四六级英语写作课件.ppt
Lecture4Problems&Solutions(3)-Sentence WritingLearn to Write in EnglishCONTENTS OF LECTURE 4List Ss problem in English SentencesList Ss problem in English SentencesAnalyze the causes of the problem Analyze the causes of the problem Introduce some solutions to the problemIntroduce some solutions to the problem Practice Practice 表达汉化问题表达汉化问题 母语的负迁移作用母语的负迁移作用中式英语之鉴中式英语之鉴中式英语之鉴中式英语，因其半英半汉、不英不汉，被戏称为“具有汉语特色的英语”。这样的英语每天都在我们中间出现，见于街头的广告词，见于我们的英语报刊，见于政府报告的英译文本，见于我们的英文写作中。“中式英语中式英语”的招牌和广告的招牌和广告这个绝对是一个字一个字翻译的我也想知道，为何我 be poorWild Likely 凶猛，不可接近可怜的里帝欧餐厅不知道，它的名字在法语中是“笨蛋”的意思这条路生气了，后果很严重。看到这包黑木耳，犹太人哭了。居然有个“种族主义园”？这句话的意思可能是“你和我一起做森林的保镖”？不行，为什么你一个人可以脱，别人却不许脱？血淋淋的事实告诉我们，在线翻译器是不可信的。上楼梯与胡子有什么不可告人的关系？没有糖吃，我 be 超级伤心不要招惹6个男人一个字母之差，新疆香梨惨变新疆香屁股。此告示歧视女性。女王也同样可以开车！城管队员向您提示：我们该塑造良好的想象力。又是一起在线翻译器的悲剧，“箱包佬”惨变“皮箱杀人案”。光天化日之下公然与猴子调情！好的，我会非常小心地落入水中的。我很好奇，如果我跨越了围栏，什么样的 suddenness 会发生。果皮箱惨变“水果皮革手提箱”。啧啧，这么凶干吗？你不想爬没人逼你爬啊。又一个逐字查词典的。好了大哥，我知道你是男的了，你不用再重复了。又一个把残疾人当畸形的Have you got those Chinglish?我很喜欢它。I very like it.I very like it.I like it very much.I like it very much.这个价钱很合适。The price is very suitable for me.The price is very suitable for me.The price is right.The price is right.Note：suitable(合适的、相配的)最常见的用法是以否定的形式出现在告示或通知上，如：The following program is not suitable for children.(下列节目儿童不宜)在这组句子中用后面的说法会更合适。你是做什么工作的？Whats your job?Whats your job?Are you working at the moment?Are you working at the moment?Note：whats your job？这种说法难道也有毛病吗？是的。因为如果您的谈话对象刚刚失业，如此直接的问法会让对方有失面子，所以您要问：Are you working at the moment?接下来您才问：Where are you working these days?目前您在哪儿工作呢？What line of work are you in?或者您从事哪个行业呢？我明天有事。I have something to do tomorrow.I have something to do tomorrow.Sorry but I am tied up all day tomorrow.Sorry but I am tied up all day tomorrow.Note：用Ihavesomethingtodo来表示您很忙，这也完全是中国式的说法。因为每时每刻我们都有事情要做，躺在那里睡大觉也是事情。所以您可以说我很忙，脱不开身：Imtiedup.还有其他的说法：Icantmakeitatthattime.Idloveto,butIcant,Ihavetostayathome.这事我做不了。I think I cant.I think I cant.I dont think I can.I dont think I can.Note：这一组是个习惯问题，在语法上称为否定前置，这就是汉语里面说“我想我不会”的时候，英语里面总是说“我不认为我会”。我舞跳得也不好。I dont dance well too.I dont dance well too.I am not a very good dancer either.I am not a very good dancer either.我很热。I am hot.I am hot.Its hot.Its hot.现在几点了？What time is it now?What time is it now?What time is it,please?What time is it,please?Note：Whattimeisitnow？这是一个直接从汉语翻译过的句子，讲英语的时候没有必要说now,因为您不可能问whattimewasityesterday,或者whattimeisittomorrow?还有一种说法是：Howarewedoingfortime?这句话在有时间限制的时候特别合适。我英语学得不好。My English is poor.My English is poor.I am not 100%fluent,but at least I am I am not 100%fluent,but at least I am improving.improving.周五来参加我们的晚会吗？Would you like to join our party on Friday?Would you like to join our party on Friday?Would you like to come to our party on Friday?Would you like to come to our party on Friday?Note：join往往是指参加俱乐部或者协会，如：joinahealthclub;jointheCommunistParty.事实上，常常与party搭配的动词的come或者go。如gotoawildparty，或者cometoaChristmasparty。对此我没有经验。I have no experience.I have no experience.I dont know much about that.I dont know much about that.Note：Ihavenoexperience这句话听起来古里古怪，因为您只需要说：那方面我懂得不多，或者这方面我不在行，就行了。Iamnotreallyanexpertinthisarea.我没有男朋友。I have no boyfriend.I have no boyfriend.I dont have a boyfriend.I dont have a boyfriend.我身体健康。My body is healthy.My body is healthy.I am in good health./Im healthy.I am in good health./Im healthy.太贵了！The price is too expensive/cheap.The price is too expensive/cheap.The price is too high/rather low.The price is too high/rather low.我们下了车。We got off the car.We got off the car.We got out of the car.We got out of the car.中式英语之鉴如：“农业获得丰收”表达为“there have been good harvest”蛮好，在后面添上“in agriculture”便成蛇足，因为“harvest”本来就指农业。中式英语之鉴再如：“生活水平不断提高”，有人译为“living standards for the people continued to rise”，其中for the people 也属多余。Red in colorFew in numberSOMEGLARINGERROR(低级错误)1.I couldnt understand what the teacher is saying.2.I have becomed a university student.3.a new day are smiling a greeting to her.4.not all the things seems to be pleased.5.He will talk about the artical,including every details.6.She is very fat,and in class she often sit on the table.7.which often make me like a fool.CHINGLISH1.We played very happily yesterday.We enjoyed ourselves very much yesterday./We had a good time yesterday.2.spiritual civilization精神文明？ethical virtues3.We never cherish any unrealistic fancies about imperialism.We never have any illusions(fancies)about imperialism.CHINGLISHI havent received your letter for a long time.How are your condition?Is your work busy?Please reply me early.Here life is very nervous because we have to do many things.The teachers give us too many exercises,so we cant read when class is over.We have no method.The teacher can change this situationCHINGLISH How are you getting on recently?Are you busy with your work?Hope to hear you soon.We have been hard pressed for time.Our teachers are always assigning us so much homework that we can hardly have any time for our outside reading.We have no way out.Perhaps the teachers would do something about it1.1.词法错误词法错误 P80-83P80-831)选词不当选词不当eg.Heteachesmehowtodoanhonestman.2)同义词混用同义词混用eg.Thatbookhadbeenborrowedout.一、母语干扰一、母语干扰一、母语干扰一、母语干扰-表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题1.1.词法错误词法错误 P80-83P80-833)指代不清指代不清eg.We can use computers to do everthing youlike.Hetoldmybrotherthathewaswrong.-Headmittedthathewaswrongandsaidsotomybrother.-Mybrotherwastoldthathewaswrong.一、母语干扰一、母语干扰一、母语干扰一、母语干扰-表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题1.1.词法错误词法错误 P80-83P80-834)词性错误词性错误Iwishyoucanconsidermysuggests.Nobodycannegative(deny)theimportanceofeducation.Inmyopinion,youdbetterfindajobthatsuitableforyou.一、一、一、一、母语干扰母语干扰母语干扰母语干扰-表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题1.1.词法错误词法错误 P80-83P80-835)短语搭配错误短语搭配错误Theymustspendalotoftimecaringabouttheirbabies.Therehasbeenanexplosivedemandto(for)computerstheseyears.WecanhaveaccessontheInternetveryeasilythesedays.一、一、一、一、母语干扰母语干扰母语干扰母语干扰-表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题2.2.句法错误句法错误 P83-86P83-861)句式错误句式错误Peoplethinkgotothemoviewillcostalotofmoney.Peoplethinkthatgoingtothemoviewillcostalotofmoney.Asisknowntoallthatcomputersplayanimportantroleinmanyfieldsofourlife.As is known to all,computers play animportantroleinmanyfieldsofourlife.一、母语干扰一、母语干扰一、母语干扰一、母语干扰-表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题2.2.句法错误句法错误 P83-86P83-862)表达错误表达错误Aroomoftenlives6-8students.Thereareoften6-8studentslivinginaroom.Toeveryparent,hischildisabrightpearlinhishand.Toeveryparent,hisson/daughteristheappleofhiseye.一、母语干扰一、母语干扰一、母语干扰一、母语干扰-表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题3.3.语法错误语法错误 P86-89P86-891)动词形式和名词形式错误动词形式和名词形式错误Ihaveexcitedforseveraldaysatthenewsthatyouwillcomehere.I have been excited for several days at thenewsthatyouwillcomehere.Doexerciseinthemorningisgoodforoneshealth.Doing exercise in the morning is good foroneshealth.一、母语干扰一、母语干扰一、母语干扰一、母语干扰-表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题3.3.语法错误语法错误 P86-89P86-892)标点符号和大小写错误标点符号和大小写错误ThebestEnglishfilminmyeyesisForrestGump.The best English film in my eyes is Forrest Gump.Myfavoritesportsareswimming、jogging、mountaineeringandplayingtabletennis.My favorite sports are swimming,jogging,mountaineeringandplayingtabletennis.一、母语干扰一、母语干扰一、母语干扰一、母语干扰-表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题表达汉化问题1.对英语中含义较为特殊的词不会使用。如：A.he remained alive after experiencing the car accident.B.After grandfathers death,my grandmother lived 5years.以上两句似乎文通句顺，其实在native speaker 看来，这是典型的Chinese way of saying things,试用survive 改写。二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析A.He survived the car accident.B.My grandmother survived her husband by five years.SurviveSurvive:(1)to continue to live after or in spite of.(2)to live or exist longer than二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析又如：A.He stayed at his friends home,at first he was welcome,but later things changed.B.Since the boy is growing up quickly,this suit now becomes too small for the boy.以上两句非常符合汉语的思维与表达方式，却与地道的英语表达存在较大的差距。试读：二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析A.He overstayed his welcome.B.The boy has outgrown this suit.overstay ones welcome:因呆的太久而不再受欢迎。Outgrow：长大（或发展）得快不再适用。二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析2.不注意学习英语的习惯用法。如：A.He is as strong as an ox.B.He was caught in the rain and came back as wet as a drowned chicken.“壮如牛”，“淋得像落汤鸡”都是典型的汉语比喻，一字之差，全句即成Chinglish。地道的说法应是：二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析A.He is as strong as a horse.B.He was caught in the rain and came back as wet as a drowned rat.二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析3.对于英语词汇的搭配注意不够。I am determined to raise the level of English knowledge.“提高的水平”是常见说法，殊不知英语中的raise与level从不这样搭配使用。我们只说to improve ones English,to increase ones knowledge of English.二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析在校园里 in the campus on the campus浓咖啡powerful coffee strong coffee强硬政策strong policy tough policy.二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析学习知识learn knowledge acquire knowledge实现自给自足achieve self-sufficiency reach self-sufficiency违反他的意图violate his intentiongo against his intention二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析二、原因分析1)句子重心不同句子重心不同P117I went to Beijing with my classmates lastsummer.（句子重心前置）去年夏天，我与同班同学去了北京。（句子重心后移）Peopleenjoyusingdigitalproducts,suchasmobilephone,digitalcamerasandcomputers.（先总后分，从概括到举例）人们喜欢使用手机、数码相机及电脑之类的数字化产品。（先分后总，从举例到概括）三、三、三、三、对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异-对策对策对策对策1 12)句式结构不同句式结构不同P118-119The successful launch and safe return of themanned spaceship VII has inspired the wholeChina.（简单句，用连词、介词和唯一的谓语动词的时态变化，来体现词语之间的关系，准确表达句意）Michael wanted to go swimming,but/while Janedecidedtogoshoppingwithherfriends.(并列句，用连词连接两个并列分句)*迈克想去游泳，珍妮却决定与朋友一起去购物。（两个简单句，四个动词）三、三、三、三、对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异-对策对策对策对策1 13)词汇表达差异词汇表达差异P119-121Roommates should be aware of theimportanceofmutualbelief(trust).室室友友应该意识到相互信任的重要性。应该意识到相互信任的重要性。Nowadays,thereisageneraldebateoverthe problem(issue)of college studentsdoingapart-timejob.三、三、三、三、对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异-对策对策对策对策1 14)英汉文化差异英汉文化差异P121-122班班门门弄弄斧斧toteachonesgrandmothertosuckeggs/toteachafishtoswim猫哭老鼠假慈悲猫哭老鼠假慈悲toshedcrocodiletears鱼鱼和和熊熊掌掌不不可可兼兼得得.Youcannoteatyourcakeandhaveit.冰冻三尺非一日之寒冰冻三尺非一日之寒.Romeisnotbuiltinaday.强强扭扭的的瓜瓜不不甜甜.Youcantakeahorsetothewaterbutyoucannotmakehimdrink.天天下下没没有有不不散散的的筵筵席席.Allgoodthingscometoanend.人人都有得意之时人人都有得意之时.Everydoghasitsday.三、三、三、三、对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异-对策对策对策对策1 1Note1.汉汉语语用用动动词词，形形容容词词多多，而而英英语语用用名名词词多多。许许多多在在汉汉语语中中用用动动词词，形形容容词词表表达达的的概概念念，在在英英语语书书面面语语中中是是用用由由动动词词、形形容容词词转转化化来来的的名名词或名词短语来表达的。词或名词短语来表达的。三、三、三、三、对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异-对策对策对策对策1 1Note如：如：A.Mostcouplesagreethatahappymarriagerequiresaninvestmentoftimeandenergy.B.Allpeace-lovingpeopledemandedacompleteprohibitionandthoroughdestructionofnuclearweapons.句句 A的的 investment和和 句句 B 的的 prohibition、destruction均均系系名名词词，而而汉汉语语表表达达则则非非用用动动词词不可。不可。三、三、三、三、对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异-对策对策对策对策1 1Note试读：试读：Adinnerisonlyforeatisnolongerexist.一一个个简简单单句句中中竟竟然然出出现现三三个个动动词词（is,is,exist）和和一一个个foreat，显显然然是是受受扰扰于于汉汉语语。根根据据意意思思，仅仅仅仅是是为为了了吃吃的的聚聚餐餐是是不不再再存存在在了了，此此句句可可改改为为：Today,adinnerdoesnotmerelybearthemeaningofeating.三、三、三、三、对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异-对策对策对策对策1 1Note2.英英语语中中存存在在众众多多表表以以明明快快，简简洁洁易易懂懂的的固固定定句句型型，它它们们都都鲜鲜明明地地打打上上英英语语思思维维的的印印记记。循循汉汉语语的的思思维维路路线线去去表表达达，即即会会与与之之格格格格不不入入而而成为典型的成为典型的Chinglish。如：。如：(1)“不知不觉不知不觉”A.Wedidntknoweveninghasfallen.B.Atdaybreakwedidntknowwehadcomebacktothevillageatthefootofthemountain.三、三、三、三、对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异-对策对策对策对策1 1Note根根据据英英语语思思维维，“不不知知不不觉觉”的的表表示示有有其其特特定定的的 句句 型型：before sb.realizes it;findoneself+adj.(presentparticiplephr./prepositionalphr.)。据此，以上两句可改为：。据此，以上两句可改为：A.Eveningcamebeforewerealizedit.B.Atdaybreakwefoundourselvesbackinthevillageatthefootofthemountain.三、三、三、三、对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异-对策对策对策对策1 1Note(2)直到直到才才When we in front of the table waiting fordinnerasquests,firsttobekeptinmindisthatnot tobeginyour dinnerwhile someone havenotcome.改用改用notuntil句型句型As a guest,one should not begin eating untileveryoneisseated.三、三、三、三、对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异-对策对策对策对策1 1Note(3)的原因是因为的原因是因为Thereasontheplanebecamelostwasbecausethenavigatormadeanerrorincalculation.此此句句循循汉汉语语表表达达模模式式（的的原原因因是是因因为为）而而成成，而而英英语语中中恰恰恰恰不不存存在在，也也不不认认同同thereasonisbecause句句型型。此此外外，由由连连接接词词because引引出出的的状状语语从从句句在在通通常常情情况况下下不不用用作作名名词词性性从从句句。上句可改为：上句可改为：三、三、三、三、对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异-对策对策对策对策1 1NoteA.Theplanebecamelost,andthereasonwasthatthenavigatormadeanerrorincalculation.B.Theplanebecamelostbecausethenavigatormadeanerrorincalculation.三、三、三、三、对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异对比英汉表达的差异-对策对策对策对策1 1A.简单句简单句(TheSimpleSentence)P122B.并列句并列句(TheCompoundSentence)P123C.复合句复合句(TheComplexSentence)P123-126D.并列复合句并列复合句(TheCompound-complexSentence)P126-127四、掌握四种基本句式四、掌握四种基本句式四、掌握四种基本句式四、掌握四种基本句式-对策对策对策对策2 21.运运用用同同位位语语对对所所论论述述的的核核心心名名词词进进行行解解释释P127Environmental pollution,a phenomenonwhichlastedanumberofyears,hasgrownmoreandmoreserious.Mr.Taylor,the owner of a jewellery shop,wasadmiringanewwindowdisplay.五、使用丰富的句式五、使用丰富的句式五、使用丰富的句式五、使用丰富的句式-对策对策对策对策3 32.以以介词短语介词短语开头使句子结构紧凑开头使句子结构紧凑OnmyarrivalinBeijing,Illwritetoyou.Indiscussingthisproblem,differentpeoplehavedifferentopinions.五五五五、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式-对策对策对策对策3 33.分词短语分词短语的运用令文章行文简洁、明快的运用令文章行文简洁、明快Other students are against the idea,sayingthatTianLianglacksactingexperienceandhehasnotbuiltupagoodpublicimage.Notwantingtofrightenthepoorman,Mrs.Richardsquicklyhidinthesmallstoreroomunderthestairs.五五五五、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式-对策对策对策对策3 3五五五五、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式-对策对策对策对策3 34.灵活运用灵活运用副词副词可以使文章的表达增色可以使文章的表达增色Eventually our natural resources,howeverabundant,willrunout.Inevitably you arrive at your destinationalmostexhausted.五五五五、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式-对策对策对策对策3 35.独立主格结构独立主格结构可以使表达更生动可以使表达更生动It being so hot today，we plan to goswimmingintheriverinthelateafternoon.The silence was suddenly broken when alargecar,withitsheadlightsonanditshornblaring,roareddownthearcade.五五五五、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式-对策对策对策对策3 36.使使用用it充充当当形形式式主主语语或或形形式式宾宾语语，平平衡衡句句子子结构结构With the development of our society,thecampus is no longer an“ivory tower”andstudentsfindithardtoconfinethemselvestothecampus.7.使用使用倒装句和强调句型倒装句和强调句型可以强调效果可以强调效果Nothingcanbecomparedwiththe（倒装句）Onlyinthiswaycanyouworkoutthesolutiontotheproblem.（倒装句）Itisonlyinthiswaythatyoucanworkoutthesolutiontotheproblem.（强调句）五五五五、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式-对策对策对策对策3 38.使使用用被被动动语语态态可可以以使使表表达达显显得得更更客客观观、更更真实真实ItisreportedthatBeijingTelevisionStationwillorganizeatalentshowcalled“LearnChinese，Sing Chinese Songs”,which is intended forForeigners.五五五五、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式、使用丰富的句式-对策对策对策对策3 3五五五五、训练英语思维的能力、训练英语思维的能力、训练英语思维的能力、训练英语思维的能力-对策对策对策对策4 41.汉语思维的负面效应汉语思维的负面效应P130任何事情都有两面性任何事情都有两面性Everythinghastwosides.Asacoinhastwosides.虽然他没文化虽然他没文化Althoughhehasnotculture,Althoughheisanilliterate,五五五五、训练英语思维的能力、训练英语思维的能力、训练英语思维的能力、训练英语思维的能力-对策对策对策对策4 42.英语思维的训练方法英语思维的训练方法P131背背诵诵一一些些地地道道的的英英语语表表达达法法、精精彩彩的的英英语语句句子子多多接接触触英英语语-阅阅读读英英语语书书报报、看看英英语语电电影影、听英语广播听英语广播勤勤于于练练习习-看看到到或或听听到到的的东东西西都都想想一一想想用用英英语怎么表达语怎么表达WRITING SKILLS(技巧介绍)造句篇一、正确句子的标准 判断一个句子正确与否，主要是看它是否语法正确、措词合理、标点无误以及含义清楚。WRITING SKILLS(技巧介绍)造句篇1.语法正确语法是否正确是衡量一个句子的首要前提。如果语法不正确，谈论什么词汇的变化、句型的变化都是徒劳的。任何一个英语句子从语法上来说，都可以从四个方面进行衡量，那就是时态、语态、语气和句型。WRITING SKILLS(技巧介绍)造句篇时态方面：要注意句子前后及整篇文章时态的一致性；还要注意单数第三人称的问题。语态方面：汉语中被动语态使用较少，而英语中只要主语不是动作的施动者就要使用被动语态，因此要特别留意是否应该使用被动语态。WRITING SKILLS(技巧介绍)造句篇语气方面：英语有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。虽然虚拟语气在写作中使用较少，但是由于是比较容易犯错的地方，如果写作中需要用到，一定要特别留意。句型方面：任何英语句子都是简单句、并列句、复合句这三种句型之一。在写作过程中，应避免为追求复杂结构而导致句子
