托福阅读技巧-(细节题)课件.ppt
托福阅读技巧第一章 事实信息题出题方式：The authors description of x mentions which of the following?According to the paragraph,x occurred becauseAccording to the paragraph,x did y becauseAccording to the paragraph,why did x do y?例文Online Test:Lascaux Cave Paintings(P6)Paragraph 6:Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images,but their mystique only adds to their importance.Certainly a great art exists,and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence,skill,and sensitivity.11.According to paragraph 6,why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance.The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and skill.Too many years have gone by since the images were painted.Answering the question is not very important to scholars.例文Online Test:Lascaux Cave Paintings(P6)Paragraph 6:Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images,but their mystique only adds to their importance.Certainly a great art exists,and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence,skill,and sensitivity.11.According to paragraph 6,why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance.The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and skill.Too many years have gone by since the images were painted.Answering the question is not very important to scholars.例文Online Test:Lascaux Cave Paintings(P6)Paragraph 6:Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images,but their mystique only adds to their importance.Certainly a great art exists,and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence,skill,and sensitivity.11.According to paragraph 6,why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance.The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and skill.Too many years have gone by since the images were painted.Answering the question is not very important to scholars.细节题基本原则第一原则：符合题干例文Online Test:Opportunists and CompetitorsParagraph 7:The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor.These organisms tend to have big bodies,are long-lived,and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction.An oak tree is a good example of a competitor.A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more,outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil.The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins,a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms.The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity.Although oaks produce thousands of acorns,the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves,trunk,and roots.Once an oak tree becomes established,it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire.A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time,and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events.It should be noted,however,that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature,as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum,exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contributing to the longevity of an oak tree EXCEPT The capacity to create shade Leaves containing tannin The ability to withstand mild droughts and fire The large number of acorns the tree produces 例文Online Test:Opportunists and CompetitorsParagraph 7:The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor.These organisms tend to have big bodies,are long-lived,and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction.An oak tree is a good example of a competitor.A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more,outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil.The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins,a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms.The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity.Although oaks produce thousands of acorns,the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves,trunk,and roots.Once an oak tree becomes established,it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire.A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time,and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events.It should be noted,however,that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature,as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum,exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.例文Online Test:Opportunists and CompetitorsParagraph 7:The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor.These organisms tend to have big bodies,are long-lived,and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction.An oak tree is a good example of a competitor.A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more,outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil.The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins,a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms.The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity.Although oaks produce thousands of acorns,the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves,trunk,and roots.Once an oak tree becomes established,it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire.A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time,and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events.It should be noted,however,that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature,as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum,exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contributing to the longevity of an oak tree EXCEPT 1.The capacity to create shade 2.Leaves containing tannin 3.The ability to withstand mild droughts and fire 4.The large number of acorns the tree produces 细节题基本原则第一原则：符合题干细节题基本原则第一原则：符合题干第二原则：同义改写 （paraphrase)先找到题干中的所有信息然后回文中找所有信息的对应句子原文的对应句群中除题干信息以外的剩余部分就是答案所在例文OG:Applied Arts and Fine Arts(P2)Paragraph 2:Fine-art objects are not constrained by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are.Because their primary purpose is not functional,they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them.Sculptures must,for example,be stable,which requires an understanding of the properties of mass,weight distribution,and stress.Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut,and the paint must not deteriorate,crack,or discolor.These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work.For example,in the early Italian Renaissance,bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof.This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg.In other words,the demands of the laws of physics,not the sculptors aesthetic intentions,placed the ball there.That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces(iron being much stronger than bronze).According to paragraph 2,sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because 1.they began using a material that made the statues weigh less 2.they found a way to strengthen the statues internally 3.the aesthetic tastes of the public had changed over time 4.the cannonballs added too much weight to the statues 例文OG:Applied Arts and Fine Arts(P2)Paragraph 2:Fine-art objects are not constrained by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are.Because their primary purpose is not functional,they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them.Sculptures must,for example,be stable,which requires an understanding of the properties of mass,weight distribution,and stress.Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut,and the paint must not deteriorate,crack,or discolor.These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work.For example,in the early Italian Renaissance,bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof.This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg.In other words,the demands of the laws of physics,not the sculptors aesthetic intentions,placed the ball there.That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces(iron being much stronger than bronze).例文OG:Applied Arts and Fine Arts(P2)Paragraph 2:Fine-art objects are not constrained by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are.Because their primary purpose is not functional,they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them.Sculptures must,for example,be stable,which requires an understanding of the properties of mass,weight distribution,and stress.Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut,and the paint must not deteriorate,crack,or discolor.These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work.For example,in the early Italian Renaissance,bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof.This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg.In other words,the demands of the laws of physics,not the sculptors aesthetic intentions,placed the ball there.That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces(iron being much stronger than bronze).According to paragraph 2,sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because 1.they began using a material that made the statues weigh less 2.they found a way to strengthen the statues internally 3.the aesthetic tastes of the public had changed over time 4.the cannonballs added too much weight to the statues According to paragraph 2,sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because 1.they began using a material that made the statues weigh less 2.they found a way to strengthen the statues internally 3.the aesthetic tastes of the public had changed over time 4.the cannonballs added too much weight to the statues 例文TPO-2:The Origins of CetaceansParagraph 1:It should be obvious that cetaceanswhales,porpoises,and dolphinsare mammals.They breathe through lungs,not through gills,and give birth to live young.Their streamlined bodies,the absence of hind legs,and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.However,unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds(seals,sea lions,and walruses,whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea),it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record.How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged?Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate,or transitional,between land mammals and cetaceans.1.In paragraph 1,what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.例文TPO-2:The Origins of CetaceansParagraph 1:It should be obvious that cetaceanswhales,porpoises,and dolphinsare mammals.They breathe through lungs,not through gills,and give birth to live young.Their streamlined bodies,the absence of hind legs,and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.However,unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds(seals,sea lions,and walruses,whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea),it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record.How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged?Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate,or transitional,between land mammals and cetaceans.1.In paragraph 1,what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.例文TPO-2:The Origins of CetaceansParagraph 1:It should be obvious that cetaceanswhales,porpoises,and dolphinsare mammals.They breathe through lungs,not through gills,and give birth to live young.Their streamlined bodies,the absence of hind legs,and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.However,unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds(seals,sea lions,and walruses,whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea),it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record.How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged?Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate,or transitional,between land mammals and cetaceans.1.In paragraph 1,what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.例文TPO-2:The Origins of
