研英语一试题及答案解析(2).doc

年世界硕士研究生招生检验英语一试题SectionU搜寻引擎优化fEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot1itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw2justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat3thecourtsreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourtsdecisionswillbe4asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot5byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself6tothecodeofconductthat7totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases8thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla9betweenthecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions11theywouldbefreeto12thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto13politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely14.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial15likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit16isinescapablypoliticalwhichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17asunjust.Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourtslegitimacybymakingthemselves19tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,20,convincingaslaw.1.AemphasizeBmaintainCmodifyDrecognize2.AwhenBlestCbeforeDunless3.ArestoredBweakenedCestablishedDeliminated4.AchallengedBcompromisedCsuspectedDaccepted5.AadvancedBcaughtCboundDfounded6.AresistantBsubjectCimmuneDprone7.AresortsBsticksCleadsDapplies8.AevadeBraiseCdenyDsettle9.AlineBbarrierCsimilarityDconflict10.AbyBasCthroughDtowards11.AsoBsinceCprovidedDthough12.AserveBsatisfyCupsetDreplace13.AconfirmBexpressCcultivateDoffer14.AguardedBfollowedCstudiedDtied15.AconceptsBtheoriesCdivisionsDconventions16.AexcludesBquestionsCshapesDcontrols17.AdismissedBreleasedCrankedDdistorted18.AsuppressBexploitCaddressDignore19.AaccessibleBamiableCagreeableDaccountable20.AbyallmeansBatallcostsCinawordDasaresultSectionReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1ComeonEverybodysdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogooddrinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexamplesofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasloveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.“Daretobedifferent,pleasedontsmoke!pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagersteenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasitspresentedhereisthatitdoesntworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheloveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.Theresnodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabitsaswellasnegativeonesspreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.Itsliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthatstheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesasAasupplementtothesocialcure.Bastimulustogroupdynamics.Canobstacletosocialprogress.Dacau搜寻引擎优化fundesirablebehaviors.22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublic-healthadvocatesshouldArecruitprofessionaladvertisers.Blearnfromadvertisersexperience.Cstayawayfromcommercialadvertisers.Drecognizethelimitationsofadvertisements.23.Intheauthorsview,RosenbergsbookfailstoAadequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors.Beffectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure.Cillustratethefunctionsofstatefunding.Dproducealong-lastingsocialeffect.24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviorsAisharmfultoournetworksoffriends.Bwillmisleadbehavioralstudies.Coccurswithoutourrealizingit.Dcanproducenegativehealthhabits.25.TheauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureisAharmful.Bdesirable.Cprofound.Dquestionable.Text2Adealisadealexcept,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestatesstrictnuclearregulations.Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatitwouldnot:challengetheconstitutionalityofVermontsrulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.Itsastunningmove.Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermontsonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplantslicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislaturesapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidntforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollap搜寻引擎优化facoolingtowerinandthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankeessafetyandEntergysmanagementespeciallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergysbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecau搜寻引擎优化fthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionNRCreviewsthecompanysapplication,itshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.26.Thephrase“renegingon(Para.1)isclosestinmeaningtoAcondemning.Breaffirming.Cdishonoring.Dsecuring.27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,EntergyintendedtoAobtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.Bseekfavorfromthefederallegislature.Cacquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.Dgetpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.28.AccordingtoParagraph4,EntergyseemstohaveproblemswithitsAmanagerialpractices.Btechnicalinnovativeness.Cfinancialgoals.Dbusinessvision.29.Intheauthorsview,theVermontcasewilltestAEntergyscapacitytofulfillallitspromises.Bthenatureofstatespatchworkregulations.Cthefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.Dthelimitsofstatespowerovernuclearissues.30.ItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatAEntergysbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.BtheauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.CEntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.DVermontsreputationmightbedamaged.Text3Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperiences.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearchersme,here,nowbecomesthecommunitysanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublicincludingotherscientistsreceivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividualsdiscoveryclaimintothecommunityscrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility“happenstoadiscoveryclaimaprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachothersreasoningandeachothersconceptionsofreason.31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyitsAuncertaintyandcomplexity.Bmisconceptionanddeceptiveness.Clogicalityandobjectivity.Dsystematicnessandregularity.32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequiresAstrictinspection.Bsharedefforts.Cindividualwisdom.Dpersistentinnovation.33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafteritAhasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.Bhasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.Chasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.Dhasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.34.AlbertSzent-GyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethatAscientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.Bdiscoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.Ceffortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.Dscientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?ANoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopmentBCollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscoveryCEvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScienceDChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScienceText4IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffasTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.InthenumberofunionistsinAmericaspublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunionsthriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmericaspublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.BritainsLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestatesbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachersunionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloadedpublic-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostnotoriouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachersunionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.JohnDonahueatHarvardsKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankersfatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhi