实用英语语法教程定语从句.pptx

实用英语语法教程定语从句实用英语语法教程定语从句1 1 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1.1 1.1 两者的区别两者的区别两者的区别两者的区别定语从句就其与先行项的语义关系来说，可分为限制性和非限制性两种，其主要区别见下表：定语从句就其与先行项的语义关系来说，可分为限制性和非限制性两种，其主要区别见下表：第1页/共23页例如：例如：The book is about a man who deserts his wife.The book is about a man who deserts his wife.这本书讲的是一个抛弃妻子的男人。（限制性）这本书讲的是一个抛弃妻子的男人。（限制性）My cousin,who is an engineer,went to Europe last week.My cousin,who is an engineer,went to Europe last week.我表兄上周去了欧洲，他是个工程师。我表兄上周去了欧洲，他是个工程师。（非限制性）（非限制性）Peter,who everyone suspects,turned out to be innocent.Peter,who everyone suspects,turned out to be innocent.大家都怀疑彼得，但结果证明他是无大家都怀疑彼得，但结果证明他是无辜的。（非限制性）辜的。（非限制性）These are the photos which/that show my house.These are the photos which/that show my house.这些是我家房屋的照片。（限制性）这些是我家房屋的照片。（限制性）The 9:30 train,which(The 9:30 train,which(不用不用that)is usually very punctual,was late today.9that)is usually very punctual,was late today.9：3030的这趟火车晚点的这趟火车晚点了，这趟车通常是很准时的。（非限制性）了，这趟车通常是很准时的。（非限制性）【注注】在实际使用中，非限制性定语从句有时也有不加逗号的情况，因此不能仅以有无逗号作为在实际使用中，非限制性定语从句有时也有不加逗号的情况，因此不能仅以有无逗号作为标准，还应从意义上看。标准，还应从意义上看。第2页/共23页1.2 which1.2 which的一种用法的一种用法的一种用法的一种用法在非限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，whichwhich可以将整个主句作为先行项，这时可以将整个主句作为先行项，这时whichwhich相当相当于于and thisand this或或and thatand that。例如：。例如：It was raining hard,which kept us indoors.It was raining hard,which kept us indoors.雨下得很大，把我们困在家里。雨下得很大，把我们困在家里。He spoke confidently,which impressed me most.He spoke confidently,which impressed me most.他讲话很自信，这一点给我印他讲话很自信，这一点给我印象很深。象很深。She married Joe,which surprised everyone.She married Joe,which surprised everyone.她嫁给了乔，这使大家都很意外。她嫁给了乔，这使大家都很意外。The clock struck thirteen,which made everyone laugh.The clock struck thirteen,which made everyone laugh.时钟敲了时钟敲了1313下，弄得人下，弄得人人发笑。人发笑。第3页/共23页2 关系代词和关系副词关系代词和关系副词2 21 1 关系代词的指代功能和句法作用关系代词的指代功能和句法作用关系代词的指代功能和句法作用关系代词的指代功能和句法作用第4页/共23页引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中可充当主语、宾语和定语等，例如：引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中可充当主语、宾语和定语等，例如：She is the woman who/that lives next door.She is the woman who/that lives next door.她就是住在隔壁的女人。（主语）她就是住在隔壁的女人。（主语）The man who(m)/that you met just now is our director.The man who(m)/that you met just now is our director.你刚遇见到的那个人是我们的主任。（宾语）你刚遇见到的那个人是我们的主任。（宾语）This is George,whose class you will be taking next semester.This is George,whose class you will be taking next semester.这就是乔治，你下学期将听他的课。（定语）这就是乔治，你下学期将听他的课。（定语）第5页/共23页【注注】有时，关系代词有时，关系代词that that 或或whichwhich可在定语从句中担任表语（但在非正式语体可在定语从句中担任表语（但在非正式语体中通常省略）。例如：中通常省略）。例如：Frank is not the man(that)he used to be.Frank is not the man(that)he used to be.弗兰克不再是以前的他了弗兰克不再是以前的他了 如果是非限制性定语从句，则只能用如果是非限制性定语从句，则只能用which(which(不能用不能用that),that),也不可以省略。例如：也不可以省略。例如：He imagined himself to be an artist,which he was not.He imagined himself to be an artist,which he was not.他把自己想像成为一名他把自己想像成为一名艺术家，而实际上他不是。艺术家，而实际上他不是。第6页/共23页2 22 2 关系副词的指代功能和句法作用关系副词的指代功能和句法作用关系副词的指代功能和句法作用关系副词的指代功能和句法作用 第7页/共23页(1)(1)关系副词关系副词when,wherewhen,where和和whywhy分别表示时间、地点和原因，在从句中充分别表示时间、地点和原因，在从句中充当状语，它们通常可用当状语，它们通常可用“介词介词whichwhich”来替换。例如：来替换。例如：The summer of 1969,when/in which man first set foot on the moon,will never The summer of 1969,when/in which man first set foot on the moon,will never be forgotten.1969be forgotten.1969年夏天是人们永远不会忘记的，这个夏天人类首次登上年夏天是人们永远不会忘记的，这个夏天人类首次登上月球。月球。(2)(2)在口语或非正式语体中，可用在口语或非正式语体中，可用thatthat代替引导限制性定语从句的关系副词，代替引导限制性定语从句的关系副词，亦可省略不用。例如：亦可省略不用。例如：I still remember the summer(that)we had the big flood.I still remember the summer(that)we had the big flood.我仍然记得我们遭受洪水的那个夏天。我仍然记得我们遭受洪水的那个夏天。第8页/共23页2.3 2.3 关系代词和关系副词的选择关系代词和关系副词的选择关系代词和关系副词的选择关系代词和关系副词的选择 选择关系词时，首先要看指代先行项的关系词在从句中担任什么成分；其次，要看先行选择关系词时，首先要看指代先行项的关系词在从句中担任什么成分；其次，要看先行项表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因；另外，还要判断从句是限制性还是非限制性项表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因；另外，还要判断从句是限制性还是非限制性定语从句。试比较一下几组句子：定语从句。试比较一下几组句子：This is the place where the traffic accident occurred.This is the place where the traffic accident occurred.这就是发生交通事故的地方。这就是发生交通事故的地方。(where(where作状语作状语)This is a place which IThis is a place which I ve long wanted to visit.ve long wanted to visit.这是我长期以来想去的地方。这是我长期以来想去的地方。(which(which作宾语作宾语)The reason which he gave is unacceptable.The reason which he gave is unacceptable.他提出的理由是不能接受的。他提出的理由是不能接受的。(which(which作宾语作宾语)The reason why he did it is unacceptable.The reason why he did it is unacceptable.他做那件事的理由是不能接受的。他做那件事的理由是不能接受的。(why(why作状语作状语)The tree which has been cut down is 300 years old.The tree which has been cut down is 300 years old.那棵被砍倒的树已有那棵被砍倒的树已有300300年的历史。年的历史。（whichwhich作主语）作主语）第9页/共23页3 通常只能用通常只能用that引导的定语从引导的定语从句句（1 1）先行项为）先行项为all,anything,something,nothing,everythingall,anything,something,nothing,everything等不定代词时。例如：等不定代词时。例如：Please just tell me anything that you know about the author.Please just tell me anything that you know about the author.请告诉我你所知道的有关这本书的作者的一些情况。请告诉我你所知道的有关这本书的作者的一些情况。All that glitters is not gold.All that glitters is not gold.闪光的东西不都是金子。闪光的东西不都是金子。【注注】all all 指人时，后面须用指人时，后面须用whowho：God bless this ship and all who sail in her.God bless this ship and all who sail in her.上帝保佑这条船和所有乘此船的人吧。上帝保佑这条船和所有乘此船的人吧。（2 2）先行项为形容词最高级所修饰时。例如：）先行项为形容词最高级所修饰时。例如：This is one of the most touching stories that I have ever read.This is one of the most touching stories that I have ever read.这是我曾经读过的最为动人的故事之一。这是我曾经读过的最为动人的故事之一。第10页/共23页（3 3）先行项被序数词和被）先行项被序数词和被only,very,the same only,very,the same 等所修饰时。例如：等所修饰时。例如：The first thing that we should do now is to fulfill the task as early as possible.The first thing that we should do now is to fulfill the task as early as possible.首先我们应该首先我们应该做的是尽早完成任务。做的是尽早完成任务。These are the very points that puzzle me.These are the very points that puzzle me.就是这几点把我给难住了。就是这几点把我给难住了。（4 4）当先行项包括）当先行项包括“人和物人和物”时。例如：时。例如：She takes care of the children and the dog that are left in the house after the parents go to She takes care of the children and the dog that are left in the house after the parents go to work.work.父母上班后，留在家中的孩子和狗由她照看。父母上班后，留在家中的孩子和狗由她照看。He talked of the men and the books that interested him.He talked of the men and the books that interested him.他谈到了使他感兴趣的人物和书籍。他谈到了使他感兴趣的人物和书籍。第11页/共23页4 关系词的省略关系词的省略(1)(1)关系代词在从句中充当宾语时。例如：关系代词在从句中充当宾语时。例如：Here is the man(who/that/whom)youHere is the man(who/that/whom)you ve been looking for.ve been looking for.这就是你一直在找的人。这就是你一直在找的人。The novel(which/that)you lent me is remarkably fascinating.The novel(which/that)you lent me is remarkably fascinating.你借给我的那本小说十分引你借给我的那本小说十分引人入胜。人入胜。(2)(2)先行项是表示时间、地点、原因和先行项是表示时间、地点、原因和the waythe way等名词时。例如：等名词时。例如：Do you still remember the day(when/on which/that)you went to college?Do you still remember the day(when/on which/that)you went to college?你还记得你上大你还记得你上大学的那一天吗？学的那一天吗？This is the university(where/that)he studied ten years ago.This is the university(where/that)he studied ten years ago.这就是他这就是他1010年前读书的大学。年前读书的大学。第12页/共23页(3)(3)主句是主句是there bethere be句型或定语从句为句型或定语从句为there bethere be句型时，作主语的关系代词可句型时，作主语的关系代词可以省略。例如：以省略。例如：There is someone(who)wants to see you.There is someone(who)wants to see you.有人要见你。有人要见你。There is a table(that)stands in the corner.There is a table(that)stands in the corner.角落放着一张桌子。角落放着一张桌子。It It s the fastest train(that)there is to Beijing.s the fastest train(that)there is to Beijing.这是到北京最快的火车。这是到北京最快的火车。第13页/共23页5 介词同关系代词连用的几种结介词同关系代词连用的几种结构构5.1 5.1 介词介词介词介词which/whomwhich/whomWe need a chairman in whom everyone has confidence.We need a chairman in whom everyone has confidence.我们需要一个人人都信任的主席。我们需要一个人人都信任的主席。This is an important problem into which few scholars have researched.This is an important problem into which few scholars have researched.这是个很少有学者研究过的重要问题。这是个很少有学者研究过的重要问题。5.2 5.2 介词介词介词介词which/whose which/whose 名词名词名词名词He is the man from whose house the pictures were stolen.He is the man from whose house the pictures were stolen.他就是那个家里藏画被盗的人。他就是那个家里藏画被盗的人。The speaker paused to examine his notes,at which point a loud crash was heard.The speaker paused to examine his notes,at which point a loud crash was heard.讲演者停下来查阅他的笔记，就在此时，听到了砰的一声巨响。讲演者停下来查阅他的笔记，就在此时，听到了砰的一声巨响。第14页/共23页5.3 5.3 名词名词名词名词ofofwhichwhichShe wrote a book,the name of which IShe wrote a book,the name of which I ve forgotten.ve forgotten.她写了一本书，书名我忘了。她写了一本书，书名我忘了。It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered.It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered.这是一项其细节不可更改的协议。这是一项其细节不可更改的协议。The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired.The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired.房顶损坏的那所房子现在已修好了。房顶损坏的那所房子现在已修好了。I saw some old houses the windows of which were broken.I saw some old houses the windows of which were broken.我看见一些老房子，窗户都破损了。我看见一些老房子，窗户都破损了。第15页/共23页5.4 5.4 代词代词代词代词/数词数词数词数词/形容词比较级或最高级形容词比较级或最高级形容词比较级或最高级形容词比较级或最高级+of+which/whom+of+which/whoma few,several,some,any,many,much(of which),the majority,most,all,a number of,half,a few,several,some,any,many,much(of which),the majority,most,all,a number of,half,none,either/neither,the larger/the smaller,the oldest/the youngestnone,either/neither,the larger/the smaller,the oldest/the youngest等以及数词常用于此结等以及数词常用于此结构中，表示数和量。例如：构中，表示数和量。例如：I bought a dozen eggs,six of which broke when I dropped the box at my door.I bought a dozen eggs,six of which broke when I dropped the box at my door.我买了我买了1212只鸡蛋，当装鸡蛋的盒子在门边掉落时，其中只鸡蛋，当装鸡蛋的盒子在门边掉落时，其中6 6个打坏了。个打坏了。She borrowed ten books from the library,three of which are detective stories.She borrowed ten books from the library,three of which are detective stories.她从图书馆借了她从图书馆借了1010本书，其中有本是侦探小说。本书，其中有本是侦探小说。Both players,neither of whom reached the final,played well.Both players,neither of whom reached the final,played well.两名运动员都未进入决赛，但都表现得很好。两名运动员都未进入决赛，但都表现得很好。WeWe ve got several hundred foreign students in our university,the majority of whom are from ve got several hundred foreign students in our university,the majority of whom are from Europe.Europe.我们大学有好几百名外国学生，其中大多数人来自欧洲。我们大学有好几百名外国学生，其中大多数人来自欧洲。第16页/共23页6 as 和和but作为关系代词的用法作为关系代词的用法(1)as(1)as引导限制性定语从句时，多和引导限制性定语从句时，多和suchsuch或或the samethe same连用。例如：连用。例如：DonDon t always trust such people as praise you to your face.t always trust such people as praise you to your face.别总信任那些当面表扬你的人。（别总信任那些当面表扬你的人。（asas作主语）作主语）Her attitude was not the same as it used to be.Her attitude was not the same as it used to be.她的态度和以前不大一样。她的态度和以前不大一样。（asas作表语）作表语）The explorer took only such men and things as he really needed into the The explorer took only such men and things as he really needed into the jungle with him.jungle with him.探险家仅带来了他真正需要的人和物品进入丛林。（探险家仅带来了他真正需要的人和物品进入丛林。（asas作宾语）作宾语）第17页/共23页（2 2）asas引导非限制性定语从句时，可代替整个主句，对其进行说明。该从句引导非限制性定语从句时，可代替整个主句，对其进行说明。该从句可以位于主句前面、后面，或插在主句中间，常译成可以位于主句前面、后面，或插在主句中间，常译成 “像像”，“正如正如”等。等。例如：例如：All living things are made of cells,as we have learnt before.All living things are made of cells,as we have learnt before.正如我们学到的那样所有生物都由细胞构成。正如我们学到的那样所有生物都由细胞构成。As might be expected,a knowledge of psychology is essential for good As might be expected,a knowledge of psychology is essential for good advertisement.advertisement.正如人们所期望的那样，设计出好的广告必须具有心理学知识。正如人们所期望的那样，设计出好的广告必须具有心理学知识。Give him more time as we know old habits die hard.Give him more time as we know old habits die hard.多给他点时间，我们都知道多给他点时间，我们都知道积重难返嘛。积重难返嘛。第18页/共23页(3)(3)butbut用用作作关关系系代代词词时时在在意意义义上上相相当当于于that that(who,(who,which)which)not;not;含含这这种种butbut的的句句子常常表示肯定意义。例如：子常常表示肯定意义。例如：There are few of us but admire your determination.There are few of us but admire your determination.我们中很少有人不钦佩你的决心。我们中很少有人不钦佩你的决心。Nobody knows her but likes him.Nobody knows her but likes him.认识她的人无不喜欢她。认识她的人无不喜欢她。There is no rule but has exceptions.There is no rule but has exceptions.凡规则都会有例外。凡规则都会有例外。There is no tree but bears some fruit.There is no tree but bears some fruit.没有不结果的树。没有不结果的树。第19页/共23页练习答案与解析练习答案与解析1.D 1.D 用用whichwhich引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句2.C whose purpose 2.C whose purpose 代表代表a meetinga meeting s purposes purpose3.B all that=what3.B all that=what4.A 4.A 先行词中既有人又有物，用先行词中既有人又有物，用thatthat引导定语从句。引导定语从句。5.D that 5.D that 修饰修饰the reasonthe reason，在定语从句中作宾语。，在定语从句中作宾语。6.A all that=what6.A all that=what7.C which7.C which引导的定语从句修饰引导的定语从句修饰pianopiano，因为是，因为是on the piano on the piano 所以要用所以要用on whichon which。8.D 8.D 9.D9.D因为有最高级，所以只能用因为有最高级，所以只能用thatthat引导定语从句，不能用引导定语从句，不能用whichwhich。10.A where 10.A where 引导的定语从句，引导的定语从句，wherewhere在句中做地点状语。在句中做地点状语。第20页/共23页11.B 11.B 前有介词，只能用前有介词，只能用whichwhich，不用，不用thatthat。12.B country12.B country后省略了后省略了thatthat13.A that 13.A that 引导的定语从句，引导的定语从句，PlacePlace后省略了后省略了thatthat14.A without my glasses 14.A without my glasses 没有眼镜没有眼镜15.C whose=the girl15.C whose=the girl s s 16.B in which=in the science of medicine16.B in which=in the science of medicine17.A which17.A which引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句18.B 18.B 因为有因为有the onlythe only所以只能用所以只能用thatthat引导引导19.A most of whom=most of the audience 19.A most of whom=most of the audience 20.B very few20.B very few后的定语从句只能用后的定语从句只能用that that 引导引导第21页/共23页21.D the content of which=whose content21.D the content of which=whose content22.B where22.B where引导的定语从句引导的定语从句23.C 23.C 这里需要的是地点状语，这里需要的是地点状语，wherewhere或者或者in whichin which。24.B 24.B 因为有因为有the onlythe only只能用只能用thatthat引导定语从句引导定语从句25.B as25.B as正如正如，正如她的父母所期待的，正如她的父母所期待的26.A the origin of which=whose origin26.A the origin of which=whose origin27.C that27.C that引导的定语从句省略引导的定语从句省略thatthat28.C 28.C 先行词中既有人又有物，用先行词中既有人又有物，用thatthat引导定语从句。引导定语从句。29.A in the honor of sb.29.A in the honor of sb.以以的名义的名义 give a partygive a party举行宴会举行宴会30.D but30.D but用作关系代词时在意义上相当于用作关系代词时在意义上相当于that(who,which)that(who,which)not;not;含这种含这种butbut的句子常常的句子常常表示肯定意义。例如：表示肯定意义。例如：There are few of us but admire your determinationThere are few of us but admire your determination。第22页/共23页感谢您的观看。感谢您的观看。第23页/共23页