去分词的根本区别是主、被动关系，正确认定逻辑主语是正确使用分词的关键。明白这一道理并不难，最重要的是要养成“分析句子成分寻找逻辑主语判断主被动关系”这一思维定势。【模拟试题】I.单项选择（75%）1._ the house on fire,he dialed 119.A.To see B.Seeing C.Having seen D.Being seen 2.I fell down and broke three of my teeth.I wonder how many times I have to come here and get my false teeth _.A.fix B.fixing C.fixed D.to fix 3.Were _ to listen to her _ voice.Its _ to hear her sing.A.pleased;pleasing;pleasure B.pleased;pleasant;a pleasure C.pleasing;pleased;a pleasure D.pleasing;pleasant;pleasure 4._a post office,I stopped_ some stamps.A.Passed,buying B.Passing,to buy C.Having passed,buy D.Pass,to buy 5._with the size of the whole earth,the highest mountain does not seem high at all.A.Comparing B.To compare C.Compared D.Having compared 6.Here are some new computer programs _for home buildings.A.designing B.design C.designed D.to design 7._a little money,Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovely new lamp.A.To save B.Saving C.Saved D.Having saved 8.The teacher came into the classroom _by his students.A.following B.to be following C.followed D.having followed 9.With the money _,he couldnt buy any ticket.A.to lose B.losing C.lost D.has lost 10.There was so much noise in the room that the speaker couldnt make himself _.A.being heard B.hearing C.heard D.hear 11.The result of the test was rather _.A.disappointed B.disappointing C.being disappointed D.disappoint 12.Ive never heard the word _in spoken English.A.use B.used C.using D.being used 13._how to do the homework,I went to ask my teacher for help.A.Not to know B.Not knowing C.Knowing not D.Not known 14.Deeply _,I thanked her again and again.A.being moving B.moved C.moving D.to be moved 15.With winter _on,its time to buy warm clothes.A.came B.comes C.come D.coming 16._the office,the foreign visitors were shown round the teaching building.A.Having shown B.Showing C.Has shown D.Having been shown 17.He went from door to door,_waste papers and magazines.A.gathering B.gathered C.gather D.being gathered 18.The student corrected his paper carefully,_the professors suggestions.A.follow B.following C.followed D.being followed 19.The _price will save you one dollar for each dozen.A.reduce B.reducing C.reduced D.reduces 20.People _in the city do not know the pleasure of country life.A.live B.to live C.lived D.living 21.The foreigner tried his best,but he still couldnt make his point _.A.understand B.understanding C.to understand D.understood 22.The scientists were waiting to see the problem _.A.settle B.settled C.to settle D.settling 23.The librarys study room is full of students _for the exam.A.busily prepared B.busy preparing C.busily prepare D.are busily preparing 24.The ground is _with _ leaves.A.covering,falling B.covered,falling C.covered,fallen D.covering,fallen 25.Lessons _easily were soon forgotten.A.to learn B.learn C.learned D.learning 26.The wallet _several days ago was found _in the dustbin outside the building。A.stolen,hidden B.stealing,hiding C.stealing,hidden D.stolen,hiding 27.A person _a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language,_all about his own.A.to learn,to forget B.learning,to forget C.to learn,forgetting D.learning,forgetting 28._different kinds of pianos,the workers farther improved their quality.A.To produce B.Being produced C.Produced D.Having produced 29.The students in the university are all taking courses _a degree.A.coming to B.going to C.leading to D.turning to 30.Many things _impossible in the past are very common today.A.consider B.considering C.considered D.be considered 31._many times,he still couldnt understand.A.Having been told B.Having told C.He having been told D.Telling 32.The old sick lady entered the hospital,_her two sons.A.to support B.supporting C.supported by D.having supported 33.China is one of the largest countries in the world,_9.6 million square kilometres.A.to cover B.covered C.covers D.covering 34._and happy,Tony stood up and accepted the prize.A Surprising B.Surprised C.Being surprised D.To be surprising 35.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks,_ that he had enjoyed his stay here.A.having added B.to add C.adding D.added 36.“Can you read?”Mary said _to the notice.A.angrily pointing B.and point angrily C.angrily pointed D.and angrily pointing 37._ the composition,John handed it to the teacher and went out of the room.A.Writing B.Having written C.Written D.Being written 38.Were you _when you saw that wild animal?A.fright B.frightening C.frightened D.frighten 39.Properly _with numbers,the books can be easily found.A.marked B.mark C.to mark D.marking 40.The child sat in the dentists chair _.A.tremble B.trembling C.trembled D.to trembled 41.At this moment the bell rang,_the end of class.A.announce B.announcing C.announced D.to announce 42.He walked down the hills,_softly to himself.A.sing B.singing C.sung D.to sing 43.I had to shout to make myself _ above the noise.A.heard B.hearing C.hear D.to hear 44.The graduating students are busy _material for their reports.A.collect B.to collect C.collected D.collecting 45.The cars _in Beijing are as good as those _in Shanghai.A.produce,produce B.produced,produced C.produced,producing D.producing,producing 46.When I came in,I saw Dr.Li _a patient.A.examine B.examining C.to examine D.examined 47._a satisfactory operation,the patient recovered from illness very quickly.A.Having been given B.Having given C.Giving D.Being given 48._a satisfactory operation,the doctor believed the patient would recover from his illness very soon.A.Having been given B.Having given C.Giving D.Being given 49.He wrote a letter to me _that his trip to Japan had been put off because of the bad weather.A.inform B.informing C.informed D.being informed 50.He reads newspapers every day to keep himself _about whats going on in the world.A.inform B.informing C.informed D.being informed II.用适当的非谓语动词形式填空(25%)1.She caught the student _(cheat)in exams.2.When I got there,I found him _(repair)farm tools.3.When I got there,I found the farm tools _.(repair)4.Just then he heard someone _(call)for help.5.He worked so hard that he got his pay _.(raise)6.The missing boys were last seen _(play)near the river.7._(compare)with the old one,the new building looks more beautiful.8.The workers had the machines _(run)all night long to finish the work on time.9.People in the south have their houses _(make)of bamboo.10._(lose)in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.试题答案】I.15 BCBBC 610 CDCCC 1115BBBBD 1620 DABCD 2125DBBCC 2630 ACDCC 3135ACDBC 3640ABCAB 4145BBADB 4650BABBC II.1.cheating 2.repairing 3.repaired 4.calling 5.raised 6.playing 7.Compared 8.running 9.made 10.Lost