高中英语_现在过去分词_主格结构课件.ppt
分分 词词一、构成形式一、构成形式主动形式主动形式被动形式被动形式一般式一般式一般式一般式doingdoingbeingdonebeingdone完成式完成式完成式完成式havingdonehavingdonehavingbeendonehavingbeendone过去分词只有一种形式过去分词只有一种形式(v+ed)。现在分词现在分词(否定式(否定式not+分词):分词):二、二、语法功语法功能能1 1作表语作表语2 2作定语作定语3 3作状语作状语4 4作宾语补足语作宾语补足语现在现在分词多表示分词多表示主语主语所具有的所具有的特征或属性特征或属性;过去过去分词分词多表示多表示主语主语所处的所处的状态状态。现在分词表示。现在分词表示“令人令人的的”,过去分词表示,过去分词表示“感到感到”,”,如:如:The news was exciting.He appeared satisfied with my answer.表语表语定语定语单独作定语,应放在被修饰单独作定语,应放在被修饰的名词之前,的名词之前,1.Barkingdogsseldombite.2.Soonourrespectedandbelovedleadersenteredthebanquethall.在更多情况下,可以用分词短语作定语,这在更多情况下,可以用分词短语作定语,这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后,在意义时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后,在意义上也相当于一个定语从句,如上也相当于一个定语从句,如:Theybuiltahighwayleadingintothemountains.Theyareproblemsleftoverbyhistory.注意注意分词作定语时,意义上接近于分词作定语时,意义上接近于一个定语从句,如:一个定语从句,如:developingcountries=countriesthataredevelopingagrowingcity=acitythatisgrowingliberatedareas=areasthathavebeenliberatedWhoisthemanstanding(=thatisstanding)bythedoor?Haveyoureadanyshortstorieswritten(whichwerewritten)byLuXun?b.表示经常性的动作表示经常性的动作,或现在或现在(或当时或当时)的状态的状态,(变为从句时变为从句时,用一般时态用一般时态),如:如:Theylivedinaroomfacingfacing(=thatfaced)thesouththesouth.Thehousestandingstanding(=thatstands)atthecornerofthestreetatthecornerofthestreetwasbuiltin1955.作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况种情况:a.表示正在表示正在进行进行的动作的动作,(,(变为从句时要用进行变为从句时要用进行时态时态),),如如:Tellthechildrenplayingthereplayingthere(whoareplayingthere)nottomakesomuchnoise.注意注意注意注意注注:如果所表示的动作现刻正在如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生,或是与谓语所表示的动作同发生,或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生,可以用时发生,可以用现在分词的被动形现在分词的被动形式式来表示来表示The meeting being heldbeing held is very important.We must keep a secret of the things being discussed being discussed herehere.注注:如果所表示的是一个未来的动作,可以如果所表示的是一个未来的动作,可以用一个用一个不定式的被动形式不定式的被动形式来表示来表示The meeting to be held next weekto be held next week is very important.Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next to be discussed at the next meetingmeeting.过过去去分分词词作作定定语语时时,过过去去分分词词所所表表示示的的动动作作可可以以在在谓谓语语所所表表示示的的动动作作之之前前发发生生,也也可可以以是是没没有有一一定定的的时时间间性性,通常表示被动。如通常表示被动。如:1.Isthisthebookrecommendedbyourteacher?2.Themeetingheldlastweekisveryimportant.3.Heisamanlovedbyall.4.Ihatetoseeletterswritteninpencil.(一一)现在分词作状语现在分词作状语现在分词现在分词作伴随状语作伴随状语,表示,表示陪衬性的动作或陪衬性的动作或伴随情况伴随情况例如:例如:The children ran out of the room,laughing and talking merrily.They stood there for an hour watching the game.She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.状语状语1、分词作状语说明谓语动词表示、分词作状语说明谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间、原因、条件、的动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随情况、行为方式或对谓结果、伴随情况、行为方式或对谓语加以补充说明等。语加以补充说明等。2、作状语的分词作状语的分词(短语短语)通常放在句首或句尾,通常放在句首或句尾,有时也可插在句子的主谓语之间。有时也可插在句子的主谓语之间。3、分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语必须必须与句子与句子的主语保持一致。的主语保持一致。4、有时为了明确时间、条件或结果,分词前可有时为了明确时间、条件或结果,分词前可加加when,while,if,thus等连词。等连词。现现在在分分词词作作方方式式状状语语,表表示示行行为为方方式式或或手手段段(这这类类状状语语可可以以放放在在句句首首,也也可可以以放放在在句句末末,有有时时还还可可以以放放在在句句中中。其其他他参参考考上述上述a-c a-c ),),如:如:Following the guide,they started to climb.Working this way,they greatly reduced the cost.Travelling by jeep,we visited a number of cities.现在分词作现在分词作原因原因状语,状语,表示原因或理由表示原因或理由如:如:Seeing nobody at home,she decided to leave them a note.Not knowing her address,we couldnt get in touch with her.Being so poor in those days,we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.注意注意如果现在分词表示的动作在谓语所表如果现在分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,则要用完成形式示的动作之前发生,则要用完成形式Having worked among the peasants for many years,he knew them very well.Not having received an answer,he decided to write another letter.Having lived in Berlin many years,he knew the city well.现现在在分分词词作作时时间间状状语语(相相当当于于 when when 引导的从句),如:引导的从句),如:Turning around,she saw a police car driving up.Hearing the news,they all jumped with joy.Seeing those pictures,he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan.注意注意注注:这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作,这动作一发生,谓语动词所表示的动作,这动作一发生,谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用 when when 或或 while+while+分词这种结构分词这种结构如:如:Be careful when crossing the street.Dont mention this while talking to him.注意注意注注:如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时,分词的动作已经时,分词的动作已经完成完成,这个分词要,这个分词要用用完成形式完成形式(havingdone)如:如:Having arrived at a decision,they immediately set to work.Having heard this,the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction.如:如:Her husband died in 1942,leaving her with five children.(结果结果)The bus was held up by snowstorm,thus causing the delay.(结果结果)Working hard,you will succeed.(条件条件)Turning to the left,you will find the path leading to the site.(条件条件)Weighing almost one hundred jin,the stone was moved by him alone.(让步让步)现在分词作状语还可以现在分词作状语还可以表示结果、条件表示结果、条件和让步和让步(二二)过去分词作状语过去分词作状语过去分词短语过去分词短语作状语作状语,可以修饰谓语,可以修饰谓语,说明动作发生的背景或情况说明动作发生的背景或情况Built in 1192,the bridge is over 700 years old.Led by the party,the people have improved their living conditions greatly.Surrounded by a group of pupils,the old teacher walked into the room.The trainer appeared,followed by six little dogs.过过去去分分词词短短语语表表示示原原因因(相相当当于于一一个个原因状语从句)原因状语从句)The children,exhausted,fell asleep at once.He soon fell asleep,exhausted by the journey.(=as he was exhausted)过去分词短语有时可以过去分词短语有时可以表示时间表示时间(相当(相当于时间状语从句)和于时间状语从句)和条件条件(相当于条件状(相当于条件状语从句)语从句)United,we stand;divided,we fall.(=When/If we are united)Heated,water changes into steam.(=When/If water is heated)Seen from the hill,the park looks very beautiful.过过去去分分词词短短语语作作状状语语时时,前前面面有有时时可可以以加加上上when,if,while,though,as if 等等连连词词,这这种种结结构构可可以以看看作作是是一一种种省省略略的的状状语语从从句句(省省略略部部分分多多为为 “主主语语 +be be 的的多多种种形形式式”)。需需要要注注意意的的是是,省省略略的的主主语语必必须须和和主主句句的的主主语语相同相同注意注意If/When heated,water changes into steam.Even if invited,I wont go.We will not attack unless attacked.The girl is very shy,and never speaks until spoken to.宾补宾补1.要求分词或分词短语作补足语的多是一些要求分词或分词短语作补足语的多是一些“感感觉觉”和和“使役使役”动词。包括动词。包括:feel,see,hear,notice,watch,smell,let,get,have,make,want,find,keep,imagine,等。等。2.现在分词现在分词作宾补说明宾语是动作的发出者,作宾补说明宾语是动作的发出者,形成逻辑上的形成逻辑上的主谓关系主谓关系;过去分词过去分词作宾补,表作宾补,表示宾语是动作的承受者,形成逻辑上的示宾语是动作的承受者,形成逻辑上的动宾关动宾关系系。Welley Grammar现在分词做宾语补足语现在分词做宾语补足语,如:,如:Imsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsolong.Icouldfeelthecoldwindblowingonmyface.Hetriedtostarttheenginerunning.Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.注意:注意:现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行,强调动作过程。语同时发生或正在进行,强调动作过程。过去分词做宾语补足语过去分词做宾语补足语He watched the TV set carried out of the room.Last year they had the house rebuilt.When you speak English,be sure to make yourself understood.Youd better have your shoes mended.注意:注意:过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果,并有被动意义成结果,并有被动意义。现在分词现在分词做宾语补足语时,与宾语有着逻辑做宾语补足语时,与宾语有着逻辑上的上的主谓主谓关系,宾语补足语一般为宾语所做的关系,宾语补足语一般为宾语所做的动作;动作;过去分词过去分词做宾语补足语时,与宾语有着做宾语补足语时,与宾语有着动宾动宾关系,宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承关系,宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,受者,He saw an old man getting on the bus.(was getting on)I once heard this song sung in Japanese.(was once sung)I dont want the children taken out in such weather.(were taken out)以以上上句句子子可可以以变变为为被被动动结结构构,这这时时,宾宾语语补补足足语语就就成成了了主主语语补补足足语语,与与谓谓语语一一起起称为称为“复合谓语复合谓语”,如:,如:We were kept waiting for quite a long time.She was never heard singing that song again.One of the glasses was found broken.have/get后面要求宾补的两种情况后面要求宾补的两种情况1.have sb.doing sth.让人(老是)做某事让人(老是)做某事She had us working day after day.I dont have you speaking so rudely to me.2.Have sth.(sb.)done 使某事发生(被做),使某事发生(被做),请或让别人做请或让别人做Youd better have/get your hair cut.They should have him examined by a good doctor.They two had a wedding picture taken yesterday.三、三、现在分词的时态现在分词的时态肯定式肯定式否定式否定式一般式一般式doingnot doing完成式完成式having donenot having done1.现在分词的一般形式现在分词的一般形式(doing)现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与谓现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作语动词所表示的动作同时同时发生,或在发生,或在谓语动作谓语动作之前之前发生。发生。1.When I entered the room,I found him reading.2.The teacher came in,holding a flower in her left hand.3.Examining the patient carefully,the doctor paid special attention to the pain in his chest.2.现在分词的完成式现在分词的完成式(having done)现在分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生现在分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生 在谓语动作之前在谓语动作之前。完成时态的现在分词在句中经常作状语。完成时态的现在分词在句中经常作状语。Not having made adequate preparation,we postponed the sports meet.Having examined the patient carefully,the doctor went out of the ward to have a consultation with other doctors.四、现在分词被动形式四、现在分词被动形式肯定形式肯定形式否定形式否定形式一般式一般式being donenot being done完成式完成式having been done not having been done在表示一个在表示一个被动被动的的动作动作时,如果这个动作是时,如果这个动作是现刻现刻正在进行正在进行的,或是的,或是与谓语与谓语表示的表示的动作同时动作同时发生发生的,就可以用的,就可以用现在分词的被动形式现在分词的被动形式。这种。这种形式可以作形式可以作定语、状语定语、状语或或构成复合宾语构成复合宾语That building being repaired is our library.(定语)定语)He asked who was the man being operated on.(定语)定语)Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere.(宾语补足语)宾语补足语)As we entered the village,we saw new houses being built.(宾语补足语)宾语补足语)有时还有完成被动形式有时还有完成被动形式,如:,如:Having been examined carefully,the patient wassenttotheoperationroom.Being asked to give a performance,she couldnt very well refuse.(状语)状语)Being examined by the doctor,the patient felt a pain in the chest.(状语)状语)五、独立主格结构五、独立主格结构在用分词短语作状语时在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致一般必须与句子的主语一致,否则它必须否则它必须有自己独立的逻辑上的主语有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称这种结构称为独立主格结构。在句中通常作时间、原为独立主格结构。在句中通常作时间、原因、条件等状语因、条件等状语,例如:例如:He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat.(伴随情况伴随情况)The shower being over,we continued to march.(时时间间)So many students being absent,we decided to put the meeting off.(原因原因)Weather permitting,well have an outing tomorrow.(条件条件)All things considered,her paper is of greater value than yours.The job done,we went home.The composition written,he handed it to the teacher.独立主格结构还有其他几种形式独立主格结构还有其他几种形式1.主语+介词短语The teacher came in,books in his hand.2.主语+形容词The boy rushed in,nose red.3.主语+副词Light on,the room is brighter.4.主语+不定式Nothing to do,he went home.注意注意